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Çin’in Afrika Kriz Bölgelerindeki Dış Politikasının Analizi: Darfur ve Güney Sudan Örnekleri

Year 2020, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 1 - 32, 30.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2020.29.1.0022

Abstract

Çin dış politikasında son yıllarda karşılıklı ilişkilerin en yüksek ivmeyi kazandığı kıta olarak Afrika ön plana çıkmaktadır. Öyle ki, Çin’in Sahraaltı Afrika’da yürüttüğü dış politikanın ekonomik boyutu Afrika’nın “yeni sömürgecilik” faaliyetlerine maruz bırakıldığı yönünde yorumlar yapılmasına yol açmaktadır. Çin dış politikasının Afrika açılımının temelini oluşturan ve “sömürgecilik” söylemlerine yol açan sebeplerin başında Çin’in bölge ülkeleri ile kurduğu enerji ilişkileri ile ticari ilişkilerin niteliği gelmektedir. Çin tarafından Sahraaltı Afrika ülkelerinin enerji sektörlerine yapılan dev yatırımlar ve Çin lehine fazla veren karşılıklı ticaret, Afrika ülkelerinin Çin’e bağımlı hale gelmelerine yol açmaktadır. Bu tek taraflı bağımlılık durumu, Çin’in Afrika’da alternatif güç ilişkileri kurmaya çalıştığı yönünde bir tehdit algısının oluşmasına zemin hazırlamaktadır. Fakat son yıllarda Çin’in Afrika’daki kriz bölgelerinde üstlenmiş olduğu arabuluculuk rolü ve bu krizlerin çözülmesi için uluslararası örgütlerle kurduğu iş birliği, Çin’e yönelik oluş(turul)an tehdit algısının yeniden yorumlanmasını gerektirmektedir. Nitekim 1990’lı yıllara kadar kriz bölgelerinde konuşlandırılacak BM Barışı Koruma Operasyonları’na karşı muhalif tutumundan taviz vermeyen Çin, 2019 itibariyle Afrika’da yürütülen yedi operasyondan beş tanesinde aktif şekilde yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada Çin’in Sahraaltı Afrika’da sürdürdüğü dış politika tarihsel açıdan ele alınmış ve Afrika’nın Çin dış politikasındaki yeri, Darfur ve Güney Sudan kriz bölgelerinde yürütülen BM Barışı Koruma Operasyonları’na verilen destek üzerinden açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Yazarlar bu çalışma için finansal destek almadığını beyan etmiştir.

References

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  • Holslag, J. (2008). China’s diplomatic manoeuvring on the question of Darfur. Journal of Contemporary China, 17(54), 71–84.
  • Holslag, J. (2009). China’s new security strategy for Africa. Parameters, 39(2), 23–37.
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  • Karaca, R. K. (2011). Powers in the Chaging System After the Cold War (USA, EU, China and Russia), Partnership for Peace Review, 2(2), 77–100.
  • Karaca, R. K. (2012). Çin’in değişen enerji stratejisinin dış politikasına etkileri (1990–2010). Uluslararası İlişkiler. 9(33), 93–118.
  • Kazeem, Y. (2017). China doubled its investment spend in Africa in 2016 as US and UK fell. https://qz.com/ africa/978419/china-influence-has-an-investor-in-africa-grew-in-2016/, (e.t. 08.11.2019).
  • Lanteıgne, M. (2018). The role of UN peacekeeping in China’s expanding strategic interests. United States Institute of Peace-USIP. https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2018-09/sr_430_lanteigne_final.pdf, (e.t. 09.11.2019).
  • Large, D. (2016). China and South Sudan’s civil war, 2013-2015. African Studies Quarterly, 16(3-4), 35–54.
  • Masuda, M. (2011). China’s Peacekeeping Diplomacy and Troop Dispatch: A New Avenue for Engagement with the International Community. http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/kiyo/pdf/2011/bulletin_ e2011_2.pdf, (e.t. 16.07.2018).
  • Matsuda, Y. (2016). China’s UN Peacekeeping Operations Policy: Analysis of the Factors behind the Policy Shift toward Active Engagement. http://www2.jiia.or.jp/en/pdf/digital_library/china/160331_Yasuhiro_ Matsuda.pdf (e.t. 16.07.2018)
  • MOD (Ministry of National Defence). China Grows Presence of UN Peacekeeping Missions Abroad. http://eng. mod.gov.cn/news/2018-02/28/content_4809003.htm, 28.02.2018. (e.t. 20.02.2019).
  • Patey, L. (2017). Learning in Africa: China’s overseas oil ınvestments in Sudan and South Sudan. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(107), 756–768.
  • Payne, R. J., & Veney, C. R. (1998). China’s post-cold war African policy. Asian Survey, 38(9), 867–879.
  • Pauley, L. (2018). China Takes the Lead in UN Peacekeeping. The Diplomat, 17 April, 2018. https://thediplomat. com/2018/04/china-takes-the-lead-in-un-peacekeeping/ (e.t. 16.07.2018)
  • Shambaugh, D. (2016). Çin Küreselleşme Yolunda (Çev. Latif Boyacı). İstanbul: Yarın Yayınları.
  • Shinn, D. H. (2006). China and the Conflict in Darfur. Brown Journal of Affairs, 16(1), 85–100.
  • SIPRI (2019). TIV of arms exports to Sudan, 2010-2018. http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/export_ values.php, (e.t. 09.11.2019). Stähle, S. (2008). China’s shifting attitude towards united nations peacekeeping operations. China Quarterly, 195, 631–655.
  • Strauss, J. C., & Saavedra, M. (2009). Introduction: China, Africa and internationalization. The China Quarterly, 199, 551–562.
  • Süöer, G. (2010). Dış politikada süreklilik-değişim çekişmesi. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, 6(23), 73–98.
  • Taylor, I. (1998). China’s foreign policy towards Africa in the 1990s. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 36(3), 443–460.
  • Tull, D. M. (2006). China’s engagement in Africa: scope, signifacance and consequences. Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(3), 459–479.
  • Tüter, M. (2018). Çin gücü, statükoya karşı yeni güç arayışları. İstanbul: Kopernik Yayınevi
  • Zhao, S. (2014). A neo-colonialist predator or development partner? China’s engagement and rebalance in Africa. Journal of Contemporary China, 23(90), 1033–1052.
  • UNPKO. (2017). https://peacekeeping.un.org/en, (e.t.15.11.2017).
  • UNPKO. (2008). United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines. Capstone Doctrine. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/peacekeeping/en/capstone_eng.pdf (e.t. 21.02.2019).
  • Üngör, Ç. (2009). Çin ve üçüncü dünya. İ.Ü. Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 41, 27–38.
  • Vasquez, P. I., (2019). China’s oil and gas footprint in Latin America and Africa. International Development Policy. https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/3174, (e.t. 09.11.2019).
  • Wang, F. L., & Elliot, E. A. (2014). China in Africa: presence, perceptions and prospects. Journal of Contemporary China, 23(90), 1012–1032.
  • WB (World Bank). (2017). Wits, Sub-Saharan Africa Trade Summary 2015 Data, http://wits.worldbank.org/ CountryProfile/en/Country/SSF/Year/LTST/Summary, (e.t. 06.09.2017).
  • WB (World Bak). (2017). World Development Indicators 2017.
  • WTO (World Trade Organization) (2016). World Trade Statistical Review. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/ statis_e/wts2016_e/wts2016_e.pdf, (e.t. 06.09.2017). China-Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation (2013). http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/08/23/ content_281474982986536.htm, (e.t.07.09.2017).
  • Zurcher, C. (2019). 30 Years of Chinese Peacekeeping. Centre for International Policy Studies (CIPS), University of Ottawa, https://www.cips-cepi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/30YearsofChinesePeacekeepi ng-FINAL-Jan23-1.pdf, (e.t. 11.11.2019).

Analysis of the Chinese Foreign Policy on the Crisis Regions in Africa: The Case Studies of Darfur and South Sudan

Year 2020, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 1 - 32, 30.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2020.29.1.0022

Abstract

Africa, as a continent with which China has intensified its bilateral relations most, has been at the forefront of the Chinese foreign policy in recent years. However, certain economic aspects of the Chinese foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa have been construed by some as a sort of “neo-colonialism”. There are mainly differing aspects in China’s energy and trade relations with the countries in the region that cause these discourses on “colonialism”. The giant investments int the energy sectors of Sub-Saharan Africa countries and the trade-surplus in bilateral trade in favour of China make African countries dependent on China. Owing to this one-sided dependency, there are fears that China is seeking to establish alternative power relations in Africa. Having said that, Chinese efforts for mediation in crisis areas in Africa and its cooperation with international organizations for the resolution of conflicts require a re-assessment of these threats perceived from or constituted against China. For instance, although China opposed the deployment of UN Peacekeeping Operations in the crisis areas in 1990s, it has been actively taking part in five of seven operations as of 2019. In this article, a historical evaluation of the Chinese foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa has been made, and the place of Africa in the Chinese policy has been explained with reference to support given to the UN Peacekeeping Operations in Darfur and South Sudan crisis areas.

References

  • AFDB. (African Development Bank), African Economic Outlook (2016). Sustainable Cities and Structural Transformation, https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/AEO_2016_ Report_Full_English.pdf, (e.t.)
  • Alden, C. (2005). China in Africa. Survival, 47(3), 147–164.
  • Alden, C., & Alves, C. (2008). History & ıdentity in the construction of China’s Africa policy. Review of African Political Economy, 35(115), 43–58.
  • Ayenagbo, K., Njobvu, T., Sossou, J. V., Tozoun, B. K. (2012). China’s peacekeeping operations in Africa: From unwilling participation to responsible contribution. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 6(2), 22–32.
  • Asia Centre. (2017). Strategy of ‘Parallels’: China in the South Sudanese Armed Conflict, s.7. file:///C:/Users/ HP/Downloads/OBS_Chine_201701-NA14-Chine%20Sud%20Soudan.pdf, (e.t.14.11.2017).
  • Benabdallah L. (2016). China’s peace and security strategies in Africa: Building capacity is building peace? African Studies Quarterly, 16(3-4), 17–34.
  • Burgos, S., & Ear, S. (2012). China’s Oil Hunger in Angola: history and perspective. Journal of Contemporary China, 21(74), 351–367.
  • BP, Statistical Review of World Energy June 2017, http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/ energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-full-report.pdf, (e.t. 07.09.2017).
  • Campbell, H. (2008). China in Africa: Challenging US global hegemony. Third World Quarterly, 29(1), 89–105.
  • Cheng-Joseph, Yu-S., Shi, H. (2018). China’s African policy: Increasing ımportanceand active adjustments. Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy, World Scientific Publishing, 587–645.
  • China Daily. (2018). China Keeps Up UN Peacekeeper Role. 16.05.2018, http://www.chinadaily.com. cn/a/201805/16/WS5afc2f54a3103f6866ee8c87.html (e.t. 20.02.2019)
  • Cho, S. (2018). China’s participation in UN peacekeeping operations since the 2000s. Journal of Contemporary China, 1–17.
  • Courtney, J. F. (2016). China’s Troop Contributions to U.N. Peacekeeping. 26 July, 2016. United States Institutes of Peace, https://www.usip.org/publications/2016/07/chinas-troop-contributions-un-peacekeeping (e.t. 16.07.2018).
  • Csis, E. A. (2017). China in Africa. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-africa, e.t. 06.09.2017.9).
  • Dahir, A. L. (2019). Africa’s resource-rich nations are getting even more reliant on China for their exports. Quartz Africa, April 26, 2019. https://qz.com/africa/1605497/belt-and-road-africa-mineral-rich-nationsexport-mostly-to-china/, (e.t.09.11.2019).
  • Department of the Secretary of State (2018). Military and Security Developments Involving the Peaople’s Republic of China. Annual Report to Congress, USA.
  • Doğan, F. (2017). Çin’in hegemonik yükselişi, Pax Americana’dan Pax Sinica’ya. Ankara: Orion Kitabevi.
  • Dollar, D. (2017). China’s Engagement with Africa, from Natural Resources to Human Resources, 2016, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Chinas-Engagement-with-Africa-David-DollarJuly-2016.pdf, (e.t. 06.09.2017).
  • EIA. (2014). Country Analysis Brief: Sudan and South Sudan.
  • Ekengard, A. (2008). The African Union Mission in SUDAN (AMIS), Experiences and Lessons Learned.
  • FOI (Swedish Defence Research Agency), Stockholm. Fang, S., & Sun, F. (2019). Gauging Chinese public support for China’s role in peacekeeping. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 179–201. FOCAC. Chinese Diplomatic Missions in Africa, http://www.focac.org/eng/xglj/zfsg/
  • Gamache, L., & Hammer, A., Jones, L. (2013). China’s Trade and Investment Relationship with Africa. USITC Executive Briefings on Trade, April 2013, https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/2013-04_ChinaAfrica(GamacheHammerJones).pdf, (e.t. 09.11.2019).
  • Gilboy, G. J., & Hegınbotham, E. (2012). Chinese and Indian Strategic Behaviour Growing Power and Alarm. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hanuer, L., & Morris, L. J. (2014). Chinese Engagement in Africa: Drivers, Reactions, and Implications for U.S. Policy. RAND Corporation, file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/RAND_RR521.pdf, (e.t. 11.11.2019).
  • He, Y. (2007). China’s Changing Policy on UN Peacekeeping Operations. Institute for Security and Development Policy, Sweden.
  • He, Y. (2018). China rising and its changing policy on UN peacekeeping. United Nations Peace Operations in a Changing Global Order, (Eds. Cedric de Coning ve Mateja Peter), Palgrave MacMillan, Switzerland.
  • Holslag, J. (2008). China’s diplomatic manoeuvring on the question of Darfur. Journal of Contemporary China, 17(54), 71–84.
  • Holslag, J. (2009). China’s new security strategy for Africa. Parameters, 39(2), 23–37.
  • Ighobor, K. (2013). China in the heart of Africa. UN Africa Renewal, https://www.un.org/africarenewal/ magazine/january-2013/china-heart-africa, (e.t.08.11.2019).
  • International Crisis Group. (2017). China’s Foreign Policy Experiment in South Sudan”, 10 July 2017, https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/288-china-s-foreign-policy-experiment-in-south-sudan.pdf, (e.t. 13.11.2017).
  • International Energy Agency IEA. (2017). Africa Energy Outlook, 2014, https://www.iea.org/publications/ freepublications/publication/WEO2014_AfricaEnergyOutlook.pdf
  • ISDP. (2018). Institute for Security and Development, (2018). “China’s Role in UN Peacekeeping”, March 2018.
  • Karaca, R. K. (2011). Powers in the Chaging System After the Cold War (USA, EU, China and Russia), Partnership for Peace Review, 2(2), 77–100.
  • Karaca, R. K. (2012). Çin’in değişen enerji stratejisinin dış politikasına etkileri (1990–2010). Uluslararası İlişkiler. 9(33), 93–118.
  • Kazeem, Y. (2017). China doubled its investment spend in Africa in 2016 as US and UK fell. https://qz.com/ africa/978419/china-influence-has-an-investor-in-africa-grew-in-2016/, (e.t. 08.11.2019).
  • Lanteıgne, M. (2018). The role of UN peacekeeping in China’s expanding strategic interests. United States Institute of Peace-USIP. https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2018-09/sr_430_lanteigne_final.pdf, (e.t. 09.11.2019).
  • Large, D. (2016). China and South Sudan’s civil war, 2013-2015. African Studies Quarterly, 16(3-4), 35–54.
  • Masuda, M. (2011). China’s Peacekeeping Diplomacy and Troop Dispatch: A New Avenue for Engagement with the International Community. http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/kiyo/pdf/2011/bulletin_ e2011_2.pdf, (e.t. 16.07.2018).
  • Matsuda, Y. (2016). China’s UN Peacekeeping Operations Policy: Analysis of the Factors behind the Policy Shift toward Active Engagement. http://www2.jiia.or.jp/en/pdf/digital_library/china/160331_Yasuhiro_ Matsuda.pdf (e.t. 16.07.2018)
  • MOD (Ministry of National Defence). China Grows Presence of UN Peacekeeping Missions Abroad. http://eng. mod.gov.cn/news/2018-02/28/content_4809003.htm, 28.02.2018. (e.t. 20.02.2019).
  • Patey, L. (2017). Learning in Africa: China’s overseas oil ınvestments in Sudan and South Sudan. Journal of Contemporary China, 26(107), 756–768.
  • Payne, R. J., & Veney, C. R. (1998). China’s post-cold war African policy. Asian Survey, 38(9), 867–879.
  • Pauley, L. (2018). China Takes the Lead in UN Peacekeeping. The Diplomat, 17 April, 2018. https://thediplomat. com/2018/04/china-takes-the-lead-in-un-peacekeeping/ (e.t. 16.07.2018)
  • Shambaugh, D. (2016). Çin Küreselleşme Yolunda (Çev. Latif Boyacı). İstanbul: Yarın Yayınları.
  • Shinn, D. H. (2006). China and the Conflict in Darfur. Brown Journal of Affairs, 16(1), 85–100.
  • SIPRI (2019). TIV of arms exports to Sudan, 2010-2018. http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/html/export_ values.php, (e.t. 09.11.2019). Stähle, S. (2008). China’s shifting attitude towards united nations peacekeeping operations. China Quarterly, 195, 631–655.
  • Strauss, J. C., & Saavedra, M. (2009). Introduction: China, Africa and internationalization. The China Quarterly, 199, 551–562.
  • Süöer, G. (2010). Dış politikada süreklilik-değişim çekişmesi. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, 6(23), 73–98.
  • Taylor, I. (1998). China’s foreign policy towards Africa in the 1990s. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 36(3), 443–460.
  • Tull, D. M. (2006). China’s engagement in Africa: scope, signifacance and consequences. Journal of Modern African Studies, 44(3), 459–479.
  • Tüter, M. (2018). Çin gücü, statükoya karşı yeni güç arayışları. İstanbul: Kopernik Yayınevi
  • Zhao, S. (2014). A neo-colonialist predator or development partner? China’s engagement and rebalance in Africa. Journal of Contemporary China, 23(90), 1033–1052.
  • UNPKO. (2017). https://peacekeeping.un.org/en, (e.t.15.11.2017).
  • UNPKO. (2008). United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines. Capstone Doctrine. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/peacekeeping/en/capstone_eng.pdf (e.t. 21.02.2019).
  • Üngör, Ç. (2009). Çin ve üçüncü dünya. İ.Ü. Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 41, 27–38.
  • Vasquez, P. I., (2019). China’s oil and gas footprint in Latin America and Africa. International Development Policy. https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/3174, (e.t. 09.11.2019).
  • Wang, F. L., & Elliot, E. A. (2014). China in Africa: presence, perceptions and prospects. Journal of Contemporary China, 23(90), 1012–1032.
  • WB (World Bank). (2017). Wits, Sub-Saharan Africa Trade Summary 2015 Data, http://wits.worldbank.org/ CountryProfile/en/Country/SSF/Year/LTST/Summary, (e.t. 06.09.2017).
  • WB (World Bak). (2017). World Development Indicators 2017.
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There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ragıp Kutay Karaca This is me 0000-0002-7418-3466

Müge Yüce 0000-0002-7593-6060

Publication Date March 30, 2020
Submission Date August 8, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 29 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karaca, R. K., & Yüce, M. (2020). Çin’in Afrika Kriz Bölgelerindeki Dış Politikasının Analizi: Darfur ve Güney Sudan Örnekleri. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 29(1), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2020.29.1.0022