Research Article
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Year 2022, Volume: 31 - Special Issue on Polish Foreign Policy in 21st Century, 105 - 116, 11.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.949087

Abstract

References

  • Appel, H. (2019). Can the EU stop Eastern Europe’s illiberal turn? Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2019.1647956 [Accessed: 30 May 2021].
  • Bakker, R. de Vries, C. Edwards, E. Hooghe, L., Jolly, S., Marks, G. Polk, J., Ronvy, J. Steenbergen, M., Vachudova, M. A. (2015). Measuring party positions in Europe The Chapel Hill expert survey trend file, 1999 – 2010 Party Politics, 21(1): 143-152.
  • Bakker, R. Hooghe, L., Jolly, S., Marks, G. Polk, J., Ronvy, J. Steenbergen, M., Vachudova, M. A. (2020). 1999 – 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey Trend File. https://www.chesdata.eu [Accessed: 18 May 2021].
  • Brack, N. and Startin, N. (2015). Introduction: Euroscepticism, from the margins to the mainstream. International Political Science Review, 36(3), 239-249.
  • Buhr, L. R. (2012). Seizing the opportunity: Euroscepticism and extremist party success in the post-Maastricht era. Government and Opposition, 47(4), 544-573.
  • Cadier, D. and Lequesne, C. (2020). How populism impacts EU foreign policy. EU-LISTCO Policy Paper Series. https://www.eu-listco.net/publications/how-populism-impacts-eu-foreign-policy [Accessed: 23 May 2021].
  • Csehi, R. and Zgut, E. (2021). ‘We won’t let Brussels dictate us’: Eurosceptic populism in Hungary and Poland. European Politics and Society, 22(1), 53-68.
  • Dakowska, D. (2010). Whither Euroscepticism? The uses of European integration by Polish Conservative and Radical Parties. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 11(3), 254-272.
  • Dechezelles, S. and Neumayer, L. (2010). Introduction: Is populism a side-effect of European integration? Radical parties and Europeanization of political competition. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 11(3), 229–236.
  • Down, I. and Wilson, C. (2008). From ‘permissive consensus’ to ‘constraining dissensus:’ A polarizing union? Acta Politica, 43(1), 26-49.
  • Elgün, Ö. and Tilmann, E. (2007). Exposure to European Union policies and support for membership in the candidate countries. Political Research Quarterly, 60(3), 391-400.
  • Hooghe, L. Bakker, R., Brigevich, A., de Vries, C. Edwards, E., Marks, G., Rovny, J., Steenbergen, M., Vachudova, M. (2010). Reliability and validity of the 2002 and 2006 Chapel Hill expert surveys on party positioning. European Journal of Political Research. 49(5), 687-703.
  • Ivarsflaten, E. (2006). Reputational shields: Why most anti-immigrant parties failed in Western Europe, 1980 -2005. Paper for 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.695.761&rep=rep1&type=pdf (Accessed: 24 May 2021).
  • Jasiewicz, K. (2008). The new populism in Poland: The Usual Suspects. Problems of Post-Communism, 55(3), 7-25.
  • Kosowska-Gastol, B. and Soboloweska-Myślik, K. (2019). New parties in the Polish party systens 2011- 2018: The Polikot Movement, Kukiz’15 and the Modern Party of Ryszard Petru as genuinely new parties? Central European Journal of Politics. 5(1): 6-29.
  • Kopecky, P. and Mudde, C. (2002). The two sides of Euroscepticism: Party positions on European integration in Central Europe. European Union Politics. 3(3), 297-326.
  • De Lange, S. and Guerra, S. (2009). The League of Polish Families between East and West, past and present. Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 42(4), 527-549.
  • Lubbers, M. Scheepers, P. (2010). Divergent trends of Euroscepticism in countries and regions of the European Union. European Journal of Political Research, 49(6), 787-817.
  • Mair, P. (2001). The limited impact of Europe on national party systems. West European Politics 23(4), 27-51.
  • Marcinkiewicz, K. and Stegmaier M. (2016). The parliamentary election in Poland, October 2015. Electoral Studies, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mary-Stegmaier/publication/290220555_The_parliamentary_election_in_Poland_October_2015/links/5ca6454892851c64bd50a67f/The-parliamentary-election-in-Poland-October-2015.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2021].
  • Markoswki, R. and Tucker, J. (2010). Euroscepticism and Emergence of Political Parties in Poland. Party Politics https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068809345854
  • Markoswki, R. (2016). The Polish parliamentary election of 2015: A free and fair election that results in unfair political consequences. West European Politics, 39(6), 1311-1322.
  • Markowski, R. (2020). Plurality support for democratic decay: the 2019 Polish parliamentary election. West European Politics. 43(7), 1513-1525.
  • Marks. G. Wilson, C. (2000). The past in the present: A cleavage theory of party response to European integration. 30(3), 433-459.
  • Marks, G. Wilson, C. and Ray, L. (2002). National political parties and European integration. American Journal of Political Science. 46(3), 585-594.
  • Marks, G. Hooghe, L. Nelson, M. and Dewards, E., (2006). Party competition and European integration in the East and West: Different structure same causality. Coparative Political Studies, 39(2), 155-175.
  • Meijers, M. J. (2017). Contagious Euroscepticism: The impact of Eurosceptic support on mainstream party positions on European integration. Party Politics, 23(4), 413-423.
  • Millard, F. (2010). Democratic Elections in Poland 1991 – 2007. New York: Routledge.
  • Neumayer, L. (2008). Euroscepticism as a political label: The use of European Union issues in political competition in new Member States. European Journal of Political Research. 47(2), 135-160.
  • Rupnik, J. (2007). From democracy fatigue to democracy backlash. Journal of Democracy. 18(4), 17-25.
  • Sadurski, W. (2019). Poland’s Constitutional Breakdown. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Schimmelfennig, F. and Sedelmeier, U. (2017). The Europeanization of Eastern Europe: The External Incentive Model Revisited. Paper for the JMF Conference, EUI (22-23 June 2017). https://www.eui.eu/Documents/RSCAS/JMF-25-Presentation/Schimmelfennig-Sedelmeier-External-Incentives-Revisited-JMF.pdf [Accessed: 27 May 2021].
  • Startin, N. and Krouwel, A. (2013). Euroscepticism re-galvanized: The consequences of the 2005 French and Dutch Rejections of the EU Constitution. Journal of Common Market Studies, 51(1), 65-84.
  • Styczynśka, N. (2017). Eurosceptic parties in Central and Eastern European Countries: A comparative case study of Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria. Leruth, B. Startin, N. Usherwood, S. (Ed). The Routledge Handbook of Euroscepticism, (139-154), Oxon, New York: Routledge.
  • Szczerbiak, A. (2002). Poland’s Unexpected Political Earthquake: The September 2001 Parliamentary Election. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 18(3), 41-76.
  • Szczerbiak, A. (2007). Social’ Poland defeats ‘Liberal’ Poland? The September-October 2005 Polish parliamentary and presidential elections. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 23(2), 203-232.
  • Szczerbiak, A. (2008). Opposing Europe or Problematizing Europe? Euroscepticism and ‘Eurorealism’ in the Polish party system. Szczerbiak, A. and Taggart. P. (Ed.). Opposing Europe: The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism Volume 1, (221-242) Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Szczerbiak, A. (2019). Poland. V. Hloušek and P. Kaniok (Ed.), The European Parliament Election of 2019 in East-Central Europe (175-199 pp.), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Szczerbiak, A. and Taggart, P. (2004). The politics of European referendum outcomes and turnout: Two models. West European Politics, 27(4), 557–583. Taggart, P. (1998). A Touchstone of dissent: Euroscepticism in contemporary Western European party systems. European Journal of Political Research, 33(3), 363-388.
  • Taggart, P. and Szczerbiak, A. (2001). Parties, positions, and Europe: Euroscepticism in the EU Candidate States of Central and Eastern Europe. Sussex European Institute Paper no. 46, Opposing Europe Research Network Working Paper No. 2 https://is.muni.cz/el/fss/podzim2004/EVS136/um/The_Party_Politics_of_Euroscepticism_in_EU_Member_and_Candidate_States.pdf [Accessed: 21 May 2021].
  • Treib, O. (2014). The voter says no, but nobody listens: causes and consequences of the Eurosceptic voting the 2014 European election. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(10): 1541-1554.
  • Treib, O. (2019). Euroscepticism is here to say: what cleavage theory can teach us about the 2019 European parliament elections. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2020.1737881
  • Urwin. D. (2010). The European Community: From 1945 to 1985. M. Cini and N. P. Solórzano Borragán (Ed.), (16-31), Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Vasilopoulou, S. (2011). European integration and radical right: The three patterns of opposition. Government and Opposition, 46(2), 223-244.
  • de Vries, C. E. and Tillman, E. (2011). European Union issue voting in East and West Europe: The role of political context. Comparative European Politics, 9(1), 1-17.
  • Whitefield, S. Rohrschneider, R. (2009). The Europeanization of political parties in Central and Eastern Europe? The impact of EU entry on issues stances, salience and programmatic coherence. Journal of Communist Studies and transition Politics, 25(4), 564-584.

Party-level Foreign Policy and the Mechanics of Party Competition: The PiS’s Euroscepticism and Its Dominance over Right-wing Politics in Poland, 2001-2015

Year 2022, Volume: 31 - Special Issue on Polish Foreign Policy in 21st Century, 105 - 116, 11.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.949087

Abstract


Following the collapse of the communist regime in Poland, the issue of European Union membership has emerged as one of the top issues in Poland’s foreign policy. The EU membership was regarded as a symbol of the country’s ‘return to Europe’ after an interlude of socialism. This initiated the ‘Europeanization’ process, which requires the harmonization of national laws and norms with those of the EU. During the EU-accession process, the symbolic importance of ‘Europeanization,’ combining with high level of public support for it, obliged the mainstream political parties to support the EU membership process. The strong opposition to the membership, labelled Eurosceptic stance, was largely embraced by the fringe parties. In the post-accession period, however, Eurosceptic policies became no longer confined to fringe parties and extended to mainstream politics. The right-wing Law and Justice Party (PiS) in Poland is an example of such mainstream parties, the Euroscepticism of which became explicit in the post-accession period. For representing the set of conflicting issues between member state and the EU, the party-based Euroscepticism is a useful reference to reveal the variation in foreign policy understanding of political parties. Using the dichotomy of Szczerbiak and Taggart’s soft-Euroscepticism and hard-Euroscepticism, this study suggests that the Euroscepticism of the PiS that has been oscillating between soft and hard Euroscepticism helps the party to keep the other right-wing alternatives with hard-Euroscepticism at bay. From this point of view, the PiS’s distinctive foreign policy in terms of its relations with the EU can be interpreted as a contributory factor behind the party’s domination over right-wing politics particularly since the 2007 parliamentary elections. 

References

  • Appel, H. (2019). Can the EU stop Eastern Europe’s illiberal turn? Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913811.2019.1647956 [Accessed: 30 May 2021].
  • Bakker, R. de Vries, C. Edwards, E. Hooghe, L., Jolly, S., Marks, G. Polk, J., Ronvy, J. Steenbergen, M., Vachudova, M. A. (2015). Measuring party positions in Europe The Chapel Hill expert survey trend file, 1999 – 2010 Party Politics, 21(1): 143-152.
  • Bakker, R. Hooghe, L., Jolly, S., Marks, G. Polk, J., Ronvy, J. Steenbergen, M., Vachudova, M. A. (2020). 1999 – 2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey Trend File. https://www.chesdata.eu [Accessed: 18 May 2021].
  • Brack, N. and Startin, N. (2015). Introduction: Euroscepticism, from the margins to the mainstream. International Political Science Review, 36(3), 239-249.
  • Buhr, L. R. (2012). Seizing the opportunity: Euroscepticism and extremist party success in the post-Maastricht era. Government and Opposition, 47(4), 544-573.
  • Cadier, D. and Lequesne, C. (2020). How populism impacts EU foreign policy. EU-LISTCO Policy Paper Series. https://www.eu-listco.net/publications/how-populism-impacts-eu-foreign-policy [Accessed: 23 May 2021].
  • Csehi, R. and Zgut, E. (2021). ‘We won’t let Brussels dictate us’: Eurosceptic populism in Hungary and Poland. European Politics and Society, 22(1), 53-68.
  • Dakowska, D. (2010). Whither Euroscepticism? The uses of European integration by Polish Conservative and Radical Parties. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 11(3), 254-272.
  • Dechezelles, S. and Neumayer, L. (2010). Introduction: Is populism a side-effect of European integration? Radical parties and Europeanization of political competition. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 11(3), 229–236.
  • Down, I. and Wilson, C. (2008). From ‘permissive consensus’ to ‘constraining dissensus:’ A polarizing union? Acta Politica, 43(1), 26-49.
  • Elgün, Ö. and Tilmann, E. (2007). Exposure to European Union policies and support for membership in the candidate countries. Political Research Quarterly, 60(3), 391-400.
  • Hooghe, L. Bakker, R., Brigevich, A., de Vries, C. Edwards, E., Marks, G., Rovny, J., Steenbergen, M., Vachudova, M. (2010). Reliability and validity of the 2002 and 2006 Chapel Hill expert surveys on party positioning. European Journal of Political Research. 49(5), 687-703.
  • Ivarsflaten, E. (2006). Reputational shields: Why most anti-immigrant parties failed in Western Europe, 1980 -2005. Paper for 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.695.761&rep=rep1&type=pdf (Accessed: 24 May 2021).
  • Jasiewicz, K. (2008). The new populism in Poland: The Usual Suspects. Problems of Post-Communism, 55(3), 7-25.
  • Kosowska-Gastol, B. and Soboloweska-Myślik, K. (2019). New parties in the Polish party systens 2011- 2018: The Polikot Movement, Kukiz’15 and the Modern Party of Ryszard Petru as genuinely new parties? Central European Journal of Politics. 5(1): 6-29.
  • Kopecky, P. and Mudde, C. (2002). The two sides of Euroscepticism: Party positions on European integration in Central Europe. European Union Politics. 3(3), 297-326.
  • De Lange, S. and Guerra, S. (2009). The League of Polish Families between East and West, past and present. Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 42(4), 527-549.
  • Lubbers, M. Scheepers, P. (2010). Divergent trends of Euroscepticism in countries and regions of the European Union. European Journal of Political Research, 49(6), 787-817.
  • Mair, P. (2001). The limited impact of Europe on national party systems. West European Politics 23(4), 27-51.
  • Marcinkiewicz, K. and Stegmaier M. (2016). The parliamentary election in Poland, October 2015. Electoral Studies, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mary-Stegmaier/publication/290220555_The_parliamentary_election_in_Poland_October_2015/links/5ca6454892851c64bd50a67f/The-parliamentary-election-in-Poland-October-2015.pdf [Accessed 26 May 2021].
  • Markoswki, R. and Tucker, J. (2010). Euroscepticism and Emergence of Political Parties in Poland. Party Politics https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068809345854
  • Markoswki, R. (2016). The Polish parliamentary election of 2015: A free and fair election that results in unfair political consequences. West European Politics, 39(6), 1311-1322.
  • Markowski, R. (2020). Plurality support for democratic decay: the 2019 Polish parliamentary election. West European Politics. 43(7), 1513-1525.
  • Marks. G. Wilson, C. (2000). The past in the present: A cleavage theory of party response to European integration. 30(3), 433-459.
  • Marks, G. Wilson, C. and Ray, L. (2002). National political parties and European integration. American Journal of Political Science. 46(3), 585-594.
  • Marks, G. Hooghe, L. Nelson, M. and Dewards, E., (2006). Party competition and European integration in the East and West: Different structure same causality. Coparative Political Studies, 39(2), 155-175.
  • Meijers, M. J. (2017). Contagious Euroscepticism: The impact of Eurosceptic support on mainstream party positions on European integration. Party Politics, 23(4), 413-423.
  • Millard, F. (2010). Democratic Elections in Poland 1991 – 2007. New York: Routledge.
  • Neumayer, L. (2008). Euroscepticism as a political label: The use of European Union issues in political competition in new Member States. European Journal of Political Research. 47(2), 135-160.
  • Rupnik, J. (2007). From democracy fatigue to democracy backlash. Journal of Democracy. 18(4), 17-25.
  • Sadurski, W. (2019). Poland’s Constitutional Breakdown. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Schimmelfennig, F. and Sedelmeier, U. (2017). The Europeanization of Eastern Europe: The External Incentive Model Revisited. Paper for the JMF Conference, EUI (22-23 June 2017). https://www.eui.eu/Documents/RSCAS/JMF-25-Presentation/Schimmelfennig-Sedelmeier-External-Incentives-Revisited-JMF.pdf [Accessed: 27 May 2021].
  • Startin, N. and Krouwel, A. (2013). Euroscepticism re-galvanized: The consequences of the 2005 French and Dutch Rejections of the EU Constitution. Journal of Common Market Studies, 51(1), 65-84.
  • Styczynśka, N. (2017). Eurosceptic parties in Central and Eastern European Countries: A comparative case study of Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria. Leruth, B. Startin, N. Usherwood, S. (Ed). The Routledge Handbook of Euroscepticism, (139-154), Oxon, New York: Routledge.
  • Szczerbiak, A. (2002). Poland’s Unexpected Political Earthquake: The September 2001 Parliamentary Election. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 18(3), 41-76.
  • Szczerbiak, A. (2007). Social’ Poland defeats ‘Liberal’ Poland? The September-October 2005 Polish parliamentary and presidential elections. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 23(2), 203-232.
  • Szczerbiak, A. (2008). Opposing Europe or Problematizing Europe? Euroscepticism and ‘Eurorealism’ in the Polish party system. Szczerbiak, A. and Taggart. P. (Ed.). Opposing Europe: The Comparative Party Politics of Euroscepticism Volume 1, (221-242) Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Szczerbiak, A. (2019). Poland. V. Hloušek and P. Kaniok (Ed.), The European Parliament Election of 2019 in East-Central Europe (175-199 pp.), Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Szczerbiak, A. and Taggart, P. (2004). The politics of European referendum outcomes and turnout: Two models. West European Politics, 27(4), 557–583. Taggart, P. (1998). A Touchstone of dissent: Euroscepticism in contemporary Western European party systems. European Journal of Political Research, 33(3), 363-388.
  • Taggart, P. and Szczerbiak, A. (2001). Parties, positions, and Europe: Euroscepticism in the EU Candidate States of Central and Eastern Europe. Sussex European Institute Paper no. 46, Opposing Europe Research Network Working Paper No. 2 https://is.muni.cz/el/fss/podzim2004/EVS136/um/The_Party_Politics_of_Euroscepticism_in_EU_Member_and_Candidate_States.pdf [Accessed: 21 May 2021].
  • Treib, O. (2014). The voter says no, but nobody listens: causes and consequences of the Eurosceptic voting the 2014 European election. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(10): 1541-1554.
  • Treib, O. (2019). Euroscepticism is here to say: what cleavage theory can teach us about the 2019 European parliament elections. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2020.1737881
  • Urwin. D. (2010). The European Community: From 1945 to 1985. M. Cini and N. P. Solórzano Borragán (Ed.), (16-31), Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Vasilopoulou, S. (2011). European integration and radical right: The three patterns of opposition. Government and Opposition, 46(2), 223-244.
  • de Vries, C. E. and Tillman, E. (2011). European Union issue voting in East and West Europe: The role of political context. Comparative European Politics, 9(1), 1-17.
  • Whitefield, S. Rohrschneider, R. (2009). The Europeanization of political parties in Central and Eastern Europe? The impact of EU entry on issues stances, salience and programmatic coherence. Journal of Communist Studies and transition Politics, 25(4), 564-584.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Çağatay Aslan 0000-0003-3384-1642

Publication Date April 11, 2022
Submission Date June 7, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 31 - Special Issue on Polish Foreign Policy in 21st Century

Cite

APA Aslan, M. Ç. (2022). Party-level Foreign Policy and the Mechanics of Party Competition: The PiS’s Euroscepticism and Its Dominance over Right-wing Politics in Poland, 2001-2015. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 31, 105-116. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.949087