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Housing Segregation in the Rental Housing Market: A Field Experiment for Istanbul

Year 2023, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 133 - 153, 27.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2023.32.1349823

Abstract

This paper examines the housing discrimination towards the Syrian population living in Turkey under temporary protection status. Since the commencement of the civil war, the Syrian migration to Turkey has transformed numerous cities across the country into varying degrees of Syrian habitation. The Turkish policymakers initially designated Syrian immigrants as “guests”, claiming that their settlement in Turkey was exceptional and would be transitory. However, this phenomenon has evolved into a lasting situation. Inequalities within the housing sector amplify the challenges faced by immigrants in establishing themselves and adapting to their host country. Moreover, the selection of a living locale carries significant importance, influencing the accessibility of local public services and engagement in the labor market. The paper specifically focuses on the migrants’ experience of the initial housing search and theinstances of bias in the rental housing market. It is founded upon empirical data derived from a field experiment conducted as part of the research project titled “From Guests to City Dwellers: The Housing Experience of Syrians in Istanbul” Following data collection, a comprehensive three-phase mixed methods research was conducted. In alignment with existing literature, the field experiment was executed employing a sample that accurately represents the rental housing market in Istanbul, the city harboring the highest population of Syrian residents. Findings reveal a stark discrepancy, with approximately 35% of housing tour requests made by Syrians for properties directly managed by landlords being declined, in contrast to amere 2% rejection rate for the local population. This disparity not only escalates the housing costs for Syrians due to the limited access to available properties in the rental housing market but also contributes to an uneven spatial distribution of Syrians across Istanbul’s districts.

Project Number

119K110

References

  • Acolin, A., Bostic, R., & Painter, G. (2016). A field study of rental market discrimination across origins in France. Journal of Urban Economics, 95, 49-63. google scholar
  • Ahmed, A. M., & Hammarstedt, M. (2008). Discrimination in the rental housing market: A field experiment on the Internet. Journal of Urban Economics, 64(2), 362-372. google scholar
  • Ahmed, A. M., Andersson, L., & Hammarstedt, M. (2010). Can discrimination in the housing market be reduced by increasing the information about the applicants?. Land Economics, 86(1), 79-90. google scholar
  • Andersson, L., Jakobsson, N., & Kotsadam, A. (2012). A field experiment of discrimination in the Norwegian housing market: Gender, class, and ethnicity. Land Economics, 88(2), 233-240. google scholar
  • Auspurg, K., Hinz, T., & Schmid, L. (2017). Contexts and conditions of ethnic discrimination: Evidence from a field experiment in a German housing market. Journal of Housing Economics, 35, 26-36. google scholar
  • Baldini, M., & Federici, M. (2011). Ethnic discrimination in the Italian rental housing market. Journal of Housing Economics, 20(1), 1-14 google scholar
  • Beatty, T. K., & Sommervoll, D. E. (2012). Discrimination in rental markets: Evidence from Norway. Journal of Housing Economics, 21(2), 121-130. google scholar
  • Bengtsson, R., Iverman, E., & Hinnerich, B. T. (2012). Gender and ethnic discrimination in the rental housing market. Applied Economics Letters, 19(1), 1-5. google scholar
  • Bertrand, M., & Duflo, E. (2017). Field experiments on discrimination. Handbook of economic field experiments, 1, 309-393. google scholar
  • BETAM. 2023. sahibindex Kiralık Konut Piyasası Görünümü google scholar
  • https://betam.bahcesehir.edu.tr/kategori/ekonomik-arastirmalar/yayinlar/arastirma-raporlari/ google scholar
  • Bosch, M., Carnero, M. A., & Farre, L. (2010). Information and discrimination in the rental housing market: Evidence from a field experiment. Regional science and urban Economics, 40(1), 11-19. google scholar
  • Bunel, M., L’Horty, Y., & Petit, P. (2016). Discrimination based on place of residence and access to employment. Urban Studies, 53(2), 267-286. google scholar
  • Drydakis, N. (2011). Ethnic discrimination in the Greek housing market. Journal of Population Economics, 24(4), 1235-1255. google scholar
  • Ewens, M., Tomlin, B., & Wang, L. C. (2014). Statistical discrimination or prejudice? A large sample field experiment. Review of Economics and Statistics, 96(1), 119-134. google scholar
  • Flage, A. (2018). Ethnic and gender discrimination in the rental housing market: Evidence from a meta-analysis of correspondence tests, 2006-2017. Journal of Housing Economics, 41, 251-273. google scholar
  • Friedman, S., Squires, G. D., & Galvan, C. (2010, May). Cybersegregation in Boston and Dallas: Is Neil a more desirable tenant than Tyrone or Jorge. In Population Association ofAmerica 2010 Annual Meeting. http:// paa2010. princeton.edu. google scholar
  • Galster, G. (1990). Racial discrimination in housing markets during the 1980s: a review of the audit evidence. Journal ofPlanning Education and Research, 9(3), 165-175. google scholar
  • Galster, G. (1990). Racial steering by real estate agents: Mechanisms and motives. The Review ofBlack Political Economy, 19(1), 39-63. google scholar
  • Galster, G. C. (1992). Research on discrimination in housing and mortgage markets: Assessment and future directions. Housing Policy Debate, 3(2), 637-683. google scholar
  • Galster, G. (1996). Comparing loan performance between races as a test for discrimination. Cityscape, 33-39. google scholar
  • Hanson, A., & Hawley, Z. (2011). Do landlords discriminate in the rental housing market? Evidence from an internet field experiment in US cities. Journal of urban Economics, 70(2-3), 99-114. google scholar
  • Hanson, A., Hawley, Z., & Taylor, A. (2011). Subtle discrimination in the rental housing market: Evidence from e-mail correspondence with landlords. Journal of Housing Economics, 20(4), 276-284. google scholar
  • Hanson, A., & Santas, M. (2014). Field experiment tests for discrimination against Hispanics in the US rental housing market. Southern Economic Journal, 81(1), 135-167. google scholar
  • Horr, A., Hunkler, C., & Kroneberg, C. (2018). Ethnic Discrimination in the German Housing Market. Zeitschrift Für Soziologie, 47(2), 134-146. doi:10.1515/zfsoz-2018-1009 google scholar
  • Le Gallo, J., l’Horty, Y., Du Parquet, L., & Petit, P. (2019). Discriminations in Access to Housing: A Test on Urban Areas in Metropolitan France. Economie et Statistique, 513(1), 27-45. google scholar
  • Massey, D. S., & Lundy, G. (2001). Use of Black English and racial discrimination in urban housing markets: New methods and findings. Urban affairs review, 36(4), 452-469. google scholar
  • Mazziotta, A., Zerr, M., & Rohmann, A. (2015). The effects of multiple stigmas on discrimination in the German housing market. Social Psychology. google scholar
  • McIntosh, N., & Smith, D. J. (1974). The extent of racial discrimination (No. 547). PEP. Migrant Integration Policy Index 2020 Solano, Giacomo and Huddleston, Thomas (2020) ISBN: 978-84-92511-83-9 google scholar
  • Ondrich, J., Ross, S., & Yinger, J. (2003). Now you see it, now you don’t: why do real estate agents withhold available houses from black customers?. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 854-873. google scholar
  • Öblom, A., & Antfolk, J. (2017). Ethnic and gender discrimination in the private rental housing market in Finland: A field experiment. PloS one, 12(8), e0183344. google scholar
  • Özbakır B. A., Kurtarır E. , Biricik G. , Kırdar M. G. (2020) “Kentsel Mültecilerin Adaptasyon ve Uyum Süreçlerine Yeni bir Bakış Açısı: Kapsayıcı Kent İnşası Amaçlı Sosyal İnovasyon Deneyi.” TÜBİTAK Projesi web sayfası, Erişim linki: https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=49511c65bc60 408e936187e3a951d3a5 Erişim Tarihi: 10.05. 2020 google scholar
  • Pager, D., & Shepherd, H. (2008). The sociology of discrimination: Racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit, and consumer markets. Annu. Rev. Sociol, 34, 181-209. google scholar
  • Riach, P. A., & Rich, J. (2002). Field experiments of discrimination in the market place. The economic journal, 112(483), F480-F518. google scholar
  • Rich, J. (2014). What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted since 2000 (No. 8584). Institute of Labor Economics (IZA). google scholar
  • Roychoudhury, C., & Krysan, M., Couper, M. P., Farley, R., & Forman, T. A. (2009). Does race matter in neighborhood preferences? Results from a video experiment. American journal of sociology, 115(2), 527559. google scholar
  • Turner, M. A., & Mikelsons, M. (1992). Patterns of racial steering in four metropolitan areas. Journal of Housing Economics, 2(3), 199-234. google scholar
  • Yinger, J. (1995). Closed doors, opportunities lost: The continuing costs of housing discrimination. Russell Sage Foundation. google scholar
  • Yinger, J. (1998). Housing discrimination is still worth worrying about. Housing Policy Debate, 9(4), 893-927. google scholar
  • Yinger, J. (1998). Housing discrimination is still worth worrying about. Housing Policy Debate, 9(4), 893-927. google scholar

Kiralık konut piyasasında barınma ayrımcılığı: İstanbul için saha deneyi uygulaması

Year 2023, Volume: 32 Issue: 2, 133 - 153, 27.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2023.32.1349823

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de geçici koruma statüsü altında yaşayan Suriyeli nüfusa yönelik barınma ayrımcılığını incelemektedir. İç savaşın başlamasından bu yana, Suriyelilerin Türkiye’ye göçü, ülke genelinde birçok şehri farklı derecelerde Suriyeli yerleşimine dönüştürmüştür. Politika yapıcıları başlangıçta Suriyeli göçmenleri “misafir” olarak tanımlamış ve Türkiye’deki yerleşimlerinin istisnai ve geçici olacağını iddia etmiştir. Ancak bu olgu kalıcı bir duruma dönüşmüştür. Konut sektöründeki eşitsizlikler, göçmenlerin kendilerini kabul ettirme ve ev sahibi ülkeye uyum sağlama konusunda karşılaştıkları zorlukları artırmaktadır. Ayrıca, yaşanacak yerin seçimi, yerel kamu hizmetlerinin erişilebilirliğini ve işgücü piyasasına katılımı etkileyerek büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu makale özellikle göçmenlerin ilk konut arama deneyimlerine ve kiralık konut piyasasında karşılaştıkları önyargılara odaklanmaktadır. “Misafirlikten Kent Sakinliğine” başlıklı araştırma projesinin bir parçası olarak yürütülen saha deneyinden elde edilen ampirik verilere dayanmaktadır Saha deneyi, mevcut literatür izlenerek İstanbul’u temsil eden bir örneklemle yapılmıştır.
Bulgular, Suriyelilerin doğrudan ev sahipleri tarafından kiraya verilen konutlarda için yaptıkları evi görme taleplerinin yaklaşık %35’inin reddedildiğini, buna karşılık yerel nüfus için bu oranın sadece %2 olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu eşitsizlik, kiralık konut piyasasında mevcut mülklere erişimin sınırlı olması nedeniyle Suriyeliler için konut maliyetlerini artırmanın yanı sıra, Suriyelilerin İstanbul’un ilçeleri arasında dengesiz bir mekânsal dağılım göstermesine de katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

119K110

Thanks

Bu makalenin ortaya çıkmasına katkı yapan proje ekibine minnettarım

References

  • Acolin, A., Bostic, R., & Painter, G. (2016). A field study of rental market discrimination across origins in France. Journal of Urban Economics, 95, 49-63. google scholar
  • Ahmed, A. M., & Hammarstedt, M. (2008). Discrimination in the rental housing market: A field experiment on the Internet. Journal of Urban Economics, 64(2), 362-372. google scholar
  • Ahmed, A. M., Andersson, L., & Hammarstedt, M. (2010). Can discrimination in the housing market be reduced by increasing the information about the applicants?. Land Economics, 86(1), 79-90. google scholar
  • Andersson, L., Jakobsson, N., & Kotsadam, A. (2012). A field experiment of discrimination in the Norwegian housing market: Gender, class, and ethnicity. Land Economics, 88(2), 233-240. google scholar
  • Auspurg, K., Hinz, T., & Schmid, L. (2017). Contexts and conditions of ethnic discrimination: Evidence from a field experiment in a German housing market. Journal of Housing Economics, 35, 26-36. google scholar
  • Baldini, M., & Federici, M. (2011). Ethnic discrimination in the Italian rental housing market. Journal of Housing Economics, 20(1), 1-14 google scholar
  • Beatty, T. K., & Sommervoll, D. E. (2012). Discrimination in rental markets: Evidence from Norway. Journal of Housing Economics, 21(2), 121-130. google scholar
  • Bengtsson, R., Iverman, E., & Hinnerich, B. T. (2012). Gender and ethnic discrimination in the rental housing market. Applied Economics Letters, 19(1), 1-5. google scholar
  • Bertrand, M., & Duflo, E. (2017). Field experiments on discrimination. Handbook of economic field experiments, 1, 309-393. google scholar
  • BETAM. 2023. sahibindex Kiralık Konut Piyasası Görünümü google scholar
  • https://betam.bahcesehir.edu.tr/kategori/ekonomik-arastirmalar/yayinlar/arastirma-raporlari/ google scholar
  • Bosch, M., Carnero, M. A., & Farre, L. (2010). Information and discrimination in the rental housing market: Evidence from a field experiment. Regional science and urban Economics, 40(1), 11-19. google scholar
  • Bunel, M., L’Horty, Y., & Petit, P. (2016). Discrimination based on place of residence and access to employment. Urban Studies, 53(2), 267-286. google scholar
  • Drydakis, N. (2011). Ethnic discrimination in the Greek housing market. Journal of Population Economics, 24(4), 1235-1255. google scholar
  • Ewens, M., Tomlin, B., & Wang, L. C. (2014). Statistical discrimination or prejudice? A large sample field experiment. Review of Economics and Statistics, 96(1), 119-134. google scholar
  • Flage, A. (2018). Ethnic and gender discrimination in the rental housing market: Evidence from a meta-analysis of correspondence tests, 2006-2017. Journal of Housing Economics, 41, 251-273. google scholar
  • Friedman, S., Squires, G. D., & Galvan, C. (2010, May). Cybersegregation in Boston and Dallas: Is Neil a more desirable tenant than Tyrone or Jorge. In Population Association ofAmerica 2010 Annual Meeting. http:// paa2010. princeton.edu. google scholar
  • Galster, G. (1990). Racial discrimination in housing markets during the 1980s: a review of the audit evidence. Journal ofPlanning Education and Research, 9(3), 165-175. google scholar
  • Galster, G. (1990). Racial steering by real estate agents: Mechanisms and motives. The Review ofBlack Political Economy, 19(1), 39-63. google scholar
  • Galster, G. C. (1992). Research on discrimination in housing and mortgage markets: Assessment and future directions. Housing Policy Debate, 3(2), 637-683. google scholar
  • Galster, G. (1996). Comparing loan performance between races as a test for discrimination. Cityscape, 33-39. google scholar
  • Hanson, A., & Hawley, Z. (2011). Do landlords discriminate in the rental housing market? Evidence from an internet field experiment in US cities. Journal of urban Economics, 70(2-3), 99-114. google scholar
  • Hanson, A., Hawley, Z., & Taylor, A. (2011). Subtle discrimination in the rental housing market: Evidence from e-mail correspondence with landlords. Journal of Housing Economics, 20(4), 276-284. google scholar
  • Hanson, A., & Santas, M. (2014). Field experiment tests for discrimination against Hispanics in the US rental housing market. Southern Economic Journal, 81(1), 135-167. google scholar
  • Horr, A., Hunkler, C., & Kroneberg, C. (2018). Ethnic Discrimination in the German Housing Market. Zeitschrift Für Soziologie, 47(2), 134-146. doi:10.1515/zfsoz-2018-1009 google scholar
  • Le Gallo, J., l’Horty, Y., Du Parquet, L., & Petit, P. (2019). Discriminations in Access to Housing: A Test on Urban Areas in Metropolitan France. Economie et Statistique, 513(1), 27-45. google scholar
  • Massey, D. S., & Lundy, G. (2001). Use of Black English and racial discrimination in urban housing markets: New methods and findings. Urban affairs review, 36(4), 452-469. google scholar
  • Mazziotta, A., Zerr, M., & Rohmann, A. (2015). The effects of multiple stigmas on discrimination in the German housing market. Social Psychology. google scholar
  • McIntosh, N., & Smith, D. J. (1974). The extent of racial discrimination (No. 547). PEP. Migrant Integration Policy Index 2020 Solano, Giacomo and Huddleston, Thomas (2020) ISBN: 978-84-92511-83-9 google scholar
  • Ondrich, J., Ross, S., & Yinger, J. (2003). Now you see it, now you don’t: why do real estate agents withhold available houses from black customers?. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 854-873. google scholar
  • Öblom, A., & Antfolk, J. (2017). Ethnic and gender discrimination in the private rental housing market in Finland: A field experiment. PloS one, 12(8), e0183344. google scholar
  • Özbakır B. A., Kurtarır E. , Biricik G. , Kırdar M. G. (2020) “Kentsel Mültecilerin Adaptasyon ve Uyum Süreçlerine Yeni bir Bakış Açısı: Kapsayıcı Kent İnşası Amaçlı Sosyal İnovasyon Deneyi.” TÜBİTAK Projesi web sayfası, Erişim linki: https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=49511c65bc60 408e936187e3a951d3a5 Erişim Tarihi: 10.05. 2020 google scholar
  • Pager, D., & Shepherd, H. (2008). The sociology of discrimination: Racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit, and consumer markets. Annu. Rev. Sociol, 34, 181-209. google scholar
  • Riach, P. A., & Rich, J. (2002). Field experiments of discrimination in the market place. The economic journal, 112(483), F480-F518. google scholar
  • Rich, J. (2014). What Do Field Experiments of Discrimination in Markets Tell Us? A Meta Analysis of Studies Conducted since 2000 (No. 8584). Institute of Labor Economics (IZA). google scholar
  • Roychoudhury, C., & Krysan, M., Couper, M. P., Farley, R., & Forman, T. A. (2009). Does race matter in neighborhood preferences? Results from a video experiment. American journal of sociology, 115(2), 527559. google scholar
  • Turner, M. A., & Mikelsons, M. (1992). Patterns of racial steering in four metropolitan areas. Journal of Housing Economics, 2(3), 199-234. google scholar
  • Yinger, J. (1995). Closed doors, opportunities lost: The continuing costs of housing discrimination. Russell Sage Foundation. google scholar
  • Yinger, J. (1998). Housing discrimination is still worth worrying about. Housing Policy Debate, 9(4), 893-927. google scholar
  • Yinger, J. (1998). Housing discrimination is still worth worrying about. Housing Policy Debate, 9(4), 893-927. google scholar
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Kahveci 0000-0001-5053-2230

Project Number 119K110
Publication Date November 27, 2023
Submission Date August 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 32 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kahveci, M. (2023). Housing Segregation in the Rental Housing Market: A Field Experiment for Istanbul. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 32(2), 133-153. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2023.32.1349823