<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Sakarya Medical Journal</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2146-409X</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Sakarya University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31832/smj.1812720</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Orthopaedics</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Ortopedi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                                                            <article-title>Magnetic Force Can Reduce Mechanical Load on the Knee Joint Surface. An Experimental Study</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0206-8135</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Abdioğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ahmet Atilla</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>KANUNİ TRAINING AND RESEARCH HOSPITAL, DEPARTMENT OF ORTHOPEDICS AND  TRAUMATOLOGY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4392-9966</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Küçükömeroğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Tevfik</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>KARADENIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260313">
                    <day>03</day>
                    <month>13</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>16</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>137</fpage>
                                        <lpage>146</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251029">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>29</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260217">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>17</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2011, Sakarya Medical Journal</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2011</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Sakarya Medical Journal</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                                        <abstract><p>Objective: Degenerative osteoarthritis is one of the most important orthopedic disorders today. Many treatment methods have been developed for osteoarthritis in the knee joint. Excessive mechanical load on the cartilage in medial osteoarthritis of the knee causes both progression of degeneration and increased symptoms. On the other hand, the use of magnetic field in health is becoming increasingly common with the developing technology. This study aimed to investigate the use of magnetic power to reduce the mechanical load pressure on the knee joint.Methods: Two different models were created by setting up a joint model containing oppositely placed magnets. In the first model, magnets placed outside the joint were used, while in the second model, magnets placed inside the joint were used. The forces applied to the femur in increasing amounts and the loads transmitted from the femur to the tibia were recorded until joint contact was achieved.Results: At the moment of contact between the two joint surfaces, 58.45 newtons of load was transmitted in the extra-articular model, while 97.48 newtons of maximum load was transmitted in the intra-articular model.Conclusions: Part of the load on the knee joint surfaces was transferred from the femur to the tibia by magnetic force. It has been demonstrated that the mechanical load pressure on the joint surfaces can be experimentally reduced using this method.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Magnetic technology</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Magnetic force</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Degenerative osteoarthritis</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Gonarthrosis</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Arthroplasty</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                                                    </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eschweiler J, Horn N, Rath B, Betsch M, Baroncini A, Tingart M, et al. The biomechanics of cartilage-an overview. Life. 2021;11(4):302. doi:10.3390/life11040302.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jiang W, Chen H, Lin Y, Cheng K, Zhou D, Chen R, et al. Mechanical stress abnormalities promote chondrocyte senescence - The pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2023;167:115552. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115552.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Buckwalter JA, Lane NE. Athletics and osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25(6):873–81. doi:10.1177/036354659702500624.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Radin EL. The effects of repetitive loading on cartilage. Advice to athletes to protect their joints. Acta Orthop Belg. 1983;49:225–32. PMID: 6868984.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bijlsma JW, Berenbaum F, Lafeber FP. Osteoarthritis: an update with relevance for clinical practice. Lancet. 2011;377:2115–26. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60243-2.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chen C, Tambe DT, Deng L, Yang L. Biomechanical properties and mechanobiology of the articular chondrocyte. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2013;305(12):C1202-8. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00242.2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mao X, Fu P, Wang L, Xiang C. Mitochondria: potential targets for osteoarthritis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:581402. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.581402.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bricca A, Juhl CB, Grodzinsky AJ, Roos EM. Impact of a daily exercise dose on knee joint cartilage - a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in healthy animals. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2017;25(8):1223-37. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2017.03.009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Smith RL, Thomas KD, Schurman DJ, Carter DR, Wong M, van der Meulen MC. Rabbit knee immobilization: bone remodeling precedes cartilage degradation. J Orthop Res. 1992;10:88–95. doi:10.1002/jor.1100100111.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Vanwanseele B, Eckstein F, Knecht H, Stussi E, Spaepen A. Knee cartilage of spinal cord-injured patients displays progressive thin ning in the nabsence of normal joint loading and movement. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:2073–8. doi:10.1002/art.10462.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Egloff C, Hügle T, Valderrabano V. Biomechanics and pathomechanisms of osteoarthritis. Swiss Med Wkly. 2012;142:w13583. doi:10.4414/smw.2012.13583.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Clifford AG, Gabriel SM, O’Connell M, Lowe D, Miller LE, Block JE. The KineSpring® knee implant system: an implantable joint-unloading prosthesis for treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis. Med Devices (Auckl). 2013;6:69-76. doi:10.2147/MDER.S44385.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Flouzat-Lachaniette CH, Roubineau F, Heyberger C, Bouthors C. Distraction to treat knee osteoarthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2017;84(2):141-4. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.03.004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stoddart JC, Dandridge O, Garner A, Cobb J, van Arkel RJ. The compartmental distribution of knee osteoarthritis - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2021;29(4):445-55. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2020.10.011.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gavrilovski A, Dimovska AG, Spasov M, Kostov H, Igor IM, Jonoski K, et al.  Alternative treatment of gonarthrosis: proximal fibular osteotomy. PRILOZI. 2024;4;45(1):13-8. doi:10.2478/prilozi-2024-0002.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liu X, Chen Z, Gao Y, Zhang J, Jin Z. High tibial osteotomy: review of techniques and biomechanics. J. Healthc. Eng. 2019;2019:8363128. doi:10.1155/2019/8363128.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Paolucci T, Pezzi L, Centra AM, Giannandrea N, Bellomo RG, Saggini R. Electromagnetic field therapy: a rehabilitative perspective in the management of musculoskeletal pain–a systematic review. J. Pain Res. 2020;13:1385-400. doi:10.2147/JPR.S231778.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Johnson MT, Waite LR, Nindl G. Noninvasive treatment of in f lammation using electromagnetic fields: current and emerging therapeutic potential. Biomed Sci Instrum. 2004;40:469-74. PMID: 15134003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jiang Z, Zhang Z, Li S, Lin S, Yuan H. Magnetically guided intracartilaginous delivery of kartogenin improves stem cell-targeted degenerative arthritis therapy. Int J Nanomedicine. 2022;17:5511-24. doi:10.2147/IJN.S381815.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Barber DA. The mechanical placement of orthopedic magnets within the human knee joint [master’s thesis]. Bozeman (MT): Montana State University; 1996.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sedgwick J, Michalson WR, Ludwig R. Design of a digital gauss meter for precision magnetic field measurements, IEEE Trans Instrum Meas. 1998;47(4):972-7.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zwolińska J, Gąsior M, Śnieżek E, Kwolek A. The use of magnetic fields in treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: review of the literature. Reumatologia. 2016;54(4):201-6. doi:10.5114/reum.2016.62475.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wu Z, Ding X, Lei G, Zeng C, Wei J, Li J, et al. Efficacy and safety of the pulsed electromagnetic field in osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2018;14;8(12):e0228798. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022879.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ciombor DM, Aaron RK, Wang S, Simon B. Modification of osteoarthritis by pulsed electromagnetic fieldea morphological study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2003;11(6):455-62. doi:10.1016/s1063-4584(03)00083-9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Toren M, Mollahasanoğlu H. Investigation of the effect of different power degree NdFeB magnets used in interior permanent magnet brushless direct current motor (IPMBLDC) on motor performance. GUMMFD. 2023;38(3):1389-402. doi:10.17341/gazimmfd.988877.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Agashe JS, Arnold DP. A study of scaling and geometry effects on the forces between cuboidal and cylindrical magnets using analytical force solutions. J Phys D: Appl Phys. 2008;41(10):105001. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/41/10/105001.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Coey JMD. Perspective and prospects for rare earth permanent magnets. Engineering. 2020;6(2);119-31. doi:10.1016/j.eng.2018.11.034.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Li L, Tirado A, Nlebedim IC, Rios O, Post B, Kunc V, et al. Big area additive manufacturing of high performance bonded NdFeB magnets. Sci Rep. 2016;6(1):1-7. doi:10.1038/srep36212</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yang F, Zhang X, Guo Z, Ye S, Sui Y, Volinsky AA. 3D printing of NdFeB bonded magnets with SrFe12O19 addition. J Alloys Compd. 2018;779:900-7. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.11.335.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Radin EL, Orr RB, Kelman JL, Paul IL, Rose, RM. Effect of prolonged walking on concrete on the knees of sheep. J Biomech. 1982;15:487–92. doi:10.1016/0021-9290(82)90002-1.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Waller C, Hayes D, Block JE, London NJ. Unload it: the key to the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19(11):1823-9.  doi:10.1007/s00167-011-1403-6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bode G, Kloos F, Feucht MJ, Fleischer B, Südkamp N, Niemeyer P, et al. Comparison of the efciency of an extra-articular absorber system and high tibial osteotomy for unloading the medial knee compartment: an in vitro study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(12):3695–703. doi:10.1007/s00167-016-4358-9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
