<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2564-6834</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Bursa Uludağ University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21550/sosbilder.1293449</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Late Modern Asian History</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Yakınçağ Asya Tarihi</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Russian General Kuropatkin’s Great Invasion Project from Turkestan to India as Reported by British Diplomat Arthur Nicolson (1886)</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>İNGİLİZ DİPLOMAT ARTHUR NICOLSON’UN RAPORUNDA RUS GENERAL KUROPATKİN’İN TÜRKİSTAN’DAN HİNDİSTAN’A UZANAN BÜYÜK İŞGAL PROJESİ (1886)</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9844-283X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Külünk</surname>
                                    <given-names>Furkan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>DÜZCE ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20230731">
                    <day>07</day>
                    <month>31</month>
                    <year>2023</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>24</volume>
                                        <issue>45</issue>
                                        <fpage>629</fpage>
                                        <lpage>645</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20230506">
                        <day>05</day>
                        <month>06</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20230609">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>09</month>
                        <year>2023</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1999, Uludağ University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Journal of Social Sciences</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1999</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Uludağ University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Journal of Social Sciences</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>In the 19th century, Britain and Tsarist Russia were engaged in a struggle for influence in Turkestan, one of the most important parts of Asia. On the one hand, Russia was organizing expeditions to the region to occupy Turkestan, while on the other hand, Britain was conducting some policies to stop the Russian advances. As a matter of fact, the gradual occupation of Turkestan from the second half of the 19th century onwards and the expansion of Tsarist Russia’s borders to the north of Afghanistan caused the Government of British India to take certain measures. During this period, while the British were trying to ensure the security of India, the Russians were also looking for ways to reach India. Therefore, the geographical location of Afghanistan, which was a buffer zone between the two states, was of great importance. The Russian military authorities were working on the shortest and most easily conquered routes to India, especially by determining routes through Afghanistan. This study deals with the 1886 report of the British diplomat Arthur Nicolson on the project of invasion of India prepared by the Russian General Alexei Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (1848-1925). In addition, the measures taken by the Government of British India against this invasion plan constitute the subject of this article.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>19. yüzyılda İngiltere ve Çarlık Rusya, Asya’nın önemli noktalarından bir tanesi olan Türkistan’da bir nüfuz mücadelesi içerisine girmişlerdi. Bir yandan Rusya, Türkistan’ı işgal etmek için bölgeye seferler düzenlerken öte yandan İngiltere Rusların bu ilerleyişlerini durdurabilmek için bazı politikalar yürütmekteydi. Nitekim Türkistan’ın 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren kademeli olarak işgal edilmesiyle Çarlık Rusya sınırlarının Afganistan’ın kuzeyine dek ulaşması İngiliz Hindistan’ı Hükümeti’nin birtakım tedbirler almasına neden olmuştu. Bu dönemde İngilizler Hindistan’ın güvenliğini sağlamaya çalışırken Ruslar da Hindistan’a ulaşabilmenin yollarını aramıştır. Bu yüzden iki devlet arasında bir tampon bölge olan Afganistan’ın coğrafi konumu oldukça önem arz etmiştir. Rus askerî makamları özellikle Afganistan toprakları üzerinden rotalar belirleyerek Hindistan’a en kısa yoldan ve zapt edebilecek güzergâhlar üzerinde çalışıyorlardı. Bu çalışma İngiliz diplomat Arthur Nicolson’un 1886 yılında Rus General Aleksey Nikolayeviç Kuropatkin (1848-1925) tarafından hazırlanan Hindistan’ı işgal projesi ile ilgili raporunu ele almaktadır. Ayrıca bu işgal planı karşısında İngiliz Hindistan’ı Hükümeti’nin aldığı tedbirler bu makalenin konusunu teşkil etmektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Çarlık Rusya</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  İngiltere</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Türkistan</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Hindistan</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kuropatkin</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Tsarist Russia</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  England</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Turkestan</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  India</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kuropatkin</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">British Documents on Foreign Affairs (1985). Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 12, Britain, Russia and Central Asia, 1879-1907, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">British Documents on Foreign Affairs (1985). Reports and Papers From the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part 1 From the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First World War, Series B the Near and Middle East, 1856-1914, Vol. 13, Persia, Britain and Russia, 1886-1907, General Editors: Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, Editor: David Gillard, University Publications of America.
Dilke, C. H. (1890). Problems of Greater Britain. Vol. II, Second Edition, Macmillan and Co.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Great Britain, Foreign Office, British Documents on the Origins of War 1898-1914, (1929). Vol. IV, The Anglo-Russian Rapprochement 1903-1907, Ed: G. P. Gooch &amp; Harold Temperly, H. M. Stationery Off.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Khan (Ed.), M. M. S. M. (1901). The Life of Abdur Rahman Amir of Afghanistan, Vol. I., John Murray.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kuropatkin, A. N. (1882). Kashgaria: (Eastern or Chinese Turkistan.). (Tr. Walter E. Gown), W. Thacker and Co.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kuropatkin, A. N. (1909). The Russian Army and The Japanese War. (Tr. Captain A. B. Lindsay, Ed. E. D. Swington), E. P. Dutton and Company.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kuropatkin, A. N. (2016). “Asya’nın Kalbi” Doğu Türkistan. (Yayına Hazırlayan: Feyzullah Uygur), İlgi Kültür Sanat.
London School of Economics Pamphlets. (1885). Russia’s intrigues for possession of Afghanistan and India. Diprose &amp; Bateman.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Story, D. (1904). The Campaign with Kuropatkin. T. Werner Laurie Clifford’s Inn.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">The National Archives. Kew., Asia: Various Papers, 1871-1901. 1871-1901. (Government Papers), FO 539/106.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">The National Archives. (1885). Russia’s intrigues for possession of Afghanistan and India. Diprose &amp; Bateman.
Yate, C. E. (1887). England and Russia face to face in Asia travels with the Afghan Boundary Comission. William Blackwood and Sons.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yate, C. E. (1888). Northern Afghanistan or Letters from the Afghan Boundary Commission. William Blackwood and Sons.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, Ocak 22). Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, 2nd Baronet. Encyclopedia Britannica. 
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sir-Charles-Wentworth-Dilke-2nd-Baronet</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çapraz, H. (2011). Çarlık Rusyası’nın Türkistan’da hâkimiyet kurması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (24), 51-78.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Edwardes, M. (1963). The last years of British India. Cassel &amp; Company Ltd.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Forbes, A. (1892). The Afghan wars 1839-42 and 1878-80. Seeley &amp; Co. Limited.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hayit, B. (1975). Türkistan Rusya ile Çin arasında. (Çev: A. Sadak), Otağ Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Johnson, R. A. (2003). “Russians at the gates of India”? Planning the defence of India, 1885-1900. The Journal of Military History, 67(3), 697-743.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kakar, M. H. (2006). A political and diplomatic history of Afghanistan 1863-1901. Brill.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Külünk, F. (2019). İngiliz Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin yerli birlikleri: Sepoy Ayaklanması. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 34(1), 139-160.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MacGregor, L. (1888). The life and opinions of Major-General Sir Charles Metcalfe MacGregor. Vol. II, William Blackwood and Sons.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Marshall, A. (2006). The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1800-1917. Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">McCarthy, M. J. F. (1905). The coming power 1989-1905. Hodder and Stoughton.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nicolson, H. (1930). Sir Arthur Nicolson, Bart. First Lord Carnock. Constable &amp; Company Ltd.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nurullayev, H. F. İ. (2014). Şeyhülislamlık zirvesi: Hacı Allahşükür Paşazade, Nurlar.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özkan, M. (2020). Türkistan’ın işgal çağı Beyaz General Skobelev (1843-1882). Kronik Kitap.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pozefsky, P. (1985). General Aleksei Nikolaevich Kuropatkin and the Imperial Russian Army. UCLA Historical Journal, 6, 50-82.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Preston, A. (1969). Sir Charles Macgregor and the defence of India, 1857-1887. The Historical Journal, 12(1), 58-77.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rich, D. A. (1998). The Tsar’s colonels professionalism, strategy, and subversion in late Imperial Russia. Harvard University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Saray, M. (1987). Rusya tarihi başlangıçtan 1917’ye kadar. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Thornton, T. H. (1895). Colonel Sir Robert Sandeman: His life and work on our Indian Frontier. John Murray.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yazıcı, S. &amp; Çelik, M. B. (2008). Türk tarihinde bir Rus General: Aleksey Nikolayeviç Kuropatkin (1848-1925). Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Dergisi, (1), 233-245.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldırım, A. (2020). Kadîm komşumuz İran ve Şiî kültürüne dair gezi notları. Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies, 2(2), 224-272.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
