<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>jos</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Sosyoloji Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1300-5642</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2687-5276</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Ege University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59572/sosder.1589416</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Sociological Methodology and Research Methods</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Sosyolojik Metodoloji ve Araştırma Yöntemleri</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Netnography as a New Method Proposal in Social Sciences: Advantages, Disadvantages and Ethical Principles</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>SOSYAL BİLİMLERDE YENİ BİR YÖNTEM ÖNERİSİ OLARAK NETNOGRAFYA: AVANTAJLAR, DEZAVANTAJLAR VE ETİK İLKELER</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0827-0534</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Aşkın</surname>
                                    <given-names>Deniz</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>BİTLİS EREN ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20250529">
                    <day>05</day>
                    <month>29</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                    <issue>49</issue>
                                        <fpage>147</fpage>
                                        <lpage>171</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20241121">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>21</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250510">
                        <day>05</day>
                        <month>10</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1987, Sosyoloji Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1987</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Sosyoloji Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Internet-based communication technologies, which deeply transform everyday life, enable the establishment of both symmetric and fictional lives at the societal level. The study of these new cultural groups, transferred from a concrete linear ground to an abstract and fictional one, undoubtedly requires new techniques that go beyond classical methods. In this respect, to understand the deep knowledge of the digital realm as the space where culture is constructed or fabricated in today&#039;s world, netnographic studies are essential. This is because individuals who come together around common codes in digital environments not only try to preserve the cultural values that exist in real life, but may also be inclined to construct a culture based on emotions and thoughts that they cannot express in their everyday lives.Despite offering significant advantages, such as the ability to gather a large amount of data in a short time, the field&#039;s limited and specific nature, ease of access to target-focused individuals, and cost-effectiveness, netnography also has some disadvantages in certain areas. The method has several potential drawbacks that could significantly affect the scientific rigor and objectivity of the produced knowledge. These include the possibility that the identities individuals reflect in the digital realm do not correspond to their real-life identities, the risk of misleading data, and the abstraction of users from their natural environments. Although there are still questions to be answered in netnography studies, which naturally raise new ethical debates, compliance with existing ethical principles is largely sought. In this context, the primary aim of this study is to make netnography, as a method for examining the digital cultures constructed through communication technologies that deeply influence our daily lives, more comprehensible for social science fields. Additionally, this study aims to provide a more solid foundation for future studies by addressing the ethical issues arising from the netnographic method, exploring its advantages and disadvantages.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Gündelik hayatı derin bir şekilde dönüştüren internet tabanlı iletişim teknolojileri, toplumsal düzeyde gerek simetrik gerekse de kurgusal hayatların kurulmasına imkân vermektedir. Somut düz çizgisel zeminden soyut ve kurgusal bir zemine aktarılan bu yeni kültür gruplarının araştırılması kuşkusuz klasik yöntemleri aşan yeni teknikleri gerektirmektedir. Bu yönüyle günümüz dünyasında kültürün inşa edildiği ya da kurgulandığı yer olarak dijital alanın derin bilgisinin anlaşılması için netnografik çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.  Zira dijital ortamda ortak kodlar etrafında bir araya gelen bireyler, gerçek hayatta var olan kültürel değerleri yaşatmaya çalıştıkları gibi, gündelik hayatta dışa vuramadıkları duygu ve düşünceleri kapsamında da bir kültür inşa etme eğiliminde olabilmektedirler. Netnografya çalışmalarının bilhassa, kısa zamanda önemli oranda veri toplama imkânı sunması, alanın sınırlı ve belirli olması, hedef odaklı kişilere ulaşımın kolaylığı, ekonomik olması gibi önemli avantajlar sunmasına rağmen bazı noktalarda da dezavantajlara sahiptir.  Yöntemin, özellikle bireylerin dijital alana yansıttıkları kimliklerinin gerçek hayatta bir karşılığının olmama ve verilerin yanıltıcı olma ihtimali, kullanıcıların doğal ortamlarından soyutlanması gibi üretilecek bilginin bilimselliğini ve nesnelliğini büyük oranda etkileyecek birtakım dezavantajları da mevcuttur. Doğal olarak yeni etik tartışmaları da gündeme getiren netnografya çalışmalarında halen cevaplanmayı bekleyen sorular olmasına rağmen, büyük oranda var olan etik ilkelere uygunluk aranmaktadır.  Bu yönüyle bu çalışmanın temel amacı, son dönemlerde gündelik hayatımızı derin bir şekilde etkileyen iletişim teknolojileri ile inşa edilen dijital alan kültürlerini incelemenin bir yöntemi olarak netnografyayı sosyal bilim alanları için anlaşılabilir kılmaktır. Ayrıca çalışma, netnografya yöntemi ile ortaya çıkan etik sorunları, yöntemin avantaj ve dezavantajlarını irdeleyerek, olası çalışmaların daha sağlam bir zeminde ilerlemesini sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Online Etnografya</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Dijital Alan</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Online Çalışmalar</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Sanal Gruplar</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Sanal Eğilimler</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Online Ethnography</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Digital Space</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Online Studies</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Virtual Groups</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Virtual Trends</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aksoy, L. (2013). How do you measure what you can’t define? The current state of loyalty measurement and management”, Journal of Service Management, 24 (4), 365-381.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akturan, U. (2007). Tüketici davranışlarına yönelik araştırmalarda alternatif bir teknik: etnografik araştırma. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 6 (17): 237-252.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Baki, Z. S. (2014). Internet folkloru/netlore bağlamında sözlü kültürün dönüşümüne netnografik yaklaşımlar: Katılımcı sözlük örnekleri. Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Beaven, Z. &amp; Chantal L. (2007). Never let me down again: loyal customer attitudes towards ticket distribution channels for live music events: a netnographic exploration of the us leg of the depeche mode 2005–2006 world tour, Managing Leisure, (12), 120–142.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Beckmann, S. C. &amp; Langer R. (2005b), Netnography: Rich insights from online research, https://stosowana.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/670005_beckmann_langer_full_version.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Belz, F. M. &amp; Baumbach, W. (2010). Netnography as a method of lead user ıdentification, Creativity and Innovation Management, 19 (3), 304–313.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Brown, J., Broderick, A. &amp; Lee, N. (2007). Word of mouth communication within online communities: conceptualizing the online social network, Journal of Interactive Marketing, 21 (3), 2-20.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Buchanan, E. (2006).  Introduction: Internet research ethics at a critical juncture, Journal of Information Ethics, 15(2): 14-17.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Burrell, J. (2009). The field site as a network: A strategy for locating ethnographic research, Field Methods, 21(2), 181–199.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Büker, Z. (2014). Etnografi ve çevirimiçi etnograf, Yeni medya çalışmalarında araştırma yöntem ve teknikleri içinde, Mutlu Binark (Der.). Ayrıntı Yayınları,123-170.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Castells M. (1996). The rise of the network society. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cebeci, G. &amp; Küçükkancabaşı Esen, S. (2017). Netnografi yöntemi, kullanılarak arabesk ve Türk sanat müziği sanal topluluklarının incelenmesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 18 (1): 129-142.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cengiz, H. &amp; Başaran, S. (2016). Cep telefonu kullanıcılarının tüketici tecrübelerinin değerlendirilmesi: Online tüketici yorumları üzerine netnografik bir inceleme. Tüketici ve Tüketim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8 (1): 73-92.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Coleman, G. (2010). Ethnographic approaches to digital media. Annual Review of Anthropology 39: 487–505.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dahan, Y. G. S., &amp; Levi, A. E. (2012). Netnografya: Sosyal mecralarda tüketici araştırmaları üzerine yeni bir metot. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 1(3)., 33-54.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Denzin, N. &amp; Lincoln, Y. (2013). The discipline and practice of qualitative research, Denzin, N. &amp; Lincoln, Y. (eds.), Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials (s. 1-44)  Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ellison, N., Heino, R., &amp; Gibbs, J. (2006). Managing impressions online: Self-presentation processes in the online dating environment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(2), 415–441.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">ESCOBAR, A. (1994). Welcome to cyberia: Notes on the anthropology of cyberculture”, Current Anthropology, 35(3), 311-231.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eşitti, B. (2018). Bir netnografya bakışı ile helal turizm deneyimi. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies. 6 (1), 54-67.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fox, N. &amp; Roberts, C. (1999). GPs in cyberspace: the sociology of a virtual community, The Sociological Review, 47 (4), 643-71.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Frankel, M. S. &amp; Siang S. (1999). Ethical and legal aspects of human subjects research on the ınternet, American association for the advancement of science (AAAS), A Report of a Workshop June 10-11, http://www.aaas.org/spp/sfrl/projects/intres/report.pdf
 
Gibbs, J. L.; Nicole B. E., &amp; Rebecca D. H. (2006). Self-Presentation in online personals the role of anticipated future ınteraction, self-disclosure, and perceived success in internet dating. Communication Research, 33 (2), 152-77.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hakken, D. (1999). Cyborgs @ Cyberspace? New York: Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Heinonen, K. &amp; Medberg, G. (2018). Netnography as a tool for understanding customers: implications for service research and practice. Journal of Services Marketing, (6). 657-679.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hine, C. (2000). Virtual ethnography, Sage Publications, London.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hine, C. (2005). Virtual methods and the sociology of cyber-social-scientific knowledge. C. Hine (ed.), Virtual Methods Issues in Social Research on the Internet İçinde (s. 1-16). Berg: New York.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">HOGG, M. K.; Carolyn F. C. ve Pauline M. (2004). The (Re‐)configuration of production and consumption in empty nest households / families, Consumption Markets &amp; Culture, 7 (3), 239-259.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jensen Schau, H. &amp; Gılly, M. C. (2003). We are what we post? Self-presentation in personal web space. Journal of Consumer Research, (30), 385-404.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jones, S.G. (1997). The ınternet and its social landscape, S.G. Jones (ed.) Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety, içinde. (s.7–35). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">King, S. A. (1996). Researching ınternet communities: proposed ethical guidelines for the reporting of results, Information Society, 12 (2), 119-127.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kozinets, R. V. (1998), On netnography: Initial Reflections on Consumer Research Investigations of Cyberculture, Joseph Alba ve Wesley Hutchinson (ed), Advances in Consumer Research içinde (S. 66- 371).  Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research,</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kozinets, R. V. (1999). E-tribalised marketing? the strategic ımplications of virtual communities of consumption. European Management Journal, (17), 252–64.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kozinets, R. V. (2002). The field behind the screen: Using netnography for marketing research  in  online communities.  Journal of Marketing Research, 39, (1), 61–72.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography:  Doing ethnographic research online. London: sage publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kozinets, R. V. (2015). Netnography: Redefined, London: SAGE.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kretz, G. (2010). Pixelize me’: a semiotic approach of self-digitalization in fashion blogs, Advances in Consumer Research, (37), 393-399.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kulluk, R. (2024). Sosyal bilimlerin araştırma yaklaşımlarında yeni yönelimi: dijital etnografi deseni. İletişim Çalışmaları Dergisi, 10 (1), 95-115.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Langer, R. &amp; Beckman, S. (2005a). Sensitive research topics: Netnography revisited, Qualitative Market Research: An international journal, 8(2), 189-203.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Maclaran, P. &amp; Miriam C. (2002). Researching the social web: Marketing ınformation from virtual communities, Marketing Intelligence &amp; Planning, 20 (6), 319-326.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mitra A., &amp; Cohen, E. (1999). Analyzing the web: Directions and challenges. S. Jones (Ed.), Doing internet research içinde (s.179-202). London: Sage.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nakip, M., &amp; Gökmen, A. (2022). Netnografinin muhakemesi ve pazarlama araştırmalarında kullanılması. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 9(3), 2158-2179. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.1097390.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özbaş Anbarlı, Z. (2020). Dijital etnografi: Dijital uzamı anlamak için bir yöntem. Global Media Journal: Turkish Edition, 10(20).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özbölük, T., &amp; Dursun, Y. (2015). Pazarlama araştırmalarında paradigmal dönüşüm ve etnografinin dijital evrimi: Netnografi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi (46), 227-247.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özgen, C. &amp; Argan, M. (2020). Netnografi: Genel özellikleri ve spor bilimleri alanında kullanılabilirliği”. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 15(10) Yıl Özel Sayısı, 5044-5064.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Papacharissi, Z. (2002) The virtual sphere:  The ınternet as a public sphere, New Media &amp; Society 4 (1), 9–36.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Prior, D. D. &amp; Miller, L. M. (2012). Web ethnography: Towards a typology for quality in research design, International Journal of Market Research, 54 (4), 503-520.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pritchard, K. (2012). Autopilot? A reflexive review of the piloting process in qualitative eresearch, Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 7(3), 338–353.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rheingold, H. (1993). The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier, reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rokka, J. (2010). Netnograpic inquiry and new translocal sites of the social, International Journal of Consumer Studies, 34(4), 381-387.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rokka, J. &amp; Moisander, J. (2009). Environmental dialogue in online communities: negotiating ecological citizenship among global travellers, International Journal of Consumer Studies, 33(2), 199-205.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Saka, E. (2021). Dijital etnografi literatürüne bir bakış. Strata, 8, 71–84.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Skageby, J. (2007). Semi-public end-user content contributions: A casestudy of concerns and intentions in online photo-sharing, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 66 (4), 287–300.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şafak, D. (2017). “Etnografiden netnografiye sanal ortamda kurşun dökme: ¨Sen bi kurşun döktür¨. Milli Folklor. 29 (116): 156-168.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tiryaki, S. (2023). Sosyal medya araştırmalarında yeni bir bakış açısı: Netnografi. SDÜ İfade Dergisi, 5(1), 54-62.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tiryaki, S., &amp; Uzun, B. (2024). Fanatic or Ultras: Tribune Culture in Turkey. Communication &amp; Sport, 12(5), 888-907.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tunçalp, D. &amp; Lê, P. (2014). (Re)Locating boundaries: A systematic review of online ethnography, Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 3 (1), 59-79.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Turkle S. (1995). Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet. New York: Simon and Schuster</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Varnalı, K. (2013). Dijital kabilelerin izinde, sosyal medyada netnografik araştırmalar. İstanbul, Türkiye: MediaCat</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">XUN &amp; Reynolds J. (2010). Applying netnography to market research: The case of the online forum, Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 18, (1), 17–31.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yarar, F. N. (2023). Dijital etnografi ilkeler, yaklaşımlar, teknikler. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
