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Türkiye Orta Gelir Tuzağından Kaçabilir mi? İktisadi Gelişmeye Kurumsalcı Bir Yaklaşım

Year 2018, , 151 - 170, 31.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2018.04.09

Abstract

Türkiye’nin, 2010 yılların başından itibaren iktisadi gelişmenin duraksadığı bir orta gelir tuzağına yakalandığı tartışılmaktadır. Bu makale, bu soruna eğilerek Türkiye bağlamında ve Türkiye’nin iktisadi gelişme seviyesinde olan diğer ülkeler için de uygulanabilecek kurumsalcı bir analiz sunmaktadır. Makale, tarihsel ve ekonometrik yöntemleri birleştiren çok metodlu bir yöntemle, Türkiye örneğindeki gibi yüksek orta gelirli ülkelerde daha fazla iktisadi gelişmeye ulaşılması için siyasi ve iktisadi kurumlardaki sorunların çözülmesi gerektiğinin altını çizmektedir. Çalışmanın tekrar edilebilirliği hem Türkiye örneğinde, hem de karşılaştırmalı olarak diğer ülkelerde çalışmanın güvenilirliğinin test edilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır.

References

  • Acemoğlu, Daron, Simon Johnson, ve James A. Robinson. 2005. “Institutions as the Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Economic Growth.” In Handbook of Economic Growth, edited by Philippe Aghion ve Stephen Durlauf, Volume 1, Part 1, pp. 385–472. North Holland: Amsterdam, Holland.
  • Aghion, P., A. Alesina, ve F. Trebbi. 2008. “Democracy, technology, and growth”. In E. Helpman (Ed.), Institutions and Economic Performance. Harvard University Press.
  • Ahituv, Avner. 2001. “Be Fruitful or Multiply: On the Interplay between Fertility and Economic Development” Journal of Population Economics 14 (1): 51-71.
  • Altuğ, Sumru, Alpay Filiztekin, ve Şevket Pamuk. 2008. “Sources of long-term economic growth for Turkey, 1880–2005” European Review of Economic History 12: 393-430.
  • Bakır, Caner ve Ziya Öniș. 2010. “The Regulatory State and Turkish Banking Reforms in the Age of Post-Washington Consensus”. Development and Change 41(1): 77–106.
  • Baldwin, Norman ve Stephen A. Borrelli. 2008. “Education and Economic Growth in the United States: Cross-National Applications for an Intra-National Path Analysis,” Policy Sciences 41 (3): 183-204.
  • Barro, Robert J. 1996. “Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study” NBER Working Paper Series 5698.
  • Barro, Robert J. 1999. “Determinants of Democracy.” The Journal of Political Economy 107 (6): 158-183.
  • Barro, Robert J. ve Gary S. Becker. 1989. “Fertility Choice in a Model of Economic Growth” Econometrica 57 (2): 481-501.
  • Barro, Robert ve Jong-Wha Lee. 2010. “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010” Journal of Development Economics 104: 184-198.
  • Bloom, David E., David Canning ve Günther Fink. 2008. “Urbanization and the Wealth of Nations,” Science 319 (5864): 772-775.
  • Boening, Astrid B., L. Díaz Romero, J.R.García Hernández, P. González del Miño, Niklas Helwig, Karel Lannoo, Simon Stroß, Csaba
  • Töro, J. Antonio Yañez-Barnuevo ve Bahri Yılmaz. 2012. The EU as a Global Player. Fundación University-San Pablo.
  • Boix, Carles. 2011. “Democracy, Development, and the International System.” American Political Science Review 105 (4): 809-828.
  • Boix, Carles ve Susan C. Stokes. 2003. “Endogenous Democratization.” World Politics 55 (4): 517-549.
  • Bolt, J. ve J. L. van Zanden. 2013. “The First Update of the Maddison Project; ReEstimating Growth Before 1820.” Maddison Project Working Paper 4.
  • Booth, Alan, Joseph Melling ve Christoph Dartmann. 1997. “Institutions and Economic Growth: The Politics of Productivity in West Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, 1945-1955” The Journal of Economic History 57 (2): 416-444.
  • Boratav, Korkut. 2010. “Üç Krizde Dıș Kaynak Hareketleri” [International Capital Flows in Three Major Economic Crises] Bağımsız Sosyal Bilimciler http://www.bagimsizsosyalbilimciler.org/Yazilar_Uye/BoratavMayis10.pdf.
  • Boratav, Korkut. 2014. Türkiye Iktisat Tarihi 1908-2009 [The Turkish Economic History: 1908-2009] Imge: Istanbul.
  • Bowdler, Christopher ve Luca Nunziata. 2006. “Trade Openness and Inflation Episodes in the OECD,” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 38 (2): 553-563.
  • Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, James D. Morrow, Randolph Siverson ve Alastair Smith. 2001. “Political Competition and Economic Growth” Journal of Democracy 12: 58-72.
  • Celasun, Merih ve Dani Rodrik. 1989. “Turkish economic development: An overview”. In J.D. Sachs ve S.M. Collins (eds.), Developing country debt and economic performance, Volume 3: Country studies - Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, Turkey, pp. 617-629, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Clark, Gregory ve Neil Cummins. 2009. “Urbanization, Mortality, and Fertility in Malthusian England,” The American Economic Review 99 (2): 242-247.
  • Çarkoğlu, Ali ve Melvin J. Hinich. 2006. “A Spatial Analysis of Turkish Party Preferences” Electoral Studies 25: 369-392.
  • Çınar, Kürșat ve Tekin Köse. 2015. “Economic Crises in Turkey and Pathways to the Future” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 17 (2): 159-180.
  • Daley, Dorothy M., Donald P. Haider-Markel ve Andrew B. Whitford. 2007. “Checks, Balances, and the Cost of Regulation Evidence from the American States.” Political Research Quarterly 60 (4): 696-706.
  • Doucouliagos, Hristos ve Mehmet Ali Ulubaşoğlu. 2008. “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis” American Journal of Political Science 52 (1): 61-83.
  • Durham, J. Benson. 2004. “Economic Growth and Institutions: Some Sensitivity Analyses, 1961-2000” International Organization 58 (3): 485-529.
  • Edwards, Sebastian. 1993. “Openness, Trade Liberalization, and Growth in Developing Countries,” Journal of Economic Literature 31 (3): 1358-1393.
  • Eğilmez, Mahfi. 2012. “Orta Gelir Tuzağı ve Türkiye” [Middle-Income Trap and Turkey] Available at http://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2012/12/orta-gelir-tuzag-ve-turkiye.html.
  • Eicher, Theo S., C. García-Peñalosa ve U. Teksoz. 2006. “How do institutions lead some countries to produce so much more output per worker than others?” In Theo S. Eicher and C. García-Peñalosa (Eds.), Institutions, Development and Economic Growth, pp. 178-220. MIT Press.
  • Eicher, Theo S. ve Andreas Leukert. 2009. “Institutions and Economic Performance: Endogeneity and Parameter Heterogeneity” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 41 (1): 197-219.
  • Felipe, Jesus. 2012. “Tracking the Middle-Income Trap: What is It, Who is in It, and Why?” Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series No. 306.
  • Freedom House. 2016. “Country Reports: Turkey”. Available at https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/turkey.
  • Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William T. Barndt ve Carola Moreno. 2005. “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Historical Perspective” World Politics 57 (3): 323-364.
  • Greene, W. H. 1993. Econometric Analysis, 2nd edition. New York: Macmillan.
  • Haggard, S. ve R.R. Kaufman. 1997. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Henisz, Witold Jerzy. 2004. “Political Institutions and Political Volatility.” Economics & Politics 16 (1): 1-27.
  • Heo, Uk ve Alexander C. Tan. 2001. “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Causal Analysis” Comparative Politics 33 (4): 463-473.
  • Hisamoğlu, Ebru. 2014. “EU membership, institutions and growth: The case of Turkey” Economic Modeling 38: 211-219.
  • Krieckhaus, Jonathan. 2004. “The Regime Debate Revisited: A Sensitivity Analysis of Democracy's Economic Effect” British Journal of Political Science 34 (4): 635-655.
  • Krueger, Anne O. 1974. “The Political Economy of the Rent Seeking Society.” American Economic Review 64 (3): 291-303.
  • Krueger, Anne O. ve Okan H. Aktan. 1992. “Turkish Economy before 1980” (pp.5-34), in Krueger ve Aktan. Swimming against the Tide, San Francisco: ICS Press.
  • Kuznets, Simon. 1968. Towards a Theory of Economic Growth. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Levine, Ross ve David Renelt. “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions” American Economic Review 82 (4): 942-963.
  • Lipset, Seymour M. 1959. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy” The American Political Science Review 53 (1): 69-105.
  • Mardin, Şerif. 1973. “Center-Periphery Relations: A Key to Turkish Politics?” Daedulus 102 (1).
  • Marshall, Monty G., Keith Jaggers ve Ted Robert Gurr. 2011. POLITY IV PROJECT: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2010. http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/p4manualv2010.pdf.
  • Műftűler-Baç, Meltem ve Fuat Keyman. 2012. “Turkey under the AKP: The Era of Dominant-Party Politics”. Journal of Democracy, 23 (1): 85-99.
  • North, Douglass C. 1991. “Institutions” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (1): 97-112.
  • Olson, Mancur. 1982. The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. Yale University Press:New Haven, CT.
  • Öniș, Ziya. 1998. “The State and Economic Development in Contemporary Turkey” in Öniş, State and Market, the Political Economy of Turkey in Comparative Perspective, Istanbul: Bogazici University Press, pp.455-476.
  • Öniș, Ziya. 2004. “Turgut Özal and His Economic Legacy: Turkish Neo-Liberalism in Critical Perspective” Middle Eastern Studies 40 (4): 113-134.
  • Özbudun, Ergun. 2014. “AKP at the Crossroads: Erdoğan's Majoritarian Drift” South European Society and Politics 19 (2): 1-13.
  • Pamuk, Şevket. 2009. The Ottoman Economy and Its Institutions. Ashgate: Burlington, VT.
  • Pamuk Șevket. 2010. “Economic Growth and Institutional Change in Turkey before 1980”, in T. Çetin and F. Yilmaz (eds.), Understanding the Process of Economic Change in Turkey, Nova Science Publishers.
  • Paldam, Martin ve Erich Gundlach. 2008. “Two Views on Institutions and Development: The Grand Transition vs the Primacy of Institutions” Kyklos 61: 65-100.
  • Reporters Without Borders. 2016. “World Press Freedom Index”. Available at https://rsf.org/en/ranking.
  • Rodrik, Dani. 1991. “Premature Liberalization, Incomplete Stabilization: The Özal Debate in Turkey,” in Bruno et al. (eds), Lessons of Economic Stabilization and Its Aftermath, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • Rodrik, Dani. 2007. One Economics, Many Recipes. Princeton University Press.
  • Sayarı, Sabri. 2002. “The Changing Party System” in Sabri Sayarı and Yılmaz Esmer (eds.) Politics, Parties, and Elections in Turkey. Boulder, CO and London: Lynne Rienner.
  • Stock, James H. ve Motohiro Yogo. 2005. “Testing for Weak Instruments in Linear IV Regression.” In Identification and Inference for Econometric Models: Essays in Honor of Thomas Rothenberg, edited by Donald W. K. Andrews ve James H. Stock, pp. 80–108. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • West, Kenneth D., Steven N. Durlauf ve William A. Brock. 2003. “Policy Evaluation in Uncertain Economic Environments” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2003, No. 1.
  • World Bank. 2014. Country and Lending Groups. Classification for income groups of countries based on GNI per capita thresholds. Available at http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups.

Can Turkey Escape the Middle-Income Trap? An Institutional Approach to Economic Development

Year 2018, , 151 - 170, 31.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2018.04.09

Abstract

Since the early 2010’s, Turkey is said to be caught in “middle-income trap” characterized by economic stagnation. In this article, we offer an institutional analysis for Turkey, and many other developing nations alike, which aspire to attain higher levels of economic affluence. Using a multi-method approach which combines econometric and historical analyses, we conclude that it would be very hard to progress economically for middle-income countries such as Turkey without addressing their deficiencies in political and economic institutions. Nature of this research enables replicability not only for the case study under analysis, but also for many comparable cases throughout the world.

References

  • Acemoğlu, Daron, Simon Johnson, ve James A. Robinson. 2005. “Institutions as the Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Economic Growth.” In Handbook of Economic Growth, edited by Philippe Aghion ve Stephen Durlauf, Volume 1, Part 1, pp. 385–472. North Holland: Amsterdam, Holland.
  • Aghion, P., A. Alesina, ve F. Trebbi. 2008. “Democracy, technology, and growth”. In E. Helpman (Ed.), Institutions and Economic Performance. Harvard University Press.
  • Ahituv, Avner. 2001. “Be Fruitful or Multiply: On the Interplay between Fertility and Economic Development” Journal of Population Economics 14 (1): 51-71.
  • Altuğ, Sumru, Alpay Filiztekin, ve Şevket Pamuk. 2008. “Sources of long-term economic growth for Turkey, 1880–2005” European Review of Economic History 12: 393-430.
  • Bakır, Caner ve Ziya Öniș. 2010. “The Regulatory State and Turkish Banking Reforms in the Age of Post-Washington Consensus”. Development and Change 41(1): 77–106.
  • Baldwin, Norman ve Stephen A. Borrelli. 2008. “Education and Economic Growth in the United States: Cross-National Applications for an Intra-National Path Analysis,” Policy Sciences 41 (3): 183-204.
  • Barro, Robert J. 1996. “Determinants of Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Study” NBER Working Paper Series 5698.
  • Barro, Robert J. 1999. “Determinants of Democracy.” The Journal of Political Economy 107 (6): 158-183.
  • Barro, Robert J. ve Gary S. Becker. 1989. “Fertility Choice in a Model of Economic Growth” Econometrica 57 (2): 481-501.
  • Barro, Robert ve Jong-Wha Lee. 2010. “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010” Journal of Development Economics 104: 184-198.
  • Bloom, David E., David Canning ve Günther Fink. 2008. “Urbanization and the Wealth of Nations,” Science 319 (5864): 772-775.
  • Boening, Astrid B., L. Díaz Romero, J.R.García Hernández, P. González del Miño, Niklas Helwig, Karel Lannoo, Simon Stroß, Csaba
  • Töro, J. Antonio Yañez-Barnuevo ve Bahri Yılmaz. 2012. The EU as a Global Player. Fundación University-San Pablo.
  • Boix, Carles. 2011. “Democracy, Development, and the International System.” American Political Science Review 105 (4): 809-828.
  • Boix, Carles ve Susan C. Stokes. 2003. “Endogenous Democratization.” World Politics 55 (4): 517-549.
  • Bolt, J. ve J. L. van Zanden. 2013. “The First Update of the Maddison Project; ReEstimating Growth Before 1820.” Maddison Project Working Paper 4.
  • Booth, Alan, Joseph Melling ve Christoph Dartmann. 1997. “Institutions and Economic Growth: The Politics of Productivity in West Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, 1945-1955” The Journal of Economic History 57 (2): 416-444.
  • Boratav, Korkut. 2010. “Üç Krizde Dıș Kaynak Hareketleri” [International Capital Flows in Three Major Economic Crises] Bağımsız Sosyal Bilimciler http://www.bagimsizsosyalbilimciler.org/Yazilar_Uye/BoratavMayis10.pdf.
  • Boratav, Korkut. 2014. Türkiye Iktisat Tarihi 1908-2009 [The Turkish Economic History: 1908-2009] Imge: Istanbul.
  • Bowdler, Christopher ve Luca Nunziata. 2006. “Trade Openness and Inflation Episodes in the OECD,” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 38 (2): 553-563.
  • Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, James D. Morrow, Randolph Siverson ve Alastair Smith. 2001. “Political Competition and Economic Growth” Journal of Democracy 12: 58-72.
  • Celasun, Merih ve Dani Rodrik. 1989. “Turkish economic development: An overview”. In J.D. Sachs ve S.M. Collins (eds.), Developing country debt and economic performance, Volume 3: Country studies - Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, Turkey, pp. 617-629, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Clark, Gregory ve Neil Cummins. 2009. “Urbanization, Mortality, and Fertility in Malthusian England,” The American Economic Review 99 (2): 242-247.
  • Çarkoğlu, Ali ve Melvin J. Hinich. 2006. “A Spatial Analysis of Turkish Party Preferences” Electoral Studies 25: 369-392.
  • Çınar, Kürșat ve Tekin Köse. 2015. “Economic Crises in Turkey and Pathways to the Future” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 17 (2): 159-180.
  • Daley, Dorothy M., Donald P. Haider-Markel ve Andrew B. Whitford. 2007. “Checks, Balances, and the Cost of Regulation Evidence from the American States.” Political Research Quarterly 60 (4): 696-706.
  • Doucouliagos, Hristos ve Mehmet Ali Ulubaşoğlu. 2008. “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis” American Journal of Political Science 52 (1): 61-83.
  • Durham, J. Benson. 2004. “Economic Growth and Institutions: Some Sensitivity Analyses, 1961-2000” International Organization 58 (3): 485-529.
  • Edwards, Sebastian. 1993. “Openness, Trade Liberalization, and Growth in Developing Countries,” Journal of Economic Literature 31 (3): 1358-1393.
  • Eğilmez, Mahfi. 2012. “Orta Gelir Tuzağı ve Türkiye” [Middle-Income Trap and Turkey] Available at http://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2012/12/orta-gelir-tuzag-ve-turkiye.html.
  • Eicher, Theo S., C. García-Peñalosa ve U. Teksoz. 2006. “How do institutions lead some countries to produce so much more output per worker than others?” In Theo S. Eicher and C. García-Peñalosa (Eds.), Institutions, Development and Economic Growth, pp. 178-220. MIT Press.
  • Eicher, Theo S. ve Andreas Leukert. 2009. “Institutions and Economic Performance: Endogeneity and Parameter Heterogeneity” Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 41 (1): 197-219.
  • Felipe, Jesus. 2012. “Tracking the Middle-Income Trap: What is It, Who is in It, and Why?” Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series No. 306.
  • Freedom House. 2016. “Country Reports: Turkey”. Available at https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/turkey.
  • Gerring, John, Philip Bond, William T. Barndt ve Carola Moreno. 2005. “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Historical Perspective” World Politics 57 (3): 323-364.
  • Greene, W. H. 1993. Econometric Analysis, 2nd edition. New York: Macmillan.
  • Haggard, S. ve R.R. Kaufman. 1997. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Henisz, Witold Jerzy. 2004. “Political Institutions and Political Volatility.” Economics & Politics 16 (1): 1-27.
  • Heo, Uk ve Alexander C. Tan. 2001. “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Causal Analysis” Comparative Politics 33 (4): 463-473.
  • Hisamoğlu, Ebru. 2014. “EU membership, institutions and growth: The case of Turkey” Economic Modeling 38: 211-219.
  • Krieckhaus, Jonathan. 2004. “The Regime Debate Revisited: A Sensitivity Analysis of Democracy's Economic Effect” British Journal of Political Science 34 (4): 635-655.
  • Krueger, Anne O. 1974. “The Political Economy of the Rent Seeking Society.” American Economic Review 64 (3): 291-303.
  • Krueger, Anne O. ve Okan H. Aktan. 1992. “Turkish Economy before 1980” (pp.5-34), in Krueger ve Aktan. Swimming against the Tide, San Francisco: ICS Press.
  • Kuznets, Simon. 1968. Towards a Theory of Economic Growth. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Levine, Ross ve David Renelt. “A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions” American Economic Review 82 (4): 942-963.
  • Lipset, Seymour M. 1959. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy” The American Political Science Review 53 (1): 69-105.
  • Mardin, Şerif. 1973. “Center-Periphery Relations: A Key to Turkish Politics?” Daedulus 102 (1).
  • Marshall, Monty G., Keith Jaggers ve Ted Robert Gurr. 2011. POLITY IV PROJECT: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2010. http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/p4manualv2010.pdf.
  • Műftűler-Baç, Meltem ve Fuat Keyman. 2012. “Turkey under the AKP: The Era of Dominant-Party Politics”. Journal of Democracy, 23 (1): 85-99.
  • North, Douglass C. 1991. “Institutions” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (1): 97-112.
  • Olson, Mancur. 1982. The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities. Yale University Press:New Haven, CT.
  • Öniș, Ziya. 1998. “The State and Economic Development in Contemporary Turkey” in Öniş, State and Market, the Political Economy of Turkey in Comparative Perspective, Istanbul: Bogazici University Press, pp.455-476.
  • Öniș, Ziya. 2004. “Turgut Özal and His Economic Legacy: Turkish Neo-Liberalism in Critical Perspective” Middle Eastern Studies 40 (4): 113-134.
  • Özbudun, Ergun. 2014. “AKP at the Crossroads: Erdoğan's Majoritarian Drift” South European Society and Politics 19 (2): 1-13.
  • Pamuk, Şevket. 2009. The Ottoman Economy and Its Institutions. Ashgate: Burlington, VT.
  • Pamuk Șevket. 2010. “Economic Growth and Institutional Change in Turkey before 1980”, in T. Çetin and F. Yilmaz (eds.), Understanding the Process of Economic Change in Turkey, Nova Science Publishers.
  • Paldam, Martin ve Erich Gundlach. 2008. “Two Views on Institutions and Development: The Grand Transition vs the Primacy of Institutions” Kyklos 61: 65-100.
  • Reporters Without Borders. 2016. “World Press Freedom Index”. Available at https://rsf.org/en/ranking.
  • Rodrik, Dani. 1991. “Premature Liberalization, Incomplete Stabilization: The Özal Debate in Turkey,” in Bruno et al. (eds), Lessons of Economic Stabilization and Its Aftermath, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • Rodrik, Dani. 2007. One Economics, Many Recipes. Princeton University Press.
  • Sayarı, Sabri. 2002. “The Changing Party System” in Sabri Sayarı and Yılmaz Esmer (eds.) Politics, Parties, and Elections in Turkey. Boulder, CO and London: Lynne Rienner.
  • Stock, James H. ve Motohiro Yogo. 2005. “Testing for Weak Instruments in Linear IV Regression.” In Identification and Inference for Econometric Models: Essays in Honor of Thomas Rothenberg, edited by Donald W. K. Andrews ve James H. Stock, pp. 80–108. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • West, Kenneth D., Steven N. Durlauf ve William A. Brock. 2003. “Policy Evaluation in Uncertain Economic Environments” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2003, No. 1.
  • World Bank. 2014. Country and Lending Groups. Classification for income groups of countries based on GNI per capita thresholds. Available at http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups.
There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Tekin Köse 0000-0002-0476-8872

Kürşat Çınar This is me 0000-0001-6044-2810

Publication Date October 31, 2018
Submission Date January 17, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018

Cite

APA Köse, T., & Çınar, K. (2018). Türkiye Orta Gelir Tuzağından Kaçabilir mi? İktisadi Gelişmeye Kurumsalcı Bir Yaklaşım. Sosyoekonomi, 26(38), 151-170. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2018.04.09
AMA Köse T, Çınar K. Türkiye Orta Gelir Tuzağından Kaçabilir mi? İktisadi Gelişmeye Kurumsalcı Bir Yaklaşım. Sosyoekonomi. October 2018;26(38):151-170. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2018.04.09
Chicago Köse, Tekin, and Kürşat Çınar. “Türkiye Orta Gelir Tuzağından Kaçabilir Mi? İktisadi Gelişmeye Kurumsalcı Bir Yaklaşım”. Sosyoekonomi 26, no. 38 (October 2018): 151-70. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2018.04.09.
EndNote Köse T, Çınar K (October 1, 2018) Türkiye Orta Gelir Tuzağından Kaçabilir mi? İktisadi Gelişmeye Kurumsalcı Bir Yaklaşım. Sosyoekonomi 26 38 151–170.
IEEE T. Köse and K. Çınar, “Türkiye Orta Gelir Tuzağından Kaçabilir mi? İktisadi Gelişmeye Kurumsalcı Bir Yaklaşım”, Sosyoekonomi, vol. 26, no. 38, pp. 151–170, 2018, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2018.04.09.
ISNAD Köse, Tekin - Çınar, Kürşat. “Türkiye Orta Gelir Tuzağından Kaçabilir Mi? İktisadi Gelişmeye Kurumsalcı Bir Yaklaşım”. Sosyoekonomi 26/38 (October 2018), 151-170. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2018.04.09.
JAMA Köse T, Çınar K. Türkiye Orta Gelir Tuzağından Kaçabilir mi? İktisadi Gelişmeye Kurumsalcı Bir Yaklaşım. Sosyoekonomi. 2018;26:151–170.
MLA Köse, Tekin and Kürşat Çınar. “Türkiye Orta Gelir Tuzağından Kaçabilir Mi? İktisadi Gelişmeye Kurumsalcı Bir Yaklaşım”. Sosyoekonomi, vol. 26, no. 38, 2018, pp. 151-70, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2018.04.09.
Vancouver Köse T, Çınar K. Türkiye Orta Gelir Tuzağından Kaçabilir mi? İktisadi Gelişmeye Kurumsalcı Bir Yaklaşım. Sosyoekonomi. 2018;26(38):151-70.