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TÜRKİYE’DE GÖÇMENLER ARASINDA SAĞLIK HİZMETLERİNE ERİŞİMDE EŞİTSİZLİKLER

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 63, 339 - 369, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.1409257

Abstract

Türkiye, 3,8 milyonu uluslararası koruma statüsüne sahip 5,1 milyon yabancıya ev
sahipliği yapmaktadır. Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu ile göçmenlerin hukuki
statüleri mülteci, şartlı mülteci ve ikincil koruma olarak sınıflandırılmış ve uluslararası koruma
statüsü olarak tanımlanmıştır. Türkiye Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı’na göre Türkiye’deki göçmenlerin
çoğunluğunu geçici koruma statüsü verilen Suriyeliler oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye’de sağlık ve
sağlık hizmetlerine erişimde eşitsizlik oranı diğer göçmen nüfusunun yuksek olduğu bütün
ülkelerde olduğu gibi yüksektir ve zaten dezavantajlı konumda olan göçmenler arasında
oldukça belirgindir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ilk olarak, farklı göçmenlik statülerine sahip
göçmenlerin sağlık hizmetlerine erişiminde yeralan yapısal ve politik faktörleri tespit etmektir.
İkinci olarak, göçmenlerin göçmenlik statülerine göre sağlık hizmetlerine erişimleri olsa
bile, sağlık hizmetlerine erişimde karşılaştıkları engeller SES farklılıklarından kaynaklanıyor
olabilir. Bu nedenle, Türkiye’deki göçmenlerin sağlık hizmetlerine erişimindeki eşitsizlikleri
açıklamak için Temel Neden Teorisi (Fundamental Cause Theory) kullanılmıştır. Yasal
statülerin düzenlenmesine ilişkin potansiyel politika değişikliklerine ek olarak, sağlığın sosyal
belirleyicileri uygulamalarının önemi vurgulanmış ve bu konuya ilişkin daha fazla politika
uygulamaları önerilmiştir.

References

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  • Adler, N. E., and Rehkopf, D. H. (2008). US Disparities in Health: Descriptions, Causes, and Mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 29, 235-252.
  • Akca, A., ve Ayaz-Alkaya, S. (2023). Determinants of Attitudes Towards Refugees and Intercultural Sensitivity of Nursing Students: A Descriptive and Correlational Study. Nurse Educ Today, 124, 105772. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105772
  • Aker, S., ve Aydin Kartal, Y. (2023). Ebelerin Türkiye’de Yaşayan Göçmen ve Sığınmacılara Yönelik Zenofobi Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi [Midwives’ Xenophobia Towards Migrants and Asylum Seekers Living in Turkey Evaluation of Levels]. Uluslararası Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(3), 208-222.
  • Bakır, H. (2022). Rusya’nın Ukrayna İşgalinin Avrupa Mülteci Mevzuatı ve Ukraynalı Mülteciler Üzerindeki Hukuksal Etkisi [The Legal Impact of Russia’s Occupation of Ukraine on European Refugee Legislation and Ukrainian Refugees]. Artuklu İnsan ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 7(2), 45-60. Braveman, P. (2006). Health Disparities and Health Equity: Concepts and Measurement. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 27, 167-194.
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  • Clouston, S. A., and Link, B. G. (2021). A Retrospective on Fundamental Cause Theory: State of the Literature and Goals for the Future. Annual Review of Sociology, 47, 131- 156. Çüm, B., ve Kan, İ. (2023). Türkiye’de Yaşayan Farklı Milletten Bireylerin Sosyo-Kültürel Yaşayışlarının Toplumun Uzaklık Algısıyla Birlikte İncelenmesi. [Investigation of the socio-cultural lives of people of various nationalities in Turkey in relation to the society’s perception of distance]. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(3), 2048-2071. doi:10.30798/makuiibf.1281584
  • Dubowitz, T., Bates, L. M., and Acevedo-Gracia, D. (2010). The Latino Health Paradox: Looking at the Intersectionality of Sociology and Health. In C. E. Bird, P. Conrad, A. M. Fremont, & S. Timmermans (Eds.), Handbook of Medical Sociology (pp. 106). Vanderbilt University Press Nashville.
  • Duran, N. (2018). Dual Discrimination of Syrian Refugee Women in the Labour Markets In Europe and Turkey: Identifying the Challenges. [Türkiye Ve Avrupa İş Piyasalarında Suriyeli Mülteci Kadınlar: Çifte Ayrımcılık Bağlamında Meydan Okumaları Tanımlamak]. Journal of Social Policy Conferences(75), 43-67.
  • Durkheim, E. (2005). Suicide: A study in sociology: Routledge.
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  • Göç Araştırmaları Derneği. (2020). Göçmenlerin İstanbul’daki Sağlık Hizmetlerine Erişimlerinin Önündeki Engeller ve Kolaylaştırıcılar [Barriers and Facilitators to Migrants’ Access to Health Services in Istanbul]. Retrieved from https:// gocarastirmalaridernegi.org/tr/calismalar/arastirmalar/gocmenlerin-istanbuldaki- saglik-hizmetlerine-erisimlerinin-onundeki-engeller-ve-kolaylastiricilar/182- gocmenlerin-istanbul-daki-saglik-hizmetlerine-erisimlerinin-onundeki-engeller-vekolaylastiricilar
  • Güler, H. (2020). Afganlı Göçmenlerin Göç Süreçleri ve İşçilik Deneyimleri: Uşak İli Örneği [Migration Processes and Labor Experiences of Afghan Migrants: The Case of Uşak Province]. [The Migration Processes And Labour Experiences Of Afghan Immigrants: The Case Of Uşak Province]. Çalışma ve Toplum, 3(66), 1461-1482.
  • Hacker, K., Anies, M., Folb, B. L., and Zallman, L. (2015). Barriers to Health Care for Undocumented Immigrants: A Literature Review. Risk Manag Healthc Policy, 8, 175- 183. doi:10.2147/rmhp.s70173
  • IOM. (2019). IOM Definition of “Migrant”. Retrieved from https://www.iom.int/whomigrant-0
  • IOM. (2023a). Key Migration Terms. Retrieved from https://www.iom.int/key-migrationterms
  • IOM. (2023b). Türkiye-Migrant Presence Monitoring-Situation Report. Retrieved from https://dtm.iom.int/reports/turkiye-migrant-presence-monitoring-situation-reportmarch- 2023#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20latest%20available,been%20 granted%20temporary%20protection%20status.
  • Keleşmehmet, H. (2018). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Göçmen Sağlığı [Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Göçmen Sağlığı]. The Journal of Turkish Family Physician, 9(4), 119-126.
  • Landrine, H., and Klonoff, E. A. (2004). Culture Change and Ethnic-Minority Health Behavior: An Operant Theory of Acculturation. J Behav Med, 27(6), 527-555. doi:10.1007/s10865-004-0002-0
  • Leghtas, I., and Thea, J. (2018). You Cannot Exist in This Place. Lack of Registration Denies Afghan Refugees Protection in Turkey.
  • Link, B., and Phelan, J. (2010). Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Health Inequalities. Handbook of Medical Sociology, 6, 3-17.
  • Link, B. G., and Phelan, J. (1995). Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 80-94.
  • MEB. (2014). Yabancılara Yönelik Eğitim-Öğretim Hizmetleri [Education and Training Services for Foreigners]. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Temel Eğitim Genel Müdürlüğü Retrieved from https://mevzuat.meb.gov.tr/dosyalar/1715.pdf.
  • Mood, C., Jonsson, J. O., and Låftman, S. B. (2017). The Mental Health Advantage of Immigrant‐Background Youth: The Role of Family Factors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 79(2), 419-436.
  • Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2023). Social Determinants of Health. Healthy People 2030. Retrieved from https://health.gov/healthypeople/ priority-areas/social-determinants-health
  • OHCHR. Universal Declaration of Human Rights - English. Retrieved from https://www. ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/english
  • OHCHR. (1966). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/ international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights#:~:text=Article%20 12,-1.&text=1.-,The%20States%20Parties%20to%20the%20present%20Covenant%20 recognize%20the%20right,of%20physical%20and%20mental%20health.
  • Örgütü, U. G. (2009). Uluslararası Göç Hukuku Göç Terimleri Sözlüğü [International Migration Law Glossary of Migration Terms]. Retrieved from https://www.goc.gov. tr/kurumlar/goc.gov.tr/files/goc_terimleri_sozlugu(1).pdf
  • Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., Diez-Roux, A., Kawachi, I., and Levin, B. (2004). “Fundamental Causes” of Social Inequalities in Mortality: A Test of the Theory∗. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45(3), 265-285.
  • Şahin, E., Dağlı, T. E., Acartürk, C., ve Şahin Dağlı, F. (2021). Vulnerabilities of Syrian Refugee Children in Turkey and Actions Taken for Prevention and Management in Terms of Health and Wellbeing. Child Abuse and Neglect, 119, 104628. doi:https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104628
  • T.C. Cumhuriyeti İç İşleri Bakanlığı Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı. Düzenlenecek Belgeler [Documents to be issued]. Retrieved from https://www.goc.gov.tr/duzenlecekbelgelerbelge
  • T.C. Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2011). Sağlığın Teşviki ve Geliştirilmesi Sözlüğü [Health Promotion Glossary].
  • T.C. Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2019). Göç ve Sağlık [Migration and Health].
  • T.C. Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2023). SIHHAT, Türkiye’de Göçmen Sağlığı Hizmetlerinin Desteklenmesi Projesi [Supporting the Project of Migrant Health Services in Turkey]. Retrieved from http://www.sihhatproject.org/sihhat2_faaliyetler. html
  • T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı. (2013). Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu [Law on Foreigners and International Protection]. Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/ mevzuatmetin/1.5.6458.pdf.
  • T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı. (2023). İstatistikler [Statistics]. Retrieved from https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638
  • TÜRK-İŞ. (2019). Göçmenlerin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Konuları [Occupational Health and Safety Issues for Migrants]. Retrieved from https://www.turkis.org.tr/ storage/2021/10/50mtrt1kh6c6-pdf.pdf
  • U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2016). Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2014.
  • UNHCR. (2016). UNHCR Viewpoint: ‘Refugee’ or ‘Migrant’ – Which is Right? Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2016/7/55df0e556/unhcr-viewpointrefugee- migrant-right.html
  • UNHCR. (2022). Türkiye Bilgi Notu. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/tr/wpcontent/ uploads/sites/14/2022/11/Bi-annual-fact-sheet-2022-09-Turkiye.pdf
  • UNHCR. (2023). Syria Emergency. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/emergencies/ syria-emergency
  • Weinstock, D. M. (2015). Health Justice After the Social Determinants of Health Revolution. Social Theory and Health, 13(3), 437-453. doi:10.1057/sth.2015.11
  • Whitehead, M. (1990). The Concepts and Principles of Equity and Health. Copenhagen. World Health Organisation.
  • Yılmaz, M., Günay, E., ve Parslıoğlu, S. (2022). Türkiye’de Geçici Koruma Statüsünde Bulunan Suriyelilerin Sosyal ve Ekonomik Durumları: Kahramanmaraş kentsel Alanda Tanımlayıcı Bir Araştırma [Social and Economic Situation of Syrians under Temporary Protection Status in Turkey: A Descriptive Study in Kahramanmaraş Urban Area]. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(3), 1707-1724. doi:10.33437/ksusbd.856016

DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AMONG IMMIGRANTS IN TÜRKİYE

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 63, 339 - 369, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.1409257

Abstract

Türkiye is hosting 5.1 million foreign people with 3.8 million seeking international
protection. The categorization of the legal status of the migrants as refugees, conditional
refugees, and subsidiary protections has been made by the Law of Foreigners and International
Protection, and defined as international protection status. According to the Turkish Presidency
of Migration Management, most of the immigrants in Türkiye are Syrians who have been
granted temporary protection status. In Türkiye, the rate of inequalities in access to health
and healthcare is high and evident among immigrants who are already in a disadvantageous
position. The aim of this study is, initially, to identify structural and political factors that lead
to immigrants having different immigration statuses in accessing health services. Secondly,
even if immigrants have access to health services according to their immigration status, the
obstacles they face in accessing health services may occur due to SES differences. Therefore, the
fundamental cause theory has been used to explain disparities in access to healthcare for the
immigrants in Türkiye. In addition to potential policy changes regarding the regulation of the
legal statuses, the importance of social determinants of health practices has been highlighted
and further practices have been suggested in this regard.

References

  • Adler, N. E., and Newman, K. (2002). Socioeconomic Disparities in Health: Pathways and Policies. Health Affairs, 21(2), 60-76.
  • Adler, N. E., and Rehkopf, D. H. (2008). US Disparities in Health: Descriptions, Causes, and Mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 29, 235-252.
  • Akca, A., ve Ayaz-Alkaya, S. (2023). Determinants of Attitudes Towards Refugees and Intercultural Sensitivity of Nursing Students: A Descriptive and Correlational Study. Nurse Educ Today, 124, 105772. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105772
  • Aker, S., ve Aydin Kartal, Y. (2023). Ebelerin Türkiye’de Yaşayan Göçmen ve Sığınmacılara Yönelik Zenofobi Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi [Midwives’ Xenophobia Towards Migrants and Asylum Seekers Living in Turkey Evaluation of Levels]. Uluslararası Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(3), 208-222.
  • Bakır, H. (2022). Rusya’nın Ukrayna İşgalinin Avrupa Mülteci Mevzuatı ve Ukraynalı Mülteciler Üzerindeki Hukuksal Etkisi [The Legal Impact of Russia’s Occupation of Ukraine on European Refugee Legislation and Ukrainian Refugees]. Artuklu İnsan ve Toplum Bilim Dergisi, 7(2), 45-60. Braveman, P. (2006). Health Disparities and Health Equity: Concepts and Measurement. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 27, 167-194.
  • Çallı, M. (2016). Türkiye›de Mültecilerin ve Sığınmacıların Sağlık Hakkı [Refugees› and Asylum Seekers› Right to Health in Turkey]. İş ve Hayat, 2(3), 131-154. CDC. (2023). Social Determinants of Health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ publichealthgateway/sdoh/index.html#:~:text=Social%20determinants%20of%20 health%20(SDOH,the%20conditions%20of%20daily%20life.
  • Clouston, S. A., and Link, B. G. (2021). A Retrospective on Fundamental Cause Theory: State of the Literature and Goals for the Future. Annual Review of Sociology, 47, 131- 156. Çüm, B., ve Kan, İ. (2023). Türkiye’de Yaşayan Farklı Milletten Bireylerin Sosyo-Kültürel Yaşayışlarının Toplumun Uzaklık Algısıyla Birlikte İncelenmesi. [Investigation of the socio-cultural lives of people of various nationalities in Turkey in relation to the society’s perception of distance]. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(3), 2048-2071. doi:10.30798/makuiibf.1281584
  • Dubowitz, T., Bates, L. M., and Acevedo-Gracia, D. (2010). The Latino Health Paradox: Looking at the Intersectionality of Sociology and Health. In C. E. Bird, P. Conrad, A. M. Fremont, & S. Timmermans (Eds.), Handbook of Medical Sociology (pp. 106). Vanderbilt University Press Nashville.
  • Duran, N. (2018). Dual Discrimination of Syrian Refugee Women in the Labour Markets In Europe and Turkey: Identifying the Challenges. [Türkiye Ve Avrupa İş Piyasalarında Suriyeli Mülteci Kadınlar: Çifte Ayrımcılık Bağlamında Meydan Okumaları Tanımlamak]. Journal of Social Policy Conferences(75), 43-67.
  • Durkheim, E. (2005). Suicide: A study in sociology: Routledge.
  • EU Migration Portal. EU Blue Card. Retrieved from https://immigration-portal. ec.europa.eu/eu-blue-card_en
  • European Council on Refugees and Exiles. (2022). Asylum Information Database Country Report: Türkiye. Retrieved from https://asylumineurope.org/wp-content/ uploads/2023/02/AIDA-TR_2021update_Turkish.pdf
  • Göç Araştırmaları Derneği. (2020). Göçmenlerin İstanbul’daki Sağlık Hizmetlerine Erişimlerinin Önündeki Engeller ve Kolaylaştırıcılar [Barriers and Facilitators to Migrants’ Access to Health Services in Istanbul]. Retrieved from https:// gocarastirmalaridernegi.org/tr/calismalar/arastirmalar/gocmenlerin-istanbuldaki- saglik-hizmetlerine-erisimlerinin-onundeki-engeller-ve-kolaylastiricilar/182- gocmenlerin-istanbul-daki-saglik-hizmetlerine-erisimlerinin-onundeki-engeller-vekolaylastiricilar
  • Güler, H. (2020). Afganlı Göçmenlerin Göç Süreçleri ve İşçilik Deneyimleri: Uşak İli Örneği [Migration Processes and Labor Experiences of Afghan Migrants: The Case of Uşak Province]. [The Migration Processes And Labour Experiences Of Afghan Immigrants: The Case Of Uşak Province]. Çalışma ve Toplum, 3(66), 1461-1482.
  • Hacker, K., Anies, M., Folb, B. L., and Zallman, L. (2015). Barriers to Health Care for Undocumented Immigrants: A Literature Review. Risk Manag Healthc Policy, 8, 175- 183. doi:10.2147/rmhp.s70173
  • IOM. (2019). IOM Definition of “Migrant”. Retrieved from https://www.iom.int/whomigrant-0
  • IOM. (2023a). Key Migration Terms. Retrieved from https://www.iom.int/key-migrationterms
  • IOM. (2023b). Türkiye-Migrant Presence Monitoring-Situation Report. Retrieved from https://dtm.iom.int/reports/turkiye-migrant-presence-monitoring-situation-reportmarch- 2023#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20latest%20available,been%20 granted%20temporary%20protection%20status.
  • Keleşmehmet, H. (2018). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Göçmen Sağlığı [Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Göçmen Sağlığı]. The Journal of Turkish Family Physician, 9(4), 119-126.
  • Landrine, H., and Klonoff, E. A. (2004). Culture Change and Ethnic-Minority Health Behavior: An Operant Theory of Acculturation. J Behav Med, 27(6), 527-555. doi:10.1007/s10865-004-0002-0
  • Leghtas, I., and Thea, J. (2018). You Cannot Exist in This Place. Lack of Registration Denies Afghan Refugees Protection in Turkey.
  • Link, B., and Phelan, J. (2010). Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Health Inequalities. Handbook of Medical Sociology, 6, 3-17.
  • Link, B. G., and Phelan, J. (1995). Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 80-94.
  • MEB. (2014). Yabancılara Yönelik Eğitim-Öğretim Hizmetleri [Education and Training Services for Foreigners]. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Temel Eğitim Genel Müdürlüğü Retrieved from https://mevzuat.meb.gov.tr/dosyalar/1715.pdf.
  • Mood, C., Jonsson, J. O., and Låftman, S. B. (2017). The Mental Health Advantage of Immigrant‐Background Youth: The Role of Family Factors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 79(2), 419-436.
  • Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2023). Social Determinants of Health. Healthy People 2030. Retrieved from https://health.gov/healthypeople/ priority-areas/social-determinants-health
  • OHCHR. Universal Declaration of Human Rights - English. Retrieved from https://www. ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/english
  • OHCHR. (1966). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/ international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights#:~:text=Article%20 12,-1.&text=1.-,The%20States%20Parties%20to%20the%20present%20Covenant%20 recognize%20the%20right,of%20physical%20and%20mental%20health.
  • Örgütü, U. G. (2009). Uluslararası Göç Hukuku Göç Terimleri Sözlüğü [International Migration Law Glossary of Migration Terms]. Retrieved from https://www.goc.gov. tr/kurumlar/goc.gov.tr/files/goc_terimleri_sozlugu(1).pdf
  • Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., Diez-Roux, A., Kawachi, I., and Levin, B. (2004). “Fundamental Causes” of Social Inequalities in Mortality: A Test of the Theory∗. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45(3), 265-285.
  • Şahin, E., Dağlı, T. E., Acartürk, C., ve Şahin Dağlı, F. (2021). Vulnerabilities of Syrian Refugee Children in Turkey and Actions Taken for Prevention and Management in Terms of Health and Wellbeing. Child Abuse and Neglect, 119, 104628. doi:https://doi. org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104628
  • T.C. Cumhuriyeti İç İşleri Bakanlığı Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı. Düzenlenecek Belgeler [Documents to be issued]. Retrieved from https://www.goc.gov.tr/duzenlecekbelgelerbelge
  • T.C. Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2011). Sağlığın Teşviki ve Geliştirilmesi Sözlüğü [Health Promotion Glossary].
  • T.C. Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2019). Göç ve Sağlık [Migration and Health].
  • T.C. Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2023). SIHHAT, Türkiye’de Göçmen Sağlığı Hizmetlerinin Desteklenmesi Projesi [Supporting the Project of Migrant Health Services in Turkey]. Retrieved from http://www.sihhatproject.org/sihhat2_faaliyetler. html
  • T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı. (2013). Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu [Law on Foreigners and International Protection]. Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/ mevzuatmetin/1.5.6458.pdf.
  • T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Göç İdaresi Başkanlığı. (2023). İstatistikler [Statistics]. Retrieved from https://www.goc.gov.tr/gecici-koruma5638
  • TÜRK-İŞ. (2019). Göçmenlerin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Konuları [Occupational Health and Safety Issues for Migrants]. Retrieved from https://www.turkis.org.tr/ storage/2021/10/50mtrt1kh6c6-pdf.pdf
  • U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2016). Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2014.
  • UNHCR. (2016). UNHCR Viewpoint: ‘Refugee’ or ‘Migrant’ – Which is Right? Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2016/7/55df0e556/unhcr-viewpointrefugee- migrant-right.html
  • UNHCR. (2022). Türkiye Bilgi Notu. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/tr/wpcontent/ uploads/sites/14/2022/11/Bi-annual-fact-sheet-2022-09-Turkiye.pdf
  • UNHCR. (2023). Syria Emergency. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/emergencies/ syria-emergency
  • Weinstock, D. M. (2015). Health Justice After the Social Determinants of Health Revolution. Social Theory and Health, 13(3), 437-453. doi:10.1057/sth.2015.11
  • Whitehead, M. (1990). The Concepts and Principles of Equity and Health. Copenhagen. World Health Organisation.
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There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology of Inequalities, Migration Sociology, Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Serra Sevde Hatipoglu 0000-0002-1344-3244

Publication Date June 28, 2024
Submission Date December 24, 2023
Acceptance Date February 7, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 24 Issue: 63

Cite

APA Hatipoglu, S. S. (2024). DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AMONG IMMIGRANTS IN TÜRKİYE. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 24(63), 339-369. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.1409257
AMA Hatipoglu SS. DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AMONG IMMIGRANTS IN TÜRKİYE. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi. June 2024;24(63):339-369. doi:10.21560/spcd.vi.1409257
Chicago Hatipoglu, Serra Sevde. “DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AMONG IMMIGRANTS IN TÜRKİYE”. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi 24, no. 63 (June 2024): 339-69. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.1409257.
EndNote Hatipoglu SS (June 1, 2024) DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AMONG IMMIGRANTS IN TÜRKİYE. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi 24 63 339–369.
IEEE S. S. Hatipoglu, “DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AMONG IMMIGRANTS IN TÜRKİYE”, Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 63, pp. 339–369, 2024, doi: 10.21560/spcd.vi.1409257.
ISNAD Hatipoglu, Serra Sevde. “DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AMONG IMMIGRANTS IN TÜRKİYE”. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi 24/63 (June 2024), 339-369. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.1409257.
JAMA Hatipoglu SS. DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AMONG IMMIGRANTS IN TÜRKİYE. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2024;24:339–369.
MLA Hatipoglu, Serra Sevde. “DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AMONG IMMIGRANTS IN TÜRKİYE”. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, vol. 24, no. 63, 2024, pp. 339-6, doi:10.21560/spcd.vi.1409257.
Vancouver Hatipoglu SS. DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AMONG IMMIGRANTS IN TÜRKİYE. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2024;24(63):339-6.