Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Birth of Jesus

Year 2015, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 175 - 226, 17.08.2016
https://doi.org/10.29135/std.273896

Abstract

Within the scope of the study, the Birth
of Jesus Christ was examined and it was evaluated in terms of the Cappadocia Churches
where the cribs of Jesus Christ were depicted, the wall murals in some churches
in Anatolia, European samples and metallic and stone-marble works in several
museums, similarity of the subject similarity, genre, technique and
composition.



Within the scope of the
study, the Birth of the Jesus Christ was examined within the light of
apocryphal and kanonical sources by specifying time, space and place, the
figure majority in the compositions and the positions of the figures inside the
scene were evaluated chronogically.

References

  • Acara, Meryem. (1998). “Bizans Ortodoks Kilisesinde Litürji ve Litürjik Eserler”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, C.15, S.1, Ankara, 183-201.
  • Acharya, S. ve Murdock, D.M. (2011). The Origins of Christianity and the Quest for the Historical Jesus Christ, www.StellarHousePublishing.com.
  • Akalın, Kürşat Haldun. (2014). “Yunan-Roma Uygarlığında İnsan-Tanrılara Tapınma Töreni Olarak: Kilise Ekmek-Şarap Ayini”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi,S.41. 129-160.
  • And, Metin. (1998). Minyatürlerle Osmanlı-İslam Mitologyası. İstanbul: Akbank Kültür ve Sanat Kitapları.
  • Anonim. (2002). Bilble Atlas Access Foundation (Edit.: Zaine Ridling). Part 3, Chapter 21. Baskı Yeri Belirtilmemiştir.
  • Arad, Lily. (2003). “ The Bathing of The Infant Jesus in The Jordan River And His Baptism in a Font: A Mutual Iconographic Borrowing In Medieval Art”, Miscellània Litúrgica Catalana. 21-44.
  • Bardill, Jonathan. (2010). “IX. Konstantinopolis Hipodromu’nun Anıtları ve Süslemeleri”, Hipodrom/Atmeydanı İstanbul’un Tarih Sahnesi. İstanbul: Pera Müzesi. 149-184.
  • Bell, Malcolm. (1979). “Mosaic of The Birth of Achilles”, Age of Spirituality Late Antique and Early Christian Art Third to Seventh Century (Edit.: Kurt Weitzmann). New York: Princeton University Press. 237-238.
  • Boormans. P. (2005). “İncilde Mesih İsa”, Uluslararası Müslüman-Hıristiyan Diyalog Sempozyumu II (İslam ve Hıristiyan Kaynaklarında Hz. İsa) (23-24 Eylül 2005). İstanbul. 40-68.
  • Brown, Katharine Reynolds. (1979). “Medallion With Virgin and Child enthroned”, Age of Spirituality Late Antique and Early Christian Art Third to Seventh Century (Edit.: Kurt Weitzmann). New York: Princeton University Press. 312-313.
  • Blank, Hanne. (2008). Bekaretin El Değmemiş Tarihi, (Çev. Emek Ergün). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Carr, A. W. ve Kazhdan, A. (1991). “Nimbus”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 2. New York: Oxford University Press. 1487.
  • Carr, A. W. ve Kazdhan, A. (1991). “Protoevangelion in James” The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 3. New York: Oxford University Press. 1744-1745.
  • Carr, A. W. (1991) “Representation in Art (Virgin Mary)”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol.3. New York: Oxford University Press, 2174-2175.
  • Cartlidge, D. R. ve Elliot, J. K. (2001). Art and the Christian Apocrypha. London: Routledge.
  • Chadwick, Henry. (1980). Origen Contra Celsum. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1916). Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.
  • Cosaert, Carl. (2008). Cosaert the Text of the Gospels in Clement of Alexandria New Testament in the Greek Fathers. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
  • Coşkuner, Buket. (2009). 11. Yüzyılda Kappadokia Bölgesi’ndeki İsa’nın Doğumu ve İsa’nın Çarmıha Gerilmesi Sahneleri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Crowe J. A. ve Cavalcaselle G. B. (1914). A History of Painting in Italy. Vol. VI. Sienese and Florentine Masters of The Sixteenth Century. London John Murray Albemarle Street.
  • Doğan, Sema. (2010). “Antalya Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde Bir Levha ve Bizans Kiliselerinde Başmelek Gabriel İmgesi”, İslam ve Hıristiyan Sanatında Melekler, Peygamberler ve Azizler/Angels, Prophetsand Saints in Islamic and Christian Art (Edit.: S. Yandım Aydın). İstanbul. 171-184.
  • Eski Ahit (2015). Kutsal Kitap (Eski Ahit, Zebur, Yeni Ahit), İstanbul: TKK.
  • Frazer, Margaret E. (1979). “Holy Sites Representations”, Age of Spirituality Late Antique and Early Christian Art Third to Seventh Century (Edit.: Kurt Weitzmann). New York: Princeton University Press.564-568.
  • Gombrich, E.H. (1980). Sanatın Öyküsü (Çev. Bedrettin Cömert), İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Hild, F. ve Restle, M. (1981), Kappadokien (Kappadokia, Charsianon, Sebasteia und Lykandos), Tabula Imperii Byzantini I.-II. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Jaszai, G. (1994). “Geburt Mariens”, Lexikon der Christlichen Ikonographie Algemenia Ikonographie F-K 2 (Herausgegeben von Engelbert Kirschbaum sc in Zusammenarbeit Mit Günter Bandmann, Wolfgang Braunfels, Johannes Kollwitz, Wilhelm Mrazek, Alfred A. Schmid, Hugo Schnell), Germany: Herder. 120-125.
  • Jerphanion, Guillame. (1925). Une Nouvelle Provence de l’art Byzantien: les Eglises Rupestres de Cappadoce I. Paris.
  • Kalavrezou, Ioli. (2005). “Exchanging Embrace. The Body of Salvation”, Images of the Mother of God. Perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium. (Ed. M. Vassilaki) Ashgate. 103-117.
  • Kalokyris, Constantine D. (1969). The Star of Bethlehem in Byzantine Art (Iconographic Interpretation). Thessaloniki.
  • Karpozilos, A. ve Kazhdan, A. ve Cutler, A. (1991). “Birth”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium I. Oxford University Press. 290-291.
  • Kartsonis, Hanna. (1986). Anastasis, The Making of an Image, Princeton University Press.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander ve Sevcenko, Nancy Patterson. (1991). “Maphorion,” Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1294.
  • Kennett, Jiyu. (1972). Selling Water by the River: A Manuel of Zen Training. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Kessler, Herbert L. (1979). “Narrative Representations”, Age of Spirituality Late Antique and Early Christian Art Third to Seventh Century (Edit.: Kurt Weitzmann). New York: Princeton University Press. 449-456.
  • Kouymjian, Dickran. (2012). “Did Byzantine Iconography Influence the Large Cycle of the Life of Alexander the Great in Armenian Manuscripts?”, Byzajhııum Renaissances Dialogue of Cultures, Heritage of Antiquity Tradition and Modernity, (Edit.: Michala Janochy, Aleksandry Sulikowskiej, Iriny Tatarovej oraz Zuzanny Flisowskiej, Karoliny Mroziewicz, Niny i Krzysztofa Smôlskich). Warsaw: University of Warsaw. 209-216, Fig. 61-70.
  • Kitzinger, Ernst. (1963). “The Hellenistic Heritage in Byzantine Art”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 17. 97-115.
  • Koukoules, P. (1948-1957), Byzantinôn bios kai politismos: Vie et Civilisation Byzantine, Vol. 6. Athènes: Institut Français d'Athènes.
  • Lafontaine-Dosogne, J. (1975). “Iconoraphy of the Cycle of the Infancy of Christ” The Kariye Djami, IV. (Edit.: P. Underwood). New-Jersey.
  • Lazarides, Paul. (1987). The Monastery of Hosios Lukas: Brief Illustrated Archaeological Guide. Athens: Hannibal Publishing.
  • Macdonald, W. (2000). Kutsal Kitap Yorumu. Yeni Antlaşma Serisi, I-II. İstanbul: Yeni Avrasya Yayınları.
  • Maguire, Henry. (1977). “The Depiction of Sorrow in the Middle Byzantine Art” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 31, 123-174.
  • Maguire, Henry. (1996). “Image and imagination: the Byzantine epigram as evidence for viewer response”. Toronto: Canadian Institute of Balkan Studies, 25. 1-25.
  • Borg, Marcus. (1999). “The Meaning of the Birth Stories” The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions (Edit.: Marcus J. Borg, N.T. Wright) San Francisco: Harper. 179-186.
  • Martin, John R. (1955). “The Dead Christ on the Cross in Byzantine Art”, Late Classical and Merdiaeval Studies in Honour of Albert Mathias Friend, Jr. (Edit.: Kurt Weitzmann). Princeton. 189-196.
  • Mark D. Roberts. (2007). Can We Trust the Gospels?. Printed in the United States of America.
  • Oldenberg, Hermann. (2006). Le Bouddha: sa vie, sa doctrine, sa communauté. Chicoutimi, Québec.
  • Olszewski, Marek T. (2013). “The iconographic programme of the Cyprus mosaic from the House of Aion reinterpreted as an anti-Christian polemic”, Studia Memoriae. Warsaw: Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw. 207-239, Pls. LXXIV–LXXXVI.
  • Ongun, Cemil Sena. (1941). Buda ve Konfüçyüs. İstanbul: Tefeyyüz Kitabevi.
  • Osborn, Eric. (1957). The Philosophy of Clement of Alexandria. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Önen-Alev, Ayten. (2014). Kappadokia Göreme Vadisi’nde Meryem Siklusu, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sanat Tarihi Anabilim Dalı (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara.
  • Ötüken, S. Yıldız. (1984). “Kapadokya Bölgesi’ndeki Kapalı Yunan Haçı Kiliselerde Resim Programı”, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Tarihi Dergisi 3. 143-167.
  • Palli, Lucchesi E. (1994). “Liturgie, Hİmmlische”, Lexikon der Christlichen Ikonographie Algemenia Ikonographie L-R 3 (Herausgegeben von Engelbert Kirschbaum sc in Zusammenarbeit Mit Günter Bandmann, Wolfgang Braunfels, Johannes Kollwitz, Wilhelm Mrazek, Alfred A. Schmid, Hugo Schnell), Germany: Herder. 103-106.
  • Raquel, Maria Isabel. (2013). “O Menino de Belém: Da Festa do Natal à Iconografia da Natividade e da Adoração”, Gaudium Sciendi, 5, Dezembro, 104-126.
  • Restle, M. (1967). Byzantine Wall Paintings in Asia Minor I-II-III. Irish University Press.
  • Ruben, Walter. (2000). Eski Metinlere Göre Budizm: Budacılığın Diyalektik Yorumu (Haz. Lütfü Bozkurt). İstanbul: Okyanus Yayınları.
  • Sach, Hannelore ve Badstübner, Ernst ve Neumann, Helga. (1988). Christliche İkonographie in Stichworten. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang.
  • Salvador-Gonzalez, Jose Maria. (2012). “Iconografía de La Adoración de los pastores en la pintura italianabajomedieval. Una mirada bucólica a la existencia del pobre”, Eikon/İmago 1,1-38.
  • Sanders, E. P. (1995). The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin UK.
  • Schiller, Gertrud. (1972). Iconography of Christian Art, Volume 2. New York.
  • Sinkevic, Ida. (2000). The Church of St. Panteleimon at Nerezi, Architecture, Programme, Patronage, Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden.
  • Spitzing, Günter. (1989). Lexikon Byzantinisch-Christlicher Symbole. Köln: Eugen Diederichs.
  • Sunay, Serkan. (2012). “Erken Hristiyan ve Bizans Sanatında Hâle”, Ekev Akademi Dergisi, Y. 16/S. 50. 197-213.
  • Tanburoğlu, N. (2001). Kapadokya Bölgesi Göreme Vadisinde Bulunan Karanlık Kilise Duvar Resimleri, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Ankara.
  • Taft, R. F.ve Carr, A. W. (1991a). “Announciation”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium I. New York: Oxford University Press. 106-107.
  • Taft, R. F.ve Carr, A. W. (1991b). “Dormition”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium I, New York: Oxford University Press, 651-653.
  • Tritsaroli, P. ve Valentin, F. (2008). “Byzantine Burials Practices for Children; Case Studies Based On A Bioarchaeological Approach To Cemeteries From Greece”, Nasciturus, Infans, Puerulus Vobis Mater Terra: la Muerte en la Infancia, (Edit.: Gusi Jener, F., Muriel, S. and Oläria, C.). La Rioja: Diputacio de Castello. 83-113.
  • Thierry, Nicole. (1963). The Rock Churches, Art of Cappadocia. Geneva: Negal Publishers.
  • Weitzmann, Kurt. (1951). The Fresco Cycle of S. Maria di Castelseprio, Princeton: Princeton Universty Press.
  • Weitzmann, Kurt. (1974). “Loca Sancta and the Arts of Palestine”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 28. 32-55.
  • Vermes, Géza. (2006). The Nativity: History and Legend. Penguin Books.
  • Vikan, Gary (2003). Sacred Images and Sacred Power in Byzantium. Variorum Collected Studies, Hampshire.
  • Wilhelm-Red, P. (1994). “Geburt Christi”, Lexikon der Christlichen Ikonographie Algemenia Ikonographie F-K 2 (Herausgegeben von Engelbert Kirschbaum sc in Zusammenarbeit Mit Günter Bandmann, Wolfgang Braunfels, Johannes Kollwitz, Wilhelm Mrazek, Alfred A. Schmid, Hugo Schnell), Germany: Herder. 86-120.
  • Yeni Ahit. (2012). Yeni Ahit (Müjde Yeni Ahitin Çağdaş Türkçe Çevirisi), İstanbul: TKK.
  • Yılmaz, Sinan. (2015). Paganizm’den Hıristiyanlığa Geçmiş Semboller (I. ve V. Yüzyıllar Arası), Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Sivas.

İsa’nın Doğumu

Year 2015, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 175 - 226, 17.08.2016
https://doi.org/10.29135/std.273896

Abstract

Çalışma
kapsamında, İsa’nın doğumu, tarihsel süreçteki benzer doğum örnekleri ile ikonografik-üslup
açısından incelenmiş, doğum tasvirinin görüldüğü Kappadokia kiliseleri,
Anadolu’daki bazı kiliselerdeki duvar resimleri, Avrupa örnekleri ve çeşitli
müzelerdeki madeni ve taş-mermer eserler, konu benzerliği, üslup, teknik ve
kompozisyon açısından değerlendirilmiştir.



Çalışma kapsamında İsa’nın doğumu, apokrif ve kanonik
kaynaklar ışığında zaman, mekan ve yer belirtilerek incelenmiş, kompozisyonlardaki
figür çoğunluğu ve figürlerin sahne içindeki konumları kronolojik olarak incelenmiştir.

References

  • Acara, Meryem. (1998). “Bizans Ortodoks Kilisesinde Litürji ve Litürjik Eserler”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, C.15, S.1, Ankara, 183-201.
  • Acharya, S. ve Murdock, D.M. (2011). The Origins of Christianity and the Quest for the Historical Jesus Christ, www.StellarHousePublishing.com.
  • Akalın, Kürşat Haldun. (2014). “Yunan-Roma Uygarlığında İnsan-Tanrılara Tapınma Töreni Olarak: Kilise Ekmek-Şarap Ayini”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi,S.41. 129-160.
  • And, Metin. (1998). Minyatürlerle Osmanlı-İslam Mitologyası. İstanbul: Akbank Kültür ve Sanat Kitapları.
  • Anonim. (2002). Bilble Atlas Access Foundation (Edit.: Zaine Ridling). Part 3, Chapter 21. Baskı Yeri Belirtilmemiştir.
  • Arad, Lily. (2003). “ The Bathing of The Infant Jesus in The Jordan River And His Baptism in a Font: A Mutual Iconographic Borrowing In Medieval Art”, Miscellània Litúrgica Catalana. 21-44.
  • Bardill, Jonathan. (2010). “IX. Konstantinopolis Hipodromu’nun Anıtları ve Süslemeleri”, Hipodrom/Atmeydanı İstanbul’un Tarih Sahnesi. İstanbul: Pera Müzesi. 149-184.
  • Bell, Malcolm. (1979). “Mosaic of The Birth of Achilles”, Age of Spirituality Late Antique and Early Christian Art Third to Seventh Century (Edit.: Kurt Weitzmann). New York: Princeton University Press. 237-238.
  • Boormans. P. (2005). “İncilde Mesih İsa”, Uluslararası Müslüman-Hıristiyan Diyalog Sempozyumu II (İslam ve Hıristiyan Kaynaklarında Hz. İsa) (23-24 Eylül 2005). İstanbul. 40-68.
  • Brown, Katharine Reynolds. (1979). “Medallion With Virgin and Child enthroned”, Age of Spirituality Late Antique and Early Christian Art Third to Seventh Century (Edit.: Kurt Weitzmann). New York: Princeton University Press. 312-313.
  • Blank, Hanne. (2008). Bekaretin El Değmemiş Tarihi, (Çev. Emek Ergün). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Carr, A. W. ve Kazhdan, A. (1991). “Nimbus”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 2. New York: Oxford University Press. 1487.
  • Carr, A. W. ve Kazdhan, A. (1991). “Protoevangelion in James” The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 3. New York: Oxford University Press. 1744-1745.
  • Carr, A. W. (1991) “Representation in Art (Virgin Mary)”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol.3. New York: Oxford University Press, 2174-2175.
  • Cartlidge, D. R. ve Elliot, J. K. (2001). Art and the Christian Apocrypha. London: Routledge.
  • Chadwick, Henry. (1980). Origen Contra Celsum. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1916). Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.
  • Cosaert, Carl. (2008). Cosaert the Text of the Gospels in Clement of Alexandria New Testament in the Greek Fathers. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
  • Coşkuner, Buket. (2009). 11. Yüzyılda Kappadokia Bölgesi’ndeki İsa’nın Doğumu ve İsa’nın Çarmıha Gerilmesi Sahneleri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Crowe J. A. ve Cavalcaselle G. B. (1914). A History of Painting in Italy. Vol. VI. Sienese and Florentine Masters of The Sixteenth Century. London John Murray Albemarle Street.
  • Doğan, Sema. (2010). “Antalya Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde Bir Levha ve Bizans Kiliselerinde Başmelek Gabriel İmgesi”, İslam ve Hıristiyan Sanatında Melekler, Peygamberler ve Azizler/Angels, Prophetsand Saints in Islamic and Christian Art (Edit.: S. Yandım Aydın). İstanbul. 171-184.
  • Eski Ahit (2015). Kutsal Kitap (Eski Ahit, Zebur, Yeni Ahit), İstanbul: TKK.
  • Frazer, Margaret E. (1979). “Holy Sites Representations”, Age of Spirituality Late Antique and Early Christian Art Third to Seventh Century (Edit.: Kurt Weitzmann). New York: Princeton University Press.564-568.
  • Gombrich, E.H. (1980). Sanatın Öyküsü (Çev. Bedrettin Cömert), İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Hild, F. ve Restle, M. (1981), Kappadokien (Kappadokia, Charsianon, Sebasteia und Lykandos), Tabula Imperii Byzantini I.-II. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Jaszai, G. (1994). “Geburt Mariens”, Lexikon der Christlichen Ikonographie Algemenia Ikonographie F-K 2 (Herausgegeben von Engelbert Kirschbaum sc in Zusammenarbeit Mit Günter Bandmann, Wolfgang Braunfels, Johannes Kollwitz, Wilhelm Mrazek, Alfred A. Schmid, Hugo Schnell), Germany: Herder. 120-125.
  • Jerphanion, Guillame. (1925). Une Nouvelle Provence de l’art Byzantien: les Eglises Rupestres de Cappadoce I. Paris.
  • Kalavrezou, Ioli. (2005). “Exchanging Embrace. The Body of Salvation”, Images of the Mother of God. Perceptions of the Theotokos in Byzantium. (Ed. M. Vassilaki) Ashgate. 103-117.
  • Kalokyris, Constantine D. (1969). The Star of Bethlehem in Byzantine Art (Iconographic Interpretation). Thessaloniki.
  • Karpozilos, A. ve Kazhdan, A. ve Cutler, A. (1991). “Birth”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium I. Oxford University Press. 290-291.
  • Kartsonis, Hanna. (1986). Anastasis, The Making of an Image, Princeton University Press.
  • Kazhdan, Alexander ve Sevcenko, Nancy Patterson. (1991). “Maphorion,” Dictionary of Byzantium, Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1294.
  • Kennett, Jiyu. (1972). Selling Water by the River: A Manuel of Zen Training. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Kessler, Herbert L. (1979). “Narrative Representations”, Age of Spirituality Late Antique and Early Christian Art Third to Seventh Century (Edit.: Kurt Weitzmann). New York: Princeton University Press. 449-456.
  • Kouymjian, Dickran. (2012). “Did Byzantine Iconography Influence the Large Cycle of the Life of Alexander the Great in Armenian Manuscripts?”, Byzajhııum Renaissances Dialogue of Cultures, Heritage of Antiquity Tradition and Modernity, (Edit.: Michala Janochy, Aleksandry Sulikowskiej, Iriny Tatarovej oraz Zuzanny Flisowskiej, Karoliny Mroziewicz, Niny i Krzysztofa Smôlskich). Warsaw: University of Warsaw. 209-216, Fig. 61-70.
  • Kitzinger, Ernst. (1963). “The Hellenistic Heritage in Byzantine Art”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 17. 97-115.
  • Koukoules, P. (1948-1957), Byzantinôn bios kai politismos: Vie et Civilisation Byzantine, Vol. 6. Athènes: Institut Français d'Athènes.
  • Lafontaine-Dosogne, J. (1975). “Iconoraphy of the Cycle of the Infancy of Christ” The Kariye Djami, IV. (Edit.: P. Underwood). New-Jersey.
  • Lazarides, Paul. (1987). The Monastery of Hosios Lukas: Brief Illustrated Archaeological Guide. Athens: Hannibal Publishing.
  • Macdonald, W. (2000). Kutsal Kitap Yorumu. Yeni Antlaşma Serisi, I-II. İstanbul: Yeni Avrasya Yayınları.
  • Maguire, Henry. (1977). “The Depiction of Sorrow in the Middle Byzantine Art” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 31, 123-174.
  • Maguire, Henry. (1996). “Image and imagination: the Byzantine epigram as evidence for viewer response”. Toronto: Canadian Institute of Balkan Studies, 25. 1-25.
  • Borg, Marcus. (1999). “The Meaning of the Birth Stories” The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions (Edit.: Marcus J. Borg, N.T. Wright) San Francisco: Harper. 179-186.
  • Martin, John R. (1955). “The Dead Christ on the Cross in Byzantine Art”, Late Classical and Merdiaeval Studies in Honour of Albert Mathias Friend, Jr. (Edit.: Kurt Weitzmann). Princeton. 189-196.
  • Mark D. Roberts. (2007). Can We Trust the Gospels?. Printed in the United States of America.
  • Oldenberg, Hermann. (2006). Le Bouddha: sa vie, sa doctrine, sa communauté. Chicoutimi, Québec.
  • Olszewski, Marek T. (2013). “The iconographic programme of the Cyprus mosaic from the House of Aion reinterpreted as an anti-Christian polemic”, Studia Memoriae. Warsaw: Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw. 207-239, Pls. LXXIV–LXXXVI.
  • Ongun, Cemil Sena. (1941). Buda ve Konfüçyüs. İstanbul: Tefeyyüz Kitabevi.
  • Osborn, Eric. (1957). The Philosophy of Clement of Alexandria. London: Cambridge University Press.
  • Önen-Alev, Ayten. (2014). Kappadokia Göreme Vadisi’nde Meryem Siklusu, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sanat Tarihi Anabilim Dalı (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara.
  • Ötüken, S. Yıldız. (1984). “Kapadokya Bölgesi’ndeki Kapalı Yunan Haçı Kiliselerde Resim Programı”, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Tarihi Dergisi 3. 143-167.
  • Palli, Lucchesi E. (1994). “Liturgie, Hİmmlische”, Lexikon der Christlichen Ikonographie Algemenia Ikonographie L-R 3 (Herausgegeben von Engelbert Kirschbaum sc in Zusammenarbeit Mit Günter Bandmann, Wolfgang Braunfels, Johannes Kollwitz, Wilhelm Mrazek, Alfred A. Schmid, Hugo Schnell), Germany: Herder. 103-106.
  • Raquel, Maria Isabel. (2013). “O Menino de Belém: Da Festa do Natal à Iconografia da Natividade e da Adoração”, Gaudium Sciendi, 5, Dezembro, 104-126.
  • Restle, M. (1967). Byzantine Wall Paintings in Asia Minor I-II-III. Irish University Press.
  • Ruben, Walter. (2000). Eski Metinlere Göre Budizm: Budacılığın Diyalektik Yorumu (Haz. Lütfü Bozkurt). İstanbul: Okyanus Yayınları.
  • Sach, Hannelore ve Badstübner, Ernst ve Neumann, Helga. (1988). Christliche İkonographie in Stichworten. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang.
  • Salvador-Gonzalez, Jose Maria. (2012). “Iconografía de La Adoración de los pastores en la pintura italianabajomedieval. Una mirada bucólica a la existencia del pobre”, Eikon/İmago 1,1-38.
  • Sanders, E. P. (1995). The Historical Figure of Jesus. Penguin UK.
  • Schiller, Gertrud. (1972). Iconography of Christian Art, Volume 2. New York.
  • Sinkevic, Ida. (2000). The Church of St. Panteleimon at Nerezi, Architecture, Programme, Patronage, Reichert Verlag Wiesbaden.
  • Spitzing, Günter. (1989). Lexikon Byzantinisch-Christlicher Symbole. Köln: Eugen Diederichs.
  • Sunay, Serkan. (2012). “Erken Hristiyan ve Bizans Sanatında Hâle”, Ekev Akademi Dergisi, Y. 16/S. 50. 197-213.
  • Tanburoğlu, N. (2001). Kapadokya Bölgesi Göreme Vadisinde Bulunan Karanlık Kilise Duvar Resimleri, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Ankara.
  • Taft, R. F.ve Carr, A. W. (1991a). “Announciation”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium I. New York: Oxford University Press. 106-107.
  • Taft, R. F.ve Carr, A. W. (1991b). “Dormition”, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium I, New York: Oxford University Press, 651-653.
  • Tritsaroli, P. ve Valentin, F. (2008). “Byzantine Burials Practices for Children; Case Studies Based On A Bioarchaeological Approach To Cemeteries From Greece”, Nasciturus, Infans, Puerulus Vobis Mater Terra: la Muerte en la Infancia, (Edit.: Gusi Jener, F., Muriel, S. and Oläria, C.). La Rioja: Diputacio de Castello. 83-113.
  • Thierry, Nicole. (1963). The Rock Churches, Art of Cappadocia. Geneva: Negal Publishers.
  • Weitzmann, Kurt. (1951). The Fresco Cycle of S. Maria di Castelseprio, Princeton: Princeton Universty Press.
  • Weitzmann, Kurt. (1974). “Loca Sancta and the Arts of Palestine”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 28. 32-55.
  • Vermes, Géza. (2006). The Nativity: History and Legend. Penguin Books.
  • Vikan, Gary (2003). Sacred Images and Sacred Power in Byzantium. Variorum Collected Studies, Hampshire.
  • Wilhelm-Red, P. (1994). “Geburt Christi”, Lexikon der Christlichen Ikonographie Algemenia Ikonographie F-K 2 (Herausgegeben von Engelbert Kirschbaum sc in Zusammenarbeit Mit Günter Bandmann, Wolfgang Braunfels, Johannes Kollwitz, Wilhelm Mrazek, Alfred A. Schmid, Hugo Schnell), Germany: Herder. 86-120.
  • Yeni Ahit. (2012). Yeni Ahit (Müjde Yeni Ahitin Çağdaş Türkçe Çevirisi), İstanbul: TKK.
  • Yılmaz, Sinan. (2015). Paganizm’den Hıristiyanlığa Geçmiş Semboller (I. ve V. Yüzyıllar Arası), Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Sivas.
There are 74 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section RESEARCH
Authors

M. Sacit Pekak

Durmuş Gür

Publication Date August 17, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 24 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Pekak, M. S., & Gür, D. (2016). İsa’nın Doğumu. Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, 24(2), 175-226. https://doi.org/10.29135/std.273896