On beşinci yüzyılda inşa edilen Topkapı Sarayı yaklaşık beş asırlık oluşumuyla Osmanlı Devleti’nin sosyal, ekonomik, idari, askeri, sanatsal ve kültürel kimliğini yansıtmaktadır. Kültürel mirasın önemli bir örneği olan saray her bir parçasıyla özenle korunmayı hak etmektedir. Ancak XX. yüzyıla kadar klasik ve ithal sanatla üst üste tamir ve inşası süren yapıların, özellikle Cumhuriyet Dönemi’nden sonra sarayın müzeye çevrilmesiyle birlikte üslup birliği anlayışı doğrultusunda restorasyon adı altında özgünlüğü zarar görmüştür. Anıtların korunmasıyla ilgili yasaların çok geç yürürlüğe girmesi ve bu yasalardaki eksiklikler, kurulların sınırlı koruma algısı, kurul kararlarının çoğu zaman göz ardı edilmesi, uygulamalardaki özensizlikler, müze işlevinin saray mimarisinin önüne geçmesi saraydaki tahribatları hızlandırmıştır. Sur ve bahçelerle çevrili, yönetim, yaşam, ibadet ve servis mekanlarından oluşan Topkapı Sarayı’nın bir birimi de saray mutfaklarının (Matbah-ı Âmire) yardımcı bir kolu olan Tablakâr Koğuşu’dur. Tablakârların ikamet ettiği, mutfak araç-gereçlerinin depolandığı koğuş Osmanlı Dönemi’nde çeşitli tamir ve güçlendirme yöntemleriyle ayakta tutulmuştur. Saray müzeye çevrildikten sonra koğuşun dönem ekleri ayıklanmış, betonarme elemanların ilavesiyle koğuş özgünlüğünü kaybederek önce araba seksiyonu ve karakol, ardından arşiv ve kumaş deposu olarak hizmete girmiştir. Tablakâr Koğuşu’nun koruma sürecine odaklanan bu çalışma sırasında ülke genelindeki koruma yaklaşımları yasal düzenlemeler, kanunlar ve kurumsal yapılaşma çerçevesinde incelenmiş, bu veriler Topkapı Sarayı, Matbah-ı Âmire ve en son Tablakâr Koğuşu özelinde karşılaştırılmıştır. Tablakâr Koğuşu’nda esaslı onarımın en son 1962 tarihinde yürütülmesi sebebiyle XV. yüzyıldan 1962 yılına kadar olan bir süreci kapsayan bu çalışmada koruma tarihi, Topkapı Sarayı’nın mimarisi, teşkilat yapısı ve tarihi ile ilgili kaynaklar taranmış, kurul kararları ile Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devlet Arşivleri Başkanlığı’ndaki tamir belgelerine yer verilmiştir.
Koruma tarihi koruma sorunları Topkapı Sarayı saray mutfakları (Matbah-ı Âmire) Tablakar Koğuşu tamir ve restorasyon Tablakâr Koğuşu
Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Proje Koordinatörlüğü
FBA-2021-4083
The Topkapı Palace, built in the second quarter of the fifteenth century in Sarayburnu, İstanbul, reflects the social, economic, administrative, military, artistic and cultural identity of the Ottoman Dynasty with its nearly five-century-old formation. After the foundation of the Topkapı Palace consisting of administrative, residential, worship and service areas surrounded by fortification walls and gardens, its construction and repair process continued perpetually by virtue of its high population including sultan and his own family, palace women, internal and external servants until the nineteenth century. This process was related to the sultan’s personal claim through the principle of practicality. Namely, if a palace structure was not useful anymore, it could be left idle and even demolished. In the nineteenth century, the palace was abandoned partially, hence, only visited in special occasions by the dynasty and shown around like a museum to foreign bureaucrats. This situation led the repair of the structures on visit route and service units solely, while the rest of them were left neglected and idle owing to the principle of practicality. After converted into a museum in 1924, the Topkapı Palace lost its authenticity due to the prevalent tendency of stylistic unity under the name of supposed restorations especially in the Republican Era. Its late periodic Western layers were eliminated to transform the palace into the glorious days of the Ottoman Empire, the late ones were replaced with the classical ones, as well. Besides, using cement-based material on the invisible parts of a structure was not found inconvenient. The very late publication of the laws regarding the conservation and the inadequacies of them, limited perceptions of boards, poor documentation, mostly ignored boards’ decisions, interpretation-based interventions, imprecise executions and priority of the museum function over the palace architecture enhanced this destruction. Of course, all of these circumstances had a serious impact on the Tablakâr Ward, which is the subject of this study. Being an auxiliary branch of the palace kitchens, The Tablakâr Ward, where tray carriers lived and kitchen utensils were kept, was tried to be sustained because it was an essential service unit in the Ottoman Era even in the nineteenth century. This permanence was ensured thanks to the various repair and consolidation methods such as maintenance, new planning or after disasters like earthquakes and fires. In Republican Era, through stylistic unity urge, its late periodic layers were eliminated and Ottoman classical architectural elements were added so as to revive an era. Moreover, by keeping its masonry structure shell the ward’s interior was redesigned by using cement-based materials such as plaster, flooring, stairs, lintel and beam because of the fact that conserving the silhouette of a structure was the only matter during those days. Regardless of its authenticity, the ward was served as antique car section and police station and subsequently as fabric storage and archive. During this study, limited to the 15th century and 1962, the last essential restoration of the ward, conservation approaches across the country were examined within the framework of legal regulations, laws and institutional structuring, and these were compared with the Topkapı Palace, palace kitchens and most recently the Tablakâr Ward to acquire conservation process of the Tablakâr Ward with the help of a literature review, board decisions and repair documents of The Ottoman Archives of the Turkish Republic Presidency State Archives.
Conservation history conservation issues Topkapı Palace palace kitchens (Matbah-ı Âmire) Tablakar Ward repair and restoration Tablakâr Ward
FBA-2021-4083
Primary Language | Turkish |
---|---|
Subjects | History of Architecture |
Journal Section | RESEARCH |
Authors | |
Project Number | FBA-2021-4083 |
Publication Date | December 31, 2024 |
Submission Date | December 26, 2023 |
Acceptance Date | September 30, 2024 |
Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 33 Issue: 2 |