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YEMEKLİK YAĞLARDAKİ SERBEST YAĞ ASİDİ DÜZEYİNİN STANDART METOTLARA ALTERNATİF GELİŞTİRİLEN AKIŞ ENJEKSİYON ANALİZ METODUYLA BELİRLENMESİ

Year 2015, Issue: 40, 23 - 40, 01.06.2015

Abstract

Sunulan bu çalışmanın amacı; yemeklik yağlardaki serbest yağ asidi (%FFA) düzeylerinin belirlenmesi için -standart metotlara alternatif olacağı düşünülen- yeni bir akış enjeksiyon analiz (FIA) metodunun geliştirilmesidir. Çalışmada FIA analizörü olarak yönlendirme valfleri ve uygun reaksiyon hücrelerinin adaptasyonu ile modifiye edilen bir HPLC sistemi kullanılmış, numune ve reaktif miktarlarının mikrolitre seviyesinde tutulduğu tayinlerde, yağ numuneleri herhangi bir ön işleme tabi tutulmaksızın direk olarak enjekte edilmiştir. % FFA tayini için geliştirilen FIA metodu birçok parametre dikkate alınarak valide edilmiş, bu çalışmalar sonucunda metodun yüksek doğruluk, kesinlik, sağlamlık ve hassasiyete sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca; geliştirilen FIA metodu, %FFA tayininde standart metot olarak kullanılan AOCS Ca-5a-40 metodu ile istatistiksel F ve t testleri kullanılarak karşılaştırılmış, %95 güven seviyesinde metotlar arasında anlamlı bir fark olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma ile elde edilen sonuçlar; önerilen FIA metodunun, çevre açısından potansiyel tehlike oluşturabilecek çözücülerin kullanımını azaltması, düşük maliyetle hızlı analizlerin gerçekleştirilmesine olanak sağlaması gibi üstün özellikleri sebebiyle “iyileştirme ve ilerleme” sağlamaya yönelik bir metot olduğunu ve yağ sanayi sektöründe kolaylıkla uygulanabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

References

  • AOCS, 2004. Official methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, III. AOCS (Method Cd 8-53 and Ca 5a-40). In. Eds, 5th edn.: Champaign, p.
  • Armenta S, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M, 2007. Determination of edible oil parameters by near infrared spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 596, 2, 330-337.
  • Ayyıldız HF, 2010. Otomatikleştirilmiş Akış Enjeksiyon Sistemlerİyle Yağ Analiz Metotlarının Geliştirilmesi, Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniveristesi, Konya.
  • Ayyildiz HF, Kara H, 2014. A Highly Efficient Automated Flow Injection Method for Rapid Determination of Free Fatty Acid Content in Corn Oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 91, 4, 549-558.
  • Ayyildiz HF, Kara H, Sherazi STH, 2011. A Novel Approach for Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Vegetable Oils by a Flow Injection System with Manual Injection. Lipids, 46, 12, 1181-1190.
  • Ballesteros E, Gallego M, Valcárcel M, 1995. Simultaneous determination of sterols in edible oils by use of a continuous separation module coupled to a gas chromatograph. Analytica Chimica Acta, 308, 1–3, 253- 260.
  • Bernardini E, 1973. In: New Oil and Fat Technology. Eds: Colucci V, 2nd Ed. . Rome: Technology, p. 423-467.
  • Cañizares MP, Tena MT, De Castro MDL, 1996. On line coupling of a liquid-liquid extraction flow-reversal system to a spectrophotometric flow-through sensor for the determination of polyphenols in olive oil. Analytica Chimica Acta, 323, 1–3, 55-62.
  • Che Man YB, Setiowaty G, 1999. Application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine free fatty acid contents in palm olein. Food Chemistry, 66, 1, 109-114.
  • EC, (1991). Official Journal of the Commission of the European Communities, Regulation No 2568/91, L 248.
  • Ekstrom LG, 1981. An automatized method for determination of free fatty acids. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 58(10), 935-938.
  • EURACHEM, (1998). The Fittness for purpose of analitical metods a laboratory guide to metod validation and related topic.
  • Kanya TCS, Rao LJ, Sastry MCS, 2007. Characterization of wax esters, free fatty alcohols and free fatty acids of crude wax from sunflower seed oil refineries. Food Chemistry, 101, 4, 1552-1557.
  • Kayri M, 2009. Araştırmalarda Gruplar Arası Farkın Belirlenmesine Yönelik Çoklu Karşılaştırma (Post-Hoc) Teknikleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19, 1, 51-64.
  • Kırış S, Velioğlu YS, 2013. Zeytin ve Zeytinyağı Örneklerinde Pestisit Kalıntılarının Belirlenmesi için Bir Metot Çalışması. Gıda, 38 (3), 151-158.
  • Klampfl CW, Buchberger W, Haddad PR, 2000. Determination of organic acids in food samples by capillary zone electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography A, 881, 1–2, 357-364.
  • Korkut AY, Kop A, Demir P, 2007. Bal ık Yemlerinde Kullan ılan Bal ık Yağ ı ve Özellikleri. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 24, 1-2, 195-199.
  • Labrinea EP, Thomaidis NS, Georgiou CA, 2001. Direct olive oil anisidine value determination by flow injection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 448, 1–2, 201-206.
  • Li G, You J, Suo Y, Song C, Sun Z, Xia L, Zhao X, Shi J, 2011. A developed pre-column derivatization method for the determination of free fatty acids in edible oils by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection and its application to Lycium barbarum seed oil. Food Chemistry, 125, 4, 1365-1372.
  • Mariotti E, Mascini M, 2001. Determination of extra virgin olive oil acidity by FIA-titration. Food Chemistry, 73, 2, 235-238.
  • Mesa JAG, Linares P, Luque de Castro MD, Valcárcel M, 1990. Direct automatic determination of polyphenols in olive oils in the aqueous phase of a flow-injection liquid-liquid extraction system without phase separation. Analytica Chimica Acta, 235, 0, 441-444.
  • Nouros PG, A. Georgiou C, Polissiou MG, 1999. Direct parallel flow injection multichannel spectrophotometric determination of olive oil peroxide value. Analytica Chimica Acta, 389, 1–3, 239-245.
  • Nouros PG, Georgiou CA, Polissiou MG, 1997. Automated flow injection spectrophotometric non-aqueous titrimetric determination of the free fatty acid content of olive oil. Analytica Chimica Acta, 351, 1–3, 291- 297.
  • Osawa CC, Gonçalves LAG, Ragazzi S, 2007. Correlation between free fatty acids of vegetable oils evaluated by rapid tests and by the official method. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20, 6, 523-528.
  • Pérez-Ruiz T, Martínez-Lozano C, Tomás V, Val O, 1993. Fluorimetric flow-injection determination of hydroperoxides in foodstuffs. Food Chemistry, 46, 3, 301-305.
  • Pineiro Avila G, de la Guardia M, 1997. Enzymic Determination of Peroxides in Non-aqueous Media. Analyst, 122, 12, 1543-1547.
  • Pinto PCAG, Saraiva MLMFS, Lima JLFC, 2006. A flow sampling strategy for the analysis of oil samples without pre-treatment in a sequential injection analysis system. Analytica Chimica Acta, 555, 2, 377-383.
  • Saad B, Ling CW, Jab MS, Lim BP, Mohamad Ali AS, Wai WT, Saleh MI, 2007. Determination of free fatty acids in palm oil samples using non-aqueous flow injection titrimetric method. Food Chemistry, 102, 4, 1407-1414.
  • Saygın A, 1988. Deoderizasyon Şartlarının Pamuk Yağının Özelliklerine Etkileri, Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi, Bornova, İzmir.
  • Tan C-H, Ghazali HM, Kuntom A, Tan C-P, Ariffin AA, 2009. Extraction and physicochemical properties of low free fatty acid crude palm oil. Food Chemistry, 113, 2, 645-650.
  • Thomaidis NS, Georgiou CA, 1999. Edible oil analysis by flow injection. Laboratory Automation & Information Management, 34, 2, 101-114.
  • Thomaidis NS, Georgiou CA, 2000. Direct parallel flow injection multichannel spectrophotometric determination of olive oil iodine value. Analytica Chimica Acta, 405, 1–2, 239-245.
  • Toyo’oka T, 2002. Fluorescent tagging of physiologically important carboxylic acids, including fatty acids, for their detection in liquid chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta, 465, 1–2, 111-130.
  • Tunca A, İmamoğlu E, 2012. Sibutramin’in GC-FID Kromatografisi Metodu ile Farmasötik Preparatlarda Miktar Tayini SAÜ Fen Edebiyat Dergisi.
  • Velasco-Arjona A, Luque de Castro MD, 1998. A fully robotic method for the determination of acid values in olive oil without titration. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 75, 12, 1849-1853. SELÇUK ÜNİVERİSTESİ
  • BİLİMSEL DERGİLER KOORDİNATÖRLÜĞÜ SELCUK UNIVERSITY
  • COORDINATION UNIT OF SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS
  • © 2015 Reproduction is free for scientific studies

DETERMINATION OF FREE FATTY ACID LEVELS IN EDIBLE OILS BY DEVELOPED FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS METHOD AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE STANDARD METHOD

Year 2015, Issue: 40, 23 - 40, 01.06.2015

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develope a new flow injection analysis (FIA) methodexpected to be an alternative to standard methods- for free fatty acid (FFA) determination in edible oils. The analyses were carried out on HPLC system modified for FIA analysis by adding selection valves and appropriate reaction coils. Quantities of sample and reagents used in the analysis are kept at the microliter level and the oil samples were directly injected into the system. Validation studies for new developed FIA method were performed by using various validation parameter sand, as a result of these studies, it was found that the proposed method have high accuracy, precision, and strength. Besides, the developed FIA method was compared with AOCS Ca-5a-40 standard method by using F and t tests and, it was determined that two methods were not statistically significant in 95% confidence level. Obtained results revealed that the proposed FIA method developed for %FFA determination in edible oils is considered to be a good method of ensuring the “improvement and progress” due to their superior properties such as reducing the use of solvents potential danger for the environment, allowing the realization of rapid analysis with low cost and thus it is hoped that the method can be easily applied in oil industry.

References

  • AOCS, 2004. Official methods and recommended practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, III. AOCS (Method Cd 8-53 and Ca 5a-40). In. Eds, 5th edn.: Champaign, p.
  • Armenta S, Garrigues S, de la Guardia M, 2007. Determination of edible oil parameters by near infrared spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 596, 2, 330-337.
  • Ayyıldız HF, 2010. Otomatikleştirilmiş Akış Enjeksiyon Sistemlerİyle Yağ Analiz Metotlarının Geliştirilmesi, Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniveristesi, Konya.
  • Ayyildiz HF, Kara H, 2014. A Highly Efficient Automated Flow Injection Method for Rapid Determination of Free Fatty Acid Content in Corn Oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 91, 4, 549-558.
  • Ayyildiz HF, Kara H, Sherazi STH, 2011. A Novel Approach for Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Vegetable Oils by a Flow Injection System with Manual Injection. Lipids, 46, 12, 1181-1190.
  • Ballesteros E, Gallego M, Valcárcel M, 1995. Simultaneous determination of sterols in edible oils by use of a continuous separation module coupled to a gas chromatograph. Analytica Chimica Acta, 308, 1–3, 253- 260.
  • Bernardini E, 1973. In: New Oil and Fat Technology. Eds: Colucci V, 2nd Ed. . Rome: Technology, p. 423-467.
  • Cañizares MP, Tena MT, De Castro MDL, 1996. On line coupling of a liquid-liquid extraction flow-reversal system to a spectrophotometric flow-through sensor for the determination of polyphenols in olive oil. Analytica Chimica Acta, 323, 1–3, 55-62.
  • Che Man YB, Setiowaty G, 1999. Application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine free fatty acid contents in palm olein. Food Chemistry, 66, 1, 109-114.
  • EC, (1991). Official Journal of the Commission of the European Communities, Regulation No 2568/91, L 248.
  • Ekstrom LG, 1981. An automatized method for determination of free fatty acids. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 58(10), 935-938.
  • EURACHEM, (1998). The Fittness for purpose of analitical metods a laboratory guide to metod validation and related topic.
  • Kanya TCS, Rao LJ, Sastry MCS, 2007. Characterization of wax esters, free fatty alcohols and free fatty acids of crude wax from sunflower seed oil refineries. Food Chemistry, 101, 4, 1552-1557.
  • Kayri M, 2009. Araştırmalarda Gruplar Arası Farkın Belirlenmesine Yönelik Çoklu Karşılaştırma (Post-Hoc) Teknikleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19, 1, 51-64.
  • Kırış S, Velioğlu YS, 2013. Zeytin ve Zeytinyağı Örneklerinde Pestisit Kalıntılarının Belirlenmesi için Bir Metot Çalışması. Gıda, 38 (3), 151-158.
  • Klampfl CW, Buchberger W, Haddad PR, 2000. Determination of organic acids in food samples by capillary zone electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography A, 881, 1–2, 357-364.
  • Korkut AY, Kop A, Demir P, 2007. Bal ık Yemlerinde Kullan ılan Bal ık Yağ ı ve Özellikleri. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 24, 1-2, 195-199.
  • Labrinea EP, Thomaidis NS, Georgiou CA, 2001. Direct olive oil anisidine value determination by flow injection. Analytica Chimica Acta, 448, 1–2, 201-206.
  • Li G, You J, Suo Y, Song C, Sun Z, Xia L, Zhao X, Shi J, 2011. A developed pre-column derivatization method for the determination of free fatty acids in edible oils by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection and its application to Lycium barbarum seed oil. Food Chemistry, 125, 4, 1365-1372.
  • Mariotti E, Mascini M, 2001. Determination of extra virgin olive oil acidity by FIA-titration. Food Chemistry, 73, 2, 235-238.
  • Mesa JAG, Linares P, Luque de Castro MD, Valcárcel M, 1990. Direct automatic determination of polyphenols in olive oils in the aqueous phase of a flow-injection liquid-liquid extraction system without phase separation. Analytica Chimica Acta, 235, 0, 441-444.
  • Nouros PG, A. Georgiou C, Polissiou MG, 1999. Direct parallel flow injection multichannel spectrophotometric determination of olive oil peroxide value. Analytica Chimica Acta, 389, 1–3, 239-245.
  • Nouros PG, Georgiou CA, Polissiou MG, 1997. Automated flow injection spectrophotometric non-aqueous titrimetric determination of the free fatty acid content of olive oil. Analytica Chimica Acta, 351, 1–3, 291- 297.
  • Osawa CC, Gonçalves LAG, Ragazzi S, 2007. Correlation between free fatty acids of vegetable oils evaluated by rapid tests and by the official method. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 20, 6, 523-528.
  • Pérez-Ruiz T, Martínez-Lozano C, Tomás V, Val O, 1993. Fluorimetric flow-injection determination of hydroperoxides in foodstuffs. Food Chemistry, 46, 3, 301-305.
  • Pineiro Avila G, de la Guardia M, 1997. Enzymic Determination of Peroxides in Non-aqueous Media. Analyst, 122, 12, 1543-1547.
  • Pinto PCAG, Saraiva MLMFS, Lima JLFC, 2006. A flow sampling strategy for the analysis of oil samples without pre-treatment in a sequential injection analysis system. Analytica Chimica Acta, 555, 2, 377-383.
  • Saad B, Ling CW, Jab MS, Lim BP, Mohamad Ali AS, Wai WT, Saleh MI, 2007. Determination of free fatty acids in palm oil samples using non-aqueous flow injection titrimetric method. Food Chemistry, 102, 4, 1407-1414.
  • Saygın A, 1988. Deoderizasyon Şartlarının Pamuk Yağının Özelliklerine Etkileri, Doktora Tezi, Ege Üniversitesi, Bornova, İzmir.
  • Tan C-H, Ghazali HM, Kuntom A, Tan C-P, Ariffin AA, 2009. Extraction and physicochemical properties of low free fatty acid crude palm oil. Food Chemistry, 113, 2, 645-650.
  • Thomaidis NS, Georgiou CA, 1999. Edible oil analysis by flow injection. Laboratory Automation & Information Management, 34, 2, 101-114.
  • Thomaidis NS, Georgiou CA, 2000. Direct parallel flow injection multichannel spectrophotometric determination of olive oil iodine value. Analytica Chimica Acta, 405, 1–2, 239-245.
  • Toyo’oka T, 2002. Fluorescent tagging of physiologically important carboxylic acids, including fatty acids, for their detection in liquid chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta, 465, 1–2, 111-130.
  • Tunca A, İmamoğlu E, 2012. Sibutramin’in GC-FID Kromatografisi Metodu ile Farmasötik Preparatlarda Miktar Tayini SAÜ Fen Edebiyat Dergisi.
  • Velasco-Arjona A, Luque de Castro MD, 1998. A fully robotic method for the determination of acid values in olive oil without titration. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 75, 12, 1849-1853. SELÇUK ÜNİVERİSTESİ
  • BİLİMSEL DERGİLER KOORDİNATÖRLÜĞÜ SELCUK UNIVERSITY
  • COORDINATION UNIT OF SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS
  • © 2015 Reproduction is free for scientific studies
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA57ZB54DS
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hamide Filiz Ayyıldız This is me

Hüseyin Kara This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2015
Submission Date June 1, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Issue: 40

Cite

APA Ayyıldız, H. F., & Kara, H. (2015). YEMEKLİK YAĞLARDAKİ SERBEST YAĞ ASİDİ DÜZEYİNİN STANDART METOTLARA ALTERNATİF GELİŞTİRİLEN AKIŞ ENJEKSİYON ANALİZ METODUYLA BELİRLENMESİ. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi(40), 23-40.
AMA Ayyıldız HF, Kara H. YEMEKLİK YAĞLARDAKİ SERBEST YAĞ ASİDİ DÜZEYİNİN STANDART METOTLARA ALTERNATİF GELİŞTİRİLEN AKIŞ ENJEKSİYON ANALİZ METODUYLA BELİRLENMESİ. sufefd. June 2015;(40):23-40.
Chicago Ayyıldız, Hamide Filiz, and Hüseyin Kara. “YEMEKLİK YAĞLARDAKİ SERBEST YAĞ ASİDİ DÜZEYİNİN STANDART METOTLARA ALTERNATİF GELİŞTİRİLEN AKIŞ ENJEKSİYON ANALİZ METODUYLA BELİRLENMESİ”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, no. 40 (June 2015): 23-40.
EndNote Ayyıldız HF, Kara H (June 1, 2015) YEMEKLİK YAĞLARDAKİ SERBEST YAĞ ASİDİ DÜZEYİNİN STANDART METOTLARA ALTERNATİF GELİŞTİRİLEN AKIŞ ENJEKSİYON ANALİZ METODUYLA BELİRLENMESİ. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi 40 23–40.
IEEE H. F. Ayyıldız and H. Kara, “YEMEKLİK YAĞLARDAKİ SERBEST YAĞ ASİDİ DÜZEYİNİN STANDART METOTLARA ALTERNATİF GELİŞTİRİLEN AKIŞ ENJEKSİYON ANALİZ METODUYLA BELİRLENMESİ”, sufefd, no. 40, pp. 23–40, June 2015.
ISNAD Ayyıldız, Hamide Filiz - Kara, Hüseyin. “YEMEKLİK YAĞLARDAKİ SERBEST YAĞ ASİDİ DÜZEYİNİN STANDART METOTLARA ALTERNATİF GELİŞTİRİLEN AKIŞ ENJEKSİYON ANALİZ METODUYLA BELİRLENMESİ”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi 40 (June 2015), 23-40.
JAMA Ayyıldız HF, Kara H. YEMEKLİK YAĞLARDAKİ SERBEST YAĞ ASİDİ DÜZEYİNİN STANDART METOTLARA ALTERNATİF GELİŞTİRİLEN AKIŞ ENJEKSİYON ANALİZ METODUYLA BELİRLENMESİ. sufefd. 2015;:23–40.
MLA Ayyıldız, Hamide Filiz and Hüseyin Kara. “YEMEKLİK YAĞLARDAKİ SERBEST YAĞ ASİDİ DÜZEYİNİN STANDART METOTLARA ALTERNATİF GELİŞTİRİLEN AKIŞ ENJEKSİYON ANALİZ METODUYLA BELİRLENMESİ”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, no. 40, 2015, pp. 23-40.
Vancouver Ayyıldız HF, Kara H. YEMEKLİK YAĞLARDAKİ SERBEST YAĞ ASİDİ DÜZEYİNİN STANDART METOTLARA ALTERNATİF GELİŞTİRİLEN AKIŞ ENJEKSİYON ANALİZ METODUYLA BELİRLENMESİ. sufefd. 2015(40):23-40.

Journal Owner: On behalf of Selçuk University Faculty of Science, Rector Prof. Dr. Hüseyin YILMAZ
Selcuk University Journal of Science Faculty accepts articles in Turkish and English with original results in basic sciences and other applied sciences. The journal may also include compilations containing current innovations.

It was first published in 1981 as "S.Ü. Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi" and was published under this name until 1984 (Number 1-4).
In 1984, its name was changed to "S.Ü. Fen-Edeb. Fak. Fen Dergisi" and it was published under this name as of the 5th issue.
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