An Example of Judicial Attitude: On the Basis of Sex Movie

Year 2022, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 195 - 220, 15.03.2022

İlknur Rabia Türkölmez

https://doi.org/10.15337/suhfd.1003996

Abstract

Judiciary is the focus of attention because it is an area intertwined with our lives. Judicial decisions have always been the subject of discussion, as they touch everyone's life in some way. In the academy, how and on what basis the decision is made throughout the case is examined in the literature of judicial attitude, which is a common area of law and political science under the judicial decision-making studies. One of the areas where judges whose decisions are exposed to criticism outside of academic studies are dealt with is cinema. In this study, the concept of judicial attitude has been tried to be evaluated with the example of “On the Basis of Sex“movie which is about Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s life and Moritz v. the Commissioner case. As a result of the study, as reflected in the film, it has been seen that judicial decision-making is also influenced by personal characteristics, based on attitudes and open to influences such as the previous experiences of the judge and the conditions of the period, albeit within the framework of the law.

Keywords

Judicial Decision Making, Judicial Attitude, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, On the Basis of Sex Movie, Judiciary in Cinema

Yargısal Tutum Kavramına Sinemadan Bir Örnek: Eşitlik Savaşçısı Filmi

Abstract

Yargı hepimizin hayatıyla iç içe bir alan olması sebebiyle ilgi odağıdır. Yargı kararları herkesin hayatına bir şekilde dokunduğundan da her zaman tartışma konusu olmuşlardır. Akademide dava boyunca nasıl ve neye dayanarak karar verildiği hukuk ve siyaset bilimi ortak alanı olan yargısal karar verme çalışmalarının alt dalı olan yargısal tutum literatüründe incelenmektedir. Akademik çalışmalar dışında da kararları eleştiriye fazlaca maruz kalan yargıçların ele alındığı alanlardan biri de sinemadır. Bu çalışmada Eşitlik Savaşçısı filminde baş karakter olan Ruth Bader Ginsburg ve Moritz v. Commissioner davası örneğiyle yargısal tutum kavramı değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda ise filmde de yansıtıldığı üzere yargısal karar vermenin kişisel özelliklerden de etkilenerek tutumlara dayanan ve yasalar çerçevesinde de olsa yargıcın geçmiş tecrübeleri ve dönemin şartları gibi etkilere açık olduğu görülmüştür.

Keywords

Yargısal Karar Verme, Yargısal Tutum, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Eşitlik Savaşçısı Filmi, Sinemada Yargı

References

• AKBAŞ, Kasım, “Ronald Dworkin: Pozitivizmin ve Doğal Hukukun Eleştirisinden Bir ‘Yargılama Kuramı’na”, Çağdaş Hukuk Düşüncesine Giriş, UZUN, Ertuğrul (ed.), İthaki Yayınları, İstanbul, 2015, s. 195-212.
• ARONSON, E., Wilson, T. D., AKERT, R. M., & GÜNDÜZ, O. Sosyal Psikoloji. Kaknüs Yayınları, 2012.
• BAUM, Lawrence, "Motivation and Judicial Behavior: Expanding the Scope of Inquiry." (Klein, David E., and Gregory Mitchell, eds). The Psychology of Judicial Decision Making, 2010, pp.3-25.
• BAUM, Lawrence, Judges and their Audiences: A Perspective on Judicial Behavior., 2006.
• BAUM, Lawrence, The puzzle of judicial behavior. University of Michigan Press, 2009.
• CARDOZO, Benjamin N., The Nature of the Judicial Process, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1921.
• CARDOZO, Benjamin N., Yargı Sürecinin Doğası (Çev. Muzaffer DÜLGER ve Sedat ERÇİN), İstanbul Tekin Yayınevi, 2018.
• CEYLAN, Şule Şahin. HLA Hart'ın hukuk kavramı. On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2014.
• DEDE, Savaş, “Toplumsal Faktörlerin Hâkimlerin Kararları Üzerindeki Etkisi”. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyoloji Anabilim Dalı. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, 2017.
• DWORKIN, Ronald M. "The model of rules." The University of Chicago Law Review 35.1, 1967, pp. 14-46.
• EPSTEIN, Lee & LINDQUIST, Stefanie A. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of US Judicial Behavior, Oxford University Press, 2017.
• EPSTEIN, Lee, “Some Thoughts on the Study of Judicial Behavior”, William & Mary Law Review, Cilt 57, Sayı 6, 2016, pp. 2017-2073.
• EPSTEIN, Lee, ŠADL Urkša, and WEİNSHALL Keren. "The Role of Comparative Law in the Analysis of Judicial Behavior." American Journal of Comparative Law, forthcoming, 2021. (https://static1.squarespace.com/static/60188505fb790b33c3d33a61/t/60447b74c343a45fe3dd7194/1615100788882/JudBehCompLaw.pdf )
• ERDOĞAN, Mustafa. Anayasal Demokrasi, Ankara, Siyasal Kitabevi, 2015.
• GINSBURG, Ruth Bader, "Gender and the Constitution." U. Cin. L. Rev. 44, 1975.
• GINSBURG, Ruth Bader, "Sexual Equality Under the Fourteenth and Equal Rights Amendments." Wash. ULQ, 1979.
• GINSBURG, Ruth Bader, "Some thoughts on autonomy and equality in relation to Roe v. Wade." NCL Rev. 63, 1984.
• GINSBURG, Ruth Bader, & HUBER, Peter W. HUBER. "The Iintercircuit Ccommittee." Harv. L. Rev. 100, 1986.
• GINSBURG, Ruth Bader, & MERRITT, Deborah Jones "Affirmative Aaction: an Iinternational Hhuman Rrights Ddialogue." Cardozo L. Rev. 21, 1999.
• GINSBURG, Ruth Bader, Speaking in a Judicial Voice. New York University Press, 2001.
• HART, Herbert Lionel Adolphus, The Concept of Law, Oxford Universty Press, 2012.
• HEYWOOD, Andrew, Siyasi İdeolojiler, Liberte, 1997.
• HİRŞ, Ernest E. Pratik Hukukta Metot (Güncellenmiş 8. Baskıdan Tıpkı Basım), Banka ve Ticaret Hukuku Araştırma Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2018.
• HOWARD, Robert M. &KIRK A. Randazzo (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Judicial Behavior, Routledge, 2017.
• HOWARD, Robert M., & RANDAZZO, Kirk A., eds. Routledge Handbook of Judicial Behavior. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
• https://cardozo.yu.edu/about-cardozo/about-benjamin-n-cardozo (Erişim Tarihi: 20/03/2021)
• https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/469/466/79852/ (Erişim Tarihi: 19/09/2021)
• https://time.com/5478411/on-the-basis-of-sex-true-story/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10/08/2021).
• https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct047z(Erişim Tarihi: 10/08/2021)
• https://www.beyazperde.com/filmler/film-237762/ (Erişim Tarihi: 30/ 08/ 2021)
• https://www.biography.com/law-figure/ruth-bader-ginsburg (Erişim Tarihi: 30/08/ 2021)
• https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/ruth-bader-ginsburg (Erişim Tarihi: 27/09/2021)
• https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050083/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0 (Erişim Tarihi: 27 / 08/ 2021)
• https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0055031/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0 (Erişim Tarihi: 27 / 08/ 2021)
• https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0056592/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0 (Erişim Tarihi: 27 / 08/ 2021)
• https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1070874/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_8 (Erişim Tarihi: 27 / 08/ 2021)
• https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1078588/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 (Erişim Tarihi: 27 / 08/ 2021)
• https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1279180/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1 (Erişim Tarihi: 27 / 08/ 2021)
• https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4669788/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27 / 08/ 2021)
• https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4669788/ (Erişim Tarihi: 27 / 08/ 2021)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRqe43iwhbw (Erişim Tarihi: 02/09/2021)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuB4vr6Elok (Erişim Tarihi: 02/09/2021)
• Internal Revenue Code of 1954, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-68/pdf/STATUTE-68A-Pg1.pdf.
• KENNEDY, Duncan, Modern Hukukun Kaderi, Dost Yayınları, Ankara, 2017.
• KLEIN, David E., & GREGORY Mitchell, eds. The psychology of Judicial Decision Making. Oxford University Press, XIII, 2010.
• KLONOSKI, James R. / MENDELSOHN, Robert. I. (Ed.), The Politics of Local Justice, Little Brown, Boston, 1970.
• METİN, Sevtap, (eds.), Hukuku Sinemada Görmek, Tekin Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2015.
• MILES, Thomas J., & SUNSTEIN, Cass R. "The New Legal Realism." U. Chi. L. Rev. 75, 2008.
• MİSAFİR, Selim, Devlet ve İnsan Hakları Perspektifinden Hukuk ve Sinema, Ankara, Astana Yayınları, 2021.
• NELSON, Michael J. & EPSTEIN Lee. "Human Capital in Court: The Role of Attorney Experience in US Supreme Court Litigation.", 2021. (https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/714577?journalCode=jlc)
• ODER, Bertil Emrah. Anayasa Yargısında Yorum Yöntemleri: Hukuksal Yöntem Bilime Dayalı Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma. Beta, 2010.
• ÖKTEM, Niyazi, &TÜRKBAĞ, Ahmet Ulvi, Felsefe Sosyoloji Hukuk ve Devlet, Der Yayınları, 7. Baskı, İstanbul, 2017.
• POURMOHAMMADİ, Reza, YUSEFİ, Mohammad Mahdi, & FORUSHANİ, Mohaammad. "Judges’social Backgrounds And Judicial Decision-Making." Law Quarterly 51.3, 2021, pp. 409-427.
• SEGAL, J. A., & SPAETH, H. J. The Supreme Court and The Attitudinal Model Revisited, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
• SEGAL, Jeffrey A, “Judicial Behavior”, (Ed.) CALDEIRA, A. / KELEMEN, R. Daniel &WHITTINGTON, Keith E.: The Oxford Handbook of Political Science, Oxford University Press, 2008.
• SPAETH, Harold J. “The Attitudinal Model.” In Contemplating Courts, ed. Lee Epstein. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1995.
• TAYLOR, E. Hunter. "HLA Hart's Concept of Law in the Perspective of American Legal Realism." The Modern Law Review 35.6, 1972, pp. 606-620.
• TORUN, Yıldırım. Hukuk felsefesi. Orion Kitabevi, 2012.
• UZUN, Ertuğrul. "H.L.A. Hart: Kurallar Sistemi Olarak Hukuk." Çağdaş Hukuk Düşüncesine Giriş, UZUN, Ertuğrul (ed.), İthaki Yayınları, İstanbul, 2015, ss. 139-165.
• WALUCHOW, Wilfrid J. "Hart, Legal Rules and Palm Tree Justice." Law and Philosophy 4.1, 1985, pp. 41-70.
• WEIDEN, David L. "Judicial politicization, ideology, and activism at the high courts of the United States, Canada, and Australia." Political Research Quarterly 64.2, 2011, 335-347.
• WEIDEN, David L. Judicial Decision-Making In Comparative Perspective: Ideology, Law And Activism In Constitutional Courts, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Austin, 2007.
• WILLIAMS, Damian. Legalism, Judicial Rational-Choice, and the Majority Opinion in Citizens United, 2018.
• WRIGHTSMAN, Lawrence S. “Judicial Decision Making: Is Psychology Relevant?” Vol. 11. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
• YILDIRIM, Engin KUTLAR, Aziz, ve GÜLENER, Serdar "1962-1982 Dönemi Anayasa Mahkemesi Üyelerinin Yargısal İdeal Noktalarının Belirlenmesi." Amme Idaresi Dergisi 50.4, 2017, ss. 1-31.
• YILDIRIM, Engin, & GÜLENER, Serdar, "Anayasa Mahkemesi Kadın Üyelerinin Yargısal Tutumları: Ampirik Bir Araştırma." Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi 6.11, 2017, s. 51-84.