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Epilepsy and Pediatric Epilepsy Syndromes

Year 2022, Volume: 16 Issue: 3, 249 - 257, 30.05.2022

Ceren Günbey , Güzide Turanlı

https://doi.org/10.12956/tchd.888121
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Epilepsy is an important neurological disorder which affects more than 10.000.000 children around the world, characterized by epileptic seizures that occur due to abnormal, excessive and simultaneous stimulation of neurons in brain. Different classification schemes have been suggested in order to ensure correct diagnosis and treatment, predict prognosis and implement a standardized nomenclature among all clinicians. The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has proposed several classifications, the most current ones are ILAE 2010 classification of epilepsy syndromes, ILAE 2017 classification of seizures and epilepsy, and ILAE 2021 classification of neonatal seizures. In the ILAE 2010 classification of epilepsy syndromes, different types of epilepsies were grouped according to the age of onset and other common characteristics. In the ILAE 2017 classification, seizures were grouped into three categories; focal, generalized and unknown, according to the onset of the semiology; furthermore, focal seizures were divided into two groups according to the level of awareness. Evaluation of the underlying etiology was recommended at every step. Etiologies were subclassified into structural, genetic, infectious, metabolic, immune and unknown causes. In the ILAE 2021 classification of neonatal seizures, seizures are divided into two groups, the first group includes electrographic seizures without clinical manifestations, and the second group covers motor, non-motor, sequential and unclassified seizures with clinical manifestations convergent with electroencephalography findings. Seizure and epilepsy classifications, and common pediatric epilepsy syndromes are revised in the light of current studies in this review.

Keywords

epilepsy seizure child epilepsy syndromes

References

  • Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, et al. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia 2005;46(4):470-2.
  • Hirtz D, Thurman DJ, Gwinn-Hardy K, Mohamed M, Chaudhuri AR, Zalutsky R. How common are the "common" neurologic disorders? Neurology 2007;68(5):326-37. Newton CR, Garcia HH. Epilepsy in poor regions of the world. Lancet. 2012;380(9848):1193-201.
  • Beghi E, Carpio A, Forsgren L, Hesdorffer DC, Malmgren K, Sander JW, et al. Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia 2010;51(4):671-5.
  • Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014;55(4):475-82.
  • Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1981;22(4):489-501.
  • Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1989;30(4):389-99.
  • Berg AT, Millichap JJ. The 2010 revised classification of seizures and epilepsy. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2013;19(3 Epilepsy):571-97.
  • Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, Buchhalter J, Cross JH, van Emde Boas W, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia 2010;51(4):676-85.
  • Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, Connolly MB, French J, Guilhoto L, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 2017;58(4):512-21.
  • Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, Higurashi N, Hirsch E, Jansen FE, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position Paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 2017;58(4):522-30.
  • Pressler RM, Cilio MR, Mizrahi EM, Moshe SL, Nunes ML, Plouin P, et al. The ILAE classification of seizures and the epilepsies: Modification for seizures in the neonate. Position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures. Epilepsia 2021.
  • Pisani F, Spagnoli C, Falsaperla R, Nagarajan L, Ramantani G. Seizures in the neonate: A review of etiologies and outcomes. Seizure 2021;85:48-56.
  • Plouin P, Kaminska A. Neonatal seizures. Handb Clin Neurol 2013;111:467-76.
  • Yamamoto H, Okumura A, Fukuda M. Epilepsies and epileptic syndromes starting in the neonatal period. Brain Dev 2011;33(3):213-20.
  • Myers KA, Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF, Commission IG. Genetic literacy series: genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Epileptic Disord 2018;20(4):232-8.
  • Subcommittee on Febrile S, American Academy of P. Neurodiagnostic evaluation of the child with a simple febrile seizure. Pediatrics 2011;127(2):389-94.
  • Chung S. Febrile seizures. Korean J Pediatr 2014;57(9):384-95.
  • Shinnar S, Glauser TA. Febrile seizures. J Child Neurol 2002;17 Suppl 1:S44-52.
  • Hesdorffer DC, Shinnar S, Lewis DV, Moshe SL, Nordli DR, Jr., Pellock JM, et al. Design and phenomenology of the FEBSTAT study. Epilepsia 2012;53(9):1471-80.
  • Shinnar S, Bello JA, Chan S, Hesdorffer DC, Lewis DV, Macfall J, et al. MRI abnormalities following febrile status epilepticus in children: the FEBSTAT study. Neurology 2012;79(9):871-7.
  • Brunson KL, Eghbal-Ahmadi M, Baram TZ. How do the many etiologies of West syndrome lead to excitability and seizures? The corticotropin releasing hormone excess hypothesis. Brain Dev 2001;23(7):533-8.
  • Sakakihara Y. Treatment of West syndrome. Brain Dev. 2011;33(3):202-6.
  • Dulac O, Soufflet C, Chiron C, Kaminska A. What is West syndrome? Int Rev Neurobiol 2002;49:1-22.
  • Taghdiri MM, Nemati H. Infantile spasm: a review article. Iran J Child Neurol. 2014;8(3):1-5.
  • Wheless JW, Fulton SP, Mudigoudar BD. Dravet Syndrome: A Review of Current Management. Pediatr Neurol 2020;107:28-40.
  • Guerrini R, Pellacani S. Benign childhood focal epilepsies. Epilepsia 2012;53 Suppl 4:9-18.
  • Chan SC, Lee WT. Benign epilepsy in children. J Formos Med Assoc 2011;110(3):134-44.
  • Covanis A. Panayiotopoulos syndrome: a benign childhood autonomic epilepsy frequently imitating encephalitis, syncope, migraine, sleep disorder, or gastroenteritis. Pediatrics 2006;118(4):e1237-43.
  • Ferrie CD, Beaumanoir A, Guerrini R, Kivity S, Vigevano F, Takaishi Y, et al. Early-onset benign occipital seizure susceptibility syndrome. Epilepsia 1997;38(3):285-93.
  • Taylor I, Berkovic SF, Kivity S, Scheffer IE. Benign occipital epilepsies of childhood: clinical features and genetics. Brain 2008;131(Pt 9):2287-94.
  • Landau WM, Kleffner FR. Syndrome of acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder in children. Neurology 1957;7(8):523-30.
  • Duran MH, Guimaraes CA, Medeiros LL, Guerreiro MM. Landau-Kleffner syndrome: long-term follow-up. Brain Dev 2009;31(1):58-63.
  • Caraballo RH, Cejas N, Chamorro N, Kaltenmeier MC, Fortini S, Soprano AM. Landau-Kleffner syndrome: a study of 29 patients. Seizure 2014;23(2):98-104.
  • Matricardi S, Verrotti A, Chiarelli F, Cerminara C, Curatolo P. Current advances in childhood absence epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 2014;50(3):205-12.
  • Camfield CS, Berg A, Stephani U, Wirrell EC. Transition issues for benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, nonlesional focal epilepsy in otherwise normal children, childhood absence epilepsy, and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014;55 Suppl 3:16-20.
  • Classification of progressive myoclonus epilepsies and related disorders. Marseille Consensus Group. Ann Neurol 1990;28(1):113-6.
  • Satishchandra P, Sinha S. Progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Neurol India 2010;58(4):514-22.
  • Kalviainen R. Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsies. Semin Neurol 2015;35(3):293-9.
  • Barkovich AJ, Guerrini R, Kuzniecky RI, Jackson GD, Dobyns WB. A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development: update 2012. Brain 2012;135(Pt 5):1348-69.
  • Leventer RJ, Guerrini R, Dobyns WB. Malformations of cortical development and epilepsy. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2008;10(1):47-62.
  • Mühlebner A, Gröppel G, Dressler A, Reiter-Fink E, Kasprian G, Prayer D, et al. Epilepsy surgery in children and adolescents with malformations of cortical development—Outcome and impact of the new ILAE classification on focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsy Res 2014;108(9):1652-61.
  • Blumcke I, Thom M, Aronica E, Armstrong DD, Vinters HV, Palmini A, et al. The clinicopathologic spectrum of focal cortical dysplasias: a consensus classification proposed by an ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Diagnostic Methods Commission. Epilepsia 2011;52(1):158-74.
  • Fauser S, Huppertz HJ, Bast T, Strobl K, Pantazis G, Altenmueller DM, et al. Clinical characteristics in focal cortical dysplasia: a retrospective evaluation in a series of 120 patients. Brain 2006;129(Pt 7):1907-16.
  • Guerrini R. Epilepsy in children. The Lancet 367(9509):499-524.
  • Tezer FI, Xasiyev F, Soylemezoglu F, Bilginer B, Oguz KK, Saygi S. Clinical and electrophysiological findings in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis, based on the recent histopathological classifications. Epilepsy Res 2016;127:50-4.
  • Na M, Ge H, Shi C, Shen H, Wang Y, Pu S, et al. Long-term seizure outcome for international consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis: a survival analysis. Seizure. 2015;25:141-6.
  • Bien CG, Granata T, Antozzi C, Cross JH, Dulac O, Kurthen M, et al. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Rasmussen encephalitis: a European consensus statement. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 3):454-71.
  • Topcu M, Turanli G, Aynaci FM, Yalnizoglu D, Saatci I, Yigit A, et al. Rasmussen encephalitis in childhood. Childs Nerv Syst 1999;15(8):395-402; discussion 3.

Epilepsi ve Pediatrik Epilepsi Sendromları

Year 2022, Volume: 16 Issue: 3, 249 - 257, 30.05.2022

Ceren Günbey , Güzide Turanlı

https://doi.org/10.12956/tchd.888121
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Epilepsi beyindeki nöronların anormal, aşırı ve eş zamanlı olarak uyarılmasına bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan epileptik nöbetlerle karakterize, tüm dünyada 10.000.000’dan fazla çocuğu etkileyen önemli bir nörolojik hastalıktır. Doğru tanı ve tedavinin yapılabilmesi, prognozun öngörülmesi ve tüm klinisyenlerin aynı dili kullanması amacı ile çeşitli sınıflama önerilerinde bulunulmuştur. Bu sınıflamalardan en güncel olanları Uluslararası Epilepsi ile Savaş Derneği (International League Against Epilepsy-ILAE) tarafından önerilen 2010 epilepsi sendromları 2017 nöbet ve epilepsi, 2021 yenidoğan nöbetleri sınıflamalarıdır. ILAE 2010 epilepsi sendromları sınıflamasında epilepsiler başlangıç yaşına ve diğer bazı ortak özelliklerine göre gruplandırılmıştır. ILAE 2017 nöbet ve epilepsi sınıflamasında nöbetler başlangıçlarına göre fokal, jeneralize ve bilinmeyen olarak üçe ayrılmış, ayrıca fokal nöbet sırasında farkındalığın korunup/korunmaması ayrı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sınıflamanın her basamağında etiyolojinin de değerlendirmesi önerilmiştir. Etiyolojik açıdan yapısal, genetik, enfeksiyöz, metabolik, immun ve bilinmeyen alt sınıflaması yapılmıştır. ILAE 2021 yenidoğan nöbetleri sınıflamasında nöbetler ikiye ayrılmış, ilk grupta klinik bir bulgunun eşlik etmediği elektrografik nöbetler, ikinci grupta elektroensefalografi bulguları ile birlikte klinik bulguların görüldüğü motor, non-motor, ardışık ve sınıflandırılamayan nöbetler yer almıştır. Bu derlemede nöbet ve epilepsi sınıflamaları gözden geçirilmiş ve sık görülen pediatrik epilepsi sendromları güncel yayınlar ışığında incelenmiştir.

Keywords

epilepsi, nöbet çocuk epilepsi sendromları

References

  • Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, et al. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia 2005;46(4):470-2.
  • Hirtz D, Thurman DJ, Gwinn-Hardy K, Mohamed M, Chaudhuri AR, Zalutsky R. How common are the "common" neurologic disorders? Neurology 2007;68(5):326-37. Newton CR, Garcia HH. Epilepsy in poor regions of the world. Lancet. 2012;380(9848):1193-201.
  • Beghi E, Carpio A, Forsgren L, Hesdorffer DC, Malmgren K, Sander JW, et al. Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure. Epilepsia 2010;51(4):671-5.
  • Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014;55(4):475-82.
  • Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1981;22(4):489-501.
  • Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia 1989;30(4):389-99.
  • Berg AT, Millichap JJ. The 2010 revised classification of seizures and epilepsy. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2013;19(3 Epilepsy):571-97.
  • Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, Buchhalter J, Cross JH, van Emde Boas W, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia 2010;51(4):676-85.
  • Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, Connolly MB, French J, Guilhoto L, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: Position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 2017;58(4):512-21.
  • Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, Higurashi N, Hirsch E, Jansen FE, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: Position Paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 2017;58(4):522-30.
  • Pressler RM, Cilio MR, Mizrahi EM, Moshe SL, Nunes ML, Plouin P, et al. The ILAE classification of seizures and the epilepsies: Modification for seizures in the neonate. Position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures. Epilepsia 2021.
  • Pisani F, Spagnoli C, Falsaperla R, Nagarajan L, Ramantani G. Seizures in the neonate: A review of etiologies and outcomes. Seizure 2021;85:48-56.
  • Plouin P, Kaminska A. Neonatal seizures. Handb Clin Neurol 2013;111:467-76.
  • Yamamoto H, Okumura A, Fukuda M. Epilepsies and epileptic syndromes starting in the neonatal period. Brain Dev 2011;33(3):213-20.
  • Myers KA, Scheffer IE, Berkovic SF, Commission IG. Genetic literacy series: genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Epileptic Disord 2018;20(4):232-8.
  • Subcommittee on Febrile S, American Academy of P. Neurodiagnostic evaluation of the child with a simple febrile seizure. Pediatrics 2011;127(2):389-94.
  • Chung S. Febrile seizures. Korean J Pediatr 2014;57(9):384-95.
  • Shinnar S, Glauser TA. Febrile seizures. J Child Neurol 2002;17 Suppl 1:S44-52.
  • Hesdorffer DC, Shinnar S, Lewis DV, Moshe SL, Nordli DR, Jr., Pellock JM, et al. Design and phenomenology of the FEBSTAT study. Epilepsia 2012;53(9):1471-80.
  • Shinnar S, Bello JA, Chan S, Hesdorffer DC, Lewis DV, Macfall J, et al. MRI abnormalities following febrile status epilepticus in children: the FEBSTAT study. Neurology 2012;79(9):871-7.
  • Brunson KL, Eghbal-Ahmadi M, Baram TZ. How do the many etiologies of West syndrome lead to excitability and seizures? The corticotropin releasing hormone excess hypothesis. Brain Dev 2001;23(7):533-8.
  • Sakakihara Y. Treatment of West syndrome. Brain Dev. 2011;33(3):202-6.
  • Dulac O, Soufflet C, Chiron C, Kaminska A. What is West syndrome? Int Rev Neurobiol 2002;49:1-22.
  • Taghdiri MM, Nemati H. Infantile spasm: a review article. Iran J Child Neurol. 2014;8(3):1-5.
  • Wheless JW, Fulton SP, Mudigoudar BD. Dravet Syndrome: A Review of Current Management. Pediatr Neurol 2020;107:28-40.
  • Guerrini R, Pellacani S. Benign childhood focal epilepsies. Epilepsia 2012;53 Suppl 4:9-18.
  • Chan SC, Lee WT. Benign epilepsy in children. J Formos Med Assoc 2011;110(3):134-44.
  • Covanis A. Panayiotopoulos syndrome: a benign childhood autonomic epilepsy frequently imitating encephalitis, syncope, migraine, sleep disorder, or gastroenteritis. Pediatrics 2006;118(4):e1237-43.
  • Ferrie CD, Beaumanoir A, Guerrini R, Kivity S, Vigevano F, Takaishi Y, et al. Early-onset benign occipital seizure susceptibility syndrome. Epilepsia 1997;38(3):285-93.
  • Taylor I, Berkovic SF, Kivity S, Scheffer IE. Benign occipital epilepsies of childhood: clinical features and genetics. Brain 2008;131(Pt 9):2287-94.
  • Landau WM, Kleffner FR. Syndrome of acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder in children. Neurology 1957;7(8):523-30.
  • Duran MH, Guimaraes CA, Medeiros LL, Guerreiro MM. Landau-Kleffner syndrome: long-term follow-up. Brain Dev 2009;31(1):58-63.
  • Caraballo RH, Cejas N, Chamorro N, Kaltenmeier MC, Fortini S, Soprano AM. Landau-Kleffner syndrome: a study of 29 patients. Seizure 2014;23(2):98-104.
  • Matricardi S, Verrotti A, Chiarelli F, Cerminara C, Curatolo P. Current advances in childhood absence epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 2014;50(3):205-12.
  • Camfield CS, Berg A, Stephani U, Wirrell EC. Transition issues for benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, nonlesional focal epilepsy in otherwise normal children, childhood absence epilepsy, and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014;55 Suppl 3:16-20.
  • Classification of progressive myoclonus epilepsies and related disorders. Marseille Consensus Group. Ann Neurol 1990;28(1):113-6.
  • Satishchandra P, Sinha S. Progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Neurol India 2010;58(4):514-22.
  • Kalviainen R. Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsies. Semin Neurol 2015;35(3):293-9.
  • Barkovich AJ, Guerrini R, Kuzniecky RI, Jackson GD, Dobyns WB. A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development: update 2012. Brain 2012;135(Pt 5):1348-69.
  • Leventer RJ, Guerrini R, Dobyns WB. Malformations of cortical development and epilepsy. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2008;10(1):47-62.
  • Mühlebner A, Gröppel G, Dressler A, Reiter-Fink E, Kasprian G, Prayer D, et al. Epilepsy surgery in children and adolescents with malformations of cortical development—Outcome and impact of the new ILAE classification on focal cortical dysplasia. Epilepsy Res 2014;108(9):1652-61.
  • Blumcke I, Thom M, Aronica E, Armstrong DD, Vinters HV, Palmini A, et al. The clinicopathologic spectrum of focal cortical dysplasias: a consensus classification proposed by an ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Diagnostic Methods Commission. Epilepsia 2011;52(1):158-74.
  • Fauser S, Huppertz HJ, Bast T, Strobl K, Pantazis G, Altenmueller DM, et al. Clinical characteristics in focal cortical dysplasia: a retrospective evaluation in a series of 120 patients. Brain 2006;129(Pt 7):1907-16.
  • Guerrini R. Epilepsy in children. The Lancet 367(9509):499-524.
  • Tezer FI, Xasiyev F, Soylemezoglu F, Bilginer B, Oguz KK, Saygi S. Clinical and electrophysiological findings in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis, based on the recent histopathological classifications. Epilepsy Res 2016;127:50-4.
  • Na M, Ge H, Shi C, Shen H, Wang Y, Pu S, et al. Long-term seizure outcome for international consensus classification of hippocampal sclerosis: a survival analysis. Seizure. 2015;25:141-6.
  • Bien CG, Granata T, Antozzi C, Cross JH, Dulac O, Kurthen M, et al. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Rasmussen encephalitis: a European consensus statement. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 3):454-71.
  • Topcu M, Turanli G, Aynaci FM, Yalnizoglu D, Saatci I, Yigit A, et al. Rasmussen encephalitis in childhood. Childs Nerv Syst 1999;15(8):395-402; discussion 3.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section REVIEW
Authors

Ceren Günbey 0000-0003-2244-828X

Güzide Turanlı This is me 0000-0003-4291-7282

Publication Date May 30, 2022
Submission Date March 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 16 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Günbey, C., & Turanlı, G. (2022). Epilepsi ve Pediatrik Epilepsi Sendromları. Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease, 16(3), 249-257. https://doi.org/10.12956/tchd.888121
AMA Günbey C, Turanlı G. Epilepsi ve Pediatrik Epilepsi Sendromları. Turkish J Pediatr Dis. May 2022;16(3):249-257. doi:10.12956/tchd.888121
Chicago Günbey, Ceren, and Güzide Turanlı. “Epilepsi Ve Pediatrik Epilepsi Sendromları”. Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease 16, no. 3 (May 2022): 249-57. https://doi.org/10.12956/tchd.888121.
EndNote Günbey C, Turanlı G (May 1, 2022) Epilepsi ve Pediatrik Epilepsi Sendromları. Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease 16 3 249–257.
IEEE C. Günbey and G. Turanlı, “Epilepsi ve Pediatrik Epilepsi Sendromları”, Turkish J Pediatr Dis, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 249–257, 2022, doi: 10.12956/tchd.888121.
ISNAD Günbey, Ceren - Turanlı, Güzide. “Epilepsi Ve Pediatrik Epilepsi Sendromları”. Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease 16/3 (May 2022), 249-257. https://doi.org/10.12956/tchd.888121.
JAMA Günbey C, Turanlı G. Epilepsi ve Pediatrik Epilepsi Sendromları. Turkish J Pediatr Dis. 2022;16:249–257.
MLA Günbey, Ceren and Güzide Turanlı. “Epilepsi Ve Pediatrik Epilepsi Sendromları”. Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease, vol. 16, no. 3, 2022, pp. 249-57, doi:10.12956/tchd.888121.
Vancouver Günbey C, Turanlı G. Epilepsi ve Pediatrik Epilepsi Sendromları. Turkish J Pediatr Dis. 2022;16(3):249-57.

Cited By

Yeni Nesil Bir Antiepiletik İlaç: Levetirasetam
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https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1292345
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