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Yatalak İnek Sendromuna Güncel Bir Bakış

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 167 - 175, 18.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.726984

Abstract

Yatalak inek sendromu (YİS) sistemik hastalık bulgusu göstermeksizin hipokalsemi tedavisine rağmen 24 saatten uzun süre sternal pozisyonda yatmaya devam eden inekleri tanımlamada kullanılan bir terimdir. Çok sayıda nedeni ve bunlara göre yönetimi bulunan kompleks bir durumdur. Hipokalsemi, hipomagnezemi ve hipokalemi gibi metabolik bozukluklar veya travmaya bağlı uzun süreli yatalaklıkta sekunder olarak gelişen arka bacak kaslarının iskemik nekrozisi ve sinirlerin hasarı ile ilişkilidir. Yatalak inekler genellikle uyanıktırlar ve başka bir bozukluktan etkilenmezlerse ruminasyona devam ederler. Şiddetli şekilde uyarılsalar bile ayağa kalkma çabaları isteksizdir. İnekler yanları üzerine uzanmış ve ayaklarını uzatmış halde bulunabilirler veya göğüsleri üzerinde yatarak bacaklarını karın altına bükerek ya da gergin şekilde uzanarak yatabilirler. Yatan ineklerde kalsiyum düzeyi normal iken fosfor ve potasyum düzeylerinde azalma tespit edilebilir. Aspartat aminotransferaz ve kreatin fosfokinaz aktivitelerinde artış, proteinüri, myoglobinüri ve ketonüri görülür. Tedavide nonsteroid anti-inflamatuvar ilaçlar kullanılabilir. Basınca bağlı bozukluklardan kaçınmak için yataklıkların değiştirilmesi ve ineklerin sık sık çevrilmesi sağlanmalıdır. 

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References

  • [1] Cox VS. Nonsystemic causes of the downer cow syndrome. Vet Clin Food Anim Pract. 1988; 4: 413-433.
  • [2] Dahlberg J. Flotation therapy for downer cows. Examensarbete. 2012; 28:5–27
  • [3] Björsell A, Holtenius K, Jacobsson P. Studies on parturient paresis with special reference to the downer cow syrdrome. Acta Vet Scand. 1969; 10: 36-43.
  • [4] Fenwick DJ. Parturient paresis (milk fever) of cows. 1. The response to treatment and the effect of the duration of symptoms. Aust Vet J. 1969; 45: 111-113.
  • [5] Cox VS. Understanding the downer cow syndrome. Comp Cont Ed. 1981; 3: S472-S478.
  • [6] Angelos JA, Smith BP. Down cows (Alert downers). In: Smith BP, editor. Large Animal Internal Medicine. 5th ed. California: Mosby; 2002. p. 1013-1014.
  • [7] Burton AJ, Nydam DV, Ollivett TL, Divers TJ. Prognostic indicators for nonambulatory cattle treated by use of a flotation tank system in a referral hospital: 51 cases (1997–2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009; 234: 1177-1182.
  • [8] Gül Y, İssi M, Deveci H. Süt ineklerinde yatalak hal (Recumbent cow, Festligende küh). Fırat Univ Sag Bil Derg. 2007; 21:179-182.
  • [9] Curtis RA, Cote JF, Willoughby RA. The downer cow syndrome a complication, not a disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1970; 51: 25-28.
  • [10] Güneş V. Yatalak inek sendromu. Türkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci. 2011; 2: 151-157.
  • [11] Green A, Lombard J, Garber L, Wagner B, Hill GJ. Factors associated with occurrence and recovery of nonambulatory dairy cows in the United States. J Dairy Sci. 2008; 91: 2275-2283.
  • [12] Radostits OM GC, Hinchvliff KW, Constable PD. Veterinary Medicine. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2006.
  • [13] Jönsson G, Pehrson BJ. Studies on the downer syndrome in dairy cows. Zbl Vet Med. 1969; 16: 757-784.
  • [14] Chénier S, Leclère M, Messier S, Fecteau G. Streptococcus dysgalactiae cellulitis and toxic shock-like syndrome in a Brown Swiss cow. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2008; 20: 99-103.
  • [15] Blood DC, Henderson JA, Radostits OM. Veterinary Medicine. 5th ed. London: Bailliere Tindall; 1979.
  • [16] Berchtold J. Musculoskeletal System. In: Khan CM, Line S, editors. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 10th ed. New Jersey: Merck and Co; 2010. p. 1082-1086.
  • [17] Smith B, George L, Angelos S, House J. Down cows: causes and treatments. Proc Am Assoc Bovine Pract Conv. 1997; 43-45.
  • [18] Van Metre D, Callan R, Garry FJ. Downer cows-Diagnosis and assessment. Proc Annu Meet Coll Vet Intern Med. 2003; 318-320.
  • [19] Raja S, Vajayarajan A, Palanisamy M, Prabaharan V, Rajkumar R, Jayaganthan P. An overview of peripartum downer cow and its fertility. Indian Farmer. 2018; 5: 608-614.
  • [20] Poulton P. Examination, diagnosis, prognosis and management of downer cows. PhD, Melbourne: Melbourne University; 2015.
  • [21] Julien WE, Conrad H, Redman DJ. Influence of dietary protein on susceptibility to alert downer syndrome. J Dairy Sci. 1977; 60: 210-215.
  • [22] Cox VS, McGrath C, Jorgensen SJ. The role of pressure damage in pathogenesis of the downer cow syndrome. Am J Vet Res. 1982; 43: 26-31.
  • [23] Poulton P, Vizard A, Anderson G, Pyman MJ. Importance of secondary damage in downer cows. Aust Vet J. 2016; 94: 138-144.
  • [24] Pehrson B. Studien Über Das Festliegen (Downer-Syndrome) Bei Milchkühen, Atypisches Festliegen Beim Rind. Kongressband Internationaler Workshop; 2002.
  • [25] Goff JP. Macromineral disorders of the transition cow. Vet Clin Food Anim Pract. 2004; 20: 471-494.
  • [26] Correa MT, Erb HN, Scarlett JMJ. Risk factors for downer cow syndrome. J Dairy Sci. 1993; 76: 3460-3463.
  • [27] Cox VS, Farmsworth RJ. Prevention and treatment of down cows: a continuum, in Proceedings. 31st Annu Conf Am Assoc Bovine Pract. 1998;167-169.
  • [28] Stull CL, Payne MA, Berry SL, Reynolds JPJ. A review of the causes, prevention, and welfare of nonambulatory cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007; 231: 227-234.
  • [29] Bostancı MA. Yüksek süt verimine sahip ineklerde doğum felcinin profilaksisinde diyeter magnezyum sülfat'ın önemi. Doktora Tezi, Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi; 2002.
  • [30] Klimienė I, Špakauskas V, Matusevičius AJ. Correlation of different biochemical parameters in blood sera of healthy and sick cows. Vet Res Commun. 2005; 29: 95-102.
  • [31] Oikawa S, Katoh NJC. Decreases in serum apolipoprotein B-100 and AI concentrations in cows with milk fever and downer cows. Can J Vet Res. 2002; 66: 31-34.
  • [32] Sevinç, M. Sütçü ineklerde doğum felcınin karaciğer yağlanması ile ilgisi, Doktora Tezi, Konya:Selçuk Üniversitesi; 1994.
  • [33] Martens H, Schweigel MJ. Pathophysiology of grass tetany and other hypomagnesemias: implications for clinical management. Vet Clin Food Anim Pract. 2000; 16: 339-368.
  • [34] Peek SF, Divers T, Guard C, Rath A, Rebhun WJ. Hypokalemia, muscle weakness, and recumbency in dairy cattle. Vet Ther. 2000; 1: 235-244.
  • [35] Oem JK, Chung JY, Roh IS, Kim HR, Bae YC, Lee KH, et al. Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Bovine viral diarrhea virus in brain tissues from nonambulatory (downer) cattle in Korea. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2010; 22: 518-523.
  • [36] Rulff R, Schrödl W, Basiouni S, Neuhaus J, Krüger MJ. Is downer cow syndrome related to chronic botulism?. Pol J Vet Sci. 2015; 18: 759-765.
  • [37] Rukkwamsuk T, Kruip T, Wensing TJ. Relationship between overfeeding and overconditioning in the dry period and the problems of high producing dairy cows during the postparturient period. Vet Q. 1999; 21: 71-77.
  • [38] Collins R, Reid IJ. A correlated biochemical and stereological study of periparturient fatty liver in the dairy cow. Res Vet Sci. 1980; 28: 373-376.
  • [39] Rehage J, Qualmann K, Meier C, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Hoeltershinken M, Pohlenz JJ. Total serum bile acid concentrations in dairy cows with fatty liver and liver failure. Dtsch Tierarztl Wschr. 1999; 106: 26-29.
  • [40] Staufenbiel R, Staufenbiel B, Rossow N, Klukas H, Johannsen U. Diagnostik der leberverfettung bei der milchkuh. Dtsch Tierärztl Wschr. 1993; 100: 209-248.
  • [41] Allen W, Davies DJB. Milk fever, hypo-magnesaemia and the 'downer cow syndrome'. Vet J. 1981;137: 435-441.
  • [42] Erb H, Grohn YJ. Epidemiology of metabolic disorders in the periparturient dairy cow. J Dairy Sci. 1988; 71: 2557-2571.
  • [43] Cox VS, Marsh WE, Steuernagel GR, Fletcher TF, Onapito JSJ. Downer cow occurrence in Minnesota dairy herds. Prev Vet Med. 1986; 4: 249-260.
  • [44] Huxley JJ. Assessment and management of the recumbent cow. In Practice. 2006; 28: 176-184.
  • [45] Stöber M, Dirksen G. The recumbent cow: differential diagnosis and differential therapy. Vet Ann. 1982; 22: 81-94.
  • [46] Yılmaz Z. Downer cow sendromu. Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi. 2000; 6: 85-88.
  • [47] Andrews T. The ‘downer cow’. In Practice. 1986; 8: 187-189.
  • [48] Güzelbekteş H, Coşkun A, Öztürk AS, Şen İ, Ok M. Yatalak ineklerde kan gazları, hematolojik ve bazı biyokimyasal değişiklikler. Vet Bil Derg. 2006; 22:5-10.
  • [49] Onmaz AC, Aytekin I, Aypak SU, Gunes V, Kucuk O, Ozturk AS. Trace elements and biochemical and haematological parameters in cows with downer syndrome. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 2011; 55: 525-528.
  • [50] Rulff R, Schrödl W, Basiouni S, Krüger MJ. Biochemical investigations and glyphosate detection in downer cow syndrome. Intl J Sci Eng Res. 2016; 7: 1548-1553.
  • [51] Cox VS. Pathogenesis of the downer cow syndrome. Vet Rec. 1982; 111: 76-79.
  • [52] Clark R, Henderson H, Hoggard G, Ellison R, Young BJ. The ability of biochemical and haematological tests to predict recovery in periparturient recumbent cows. N Z Vet J. 1987; 35: 126-133.
  • [53] Kachhawaha S, Tanwar RJ. Biochemical and enzymatic changes in downer cow syndrome. Indian J Anim Sci. 2010; 80: 338-339.
  • [54] Huxley J, Archer S, Biggs A, Bradley A, Breen J, Green M, et al. An expert review of the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of recumbency in adult cattle. Cattle Practice. 2010; 18: 53-60.
  • [55] Smith-Maxie, L. Diseases of the nervous system. In: Greenough PR, Weaver AD, editors. Lameness in cattle. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1997. p. 203-218.
  • [56] Caple IW. Downer cow syndrome. In: Howard JL, editor. Current Veterinary Therapy Food Animal Practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, London, Toronto: WB Saunders Company; 1986. p. 327-328.
  • [57] Belloli A, Arrigoni S, Guarneri DJ. Approccio clinico della ''Sindrome della vacca a terra''. Large Animal Review. 1996; 2: 19-24.
  • [58] Parkinson TJ, Vermunt JJ, Malmo J. Diseases of cattle in Australasia: A Comprehensive Textbook. 1th ed. New Zealand: New Zealand Veterinary Association Foundation for Continuing Education; 2010. p. 541-547.
  • [59] Giudice E, Gianesella MJ. Hydro-physiotherapy in the "downer cow" rehabilitation. Large Animal Review. 2010; 16: 125-131.
  • [60] Van Metre DC, Callan RJ, Garry FB. Examination of the musculoskeletal system in recumbent cattle. Comp Cont Educ. 2001; 23: S5-S24.
  • [61] Fenwick D, Kelly W, Daniel RC. Definition of a non-alert downer cow syndrome and some case histories. Vet Rec. 1986; 118: 124-128.
  • [62] Tulleners E, Nunamaker D, Richardson DJ. Coxofemoral luxations in cattle: 22 cases (1980-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987; 191: 569-574.
  • [63] Milian-Suazo F, Erb HN, Smith RD. Descriptive epidemiology of culling in dairy cows from 34 herds in New York state. Prev Vet Med. 1988; 6: 243-251.
  • [64] Grandin T. Welfare of cattle during slaughter and the prevention of nonambulatory (downer) cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001; 219:1377-1382.

A Current Overview of Downer Cow Syndrome

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 167 - 175, 18.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.726984

Abstract

Downer cow syndrome (DCS) is a term used to describe cows who continue to lie in the sternal position for more than 24 hours despite treatment of hypocalcemia without showing any signs of systemic disease. There are a large variety of causes and their management is complex. Downer cow syndrome is associated with metabolic disorders such as hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypokalemia, or ischemic necrosis and nerve damage of the hind limb muscles that develop in the prolonged bedridden due to trauma. The recumbency cows are usually awake and continue rumination if they are not affected by another disorder. Efforts to stand up are reluctant, even if they are warned violently. The cows can lie on their sides and stretch their feet, or lie on their breasts, lying down by bending their legs under the abdomen or lying stretched. While the calcium level is normal in the recumbent cows, a decrease in phosphorus and potassium levels can be detected. Increased aspartate aminotransferase and creatine phosphokinase activities, proteinuria, myoglobinuria and ketonuria are observed. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be used in the treatment. To avoid pressure-related defects, changing the bedding and turning the cows frequently.

Project Number

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References

  • [1] Cox VS. Nonsystemic causes of the downer cow syndrome. Vet Clin Food Anim Pract. 1988; 4: 413-433.
  • [2] Dahlberg J. Flotation therapy for downer cows. Examensarbete. 2012; 28:5–27
  • [3] Björsell A, Holtenius K, Jacobsson P. Studies on parturient paresis with special reference to the downer cow syrdrome. Acta Vet Scand. 1969; 10: 36-43.
  • [4] Fenwick DJ. Parturient paresis (milk fever) of cows. 1. The response to treatment and the effect of the duration of symptoms. Aust Vet J. 1969; 45: 111-113.
  • [5] Cox VS. Understanding the downer cow syndrome. Comp Cont Ed. 1981; 3: S472-S478.
  • [6] Angelos JA, Smith BP. Down cows (Alert downers). In: Smith BP, editor. Large Animal Internal Medicine. 5th ed. California: Mosby; 2002. p. 1013-1014.
  • [7] Burton AJ, Nydam DV, Ollivett TL, Divers TJ. Prognostic indicators for nonambulatory cattle treated by use of a flotation tank system in a referral hospital: 51 cases (1997–2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2009; 234: 1177-1182.
  • [8] Gül Y, İssi M, Deveci H. Süt ineklerinde yatalak hal (Recumbent cow, Festligende küh). Fırat Univ Sag Bil Derg. 2007; 21:179-182.
  • [9] Curtis RA, Cote JF, Willoughby RA. The downer cow syndrome a complication, not a disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1970; 51: 25-28.
  • [10] Güneş V. Yatalak inek sendromu. Türkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci. 2011; 2: 151-157.
  • [11] Green A, Lombard J, Garber L, Wagner B, Hill GJ. Factors associated with occurrence and recovery of nonambulatory dairy cows in the United States. J Dairy Sci. 2008; 91: 2275-2283.
  • [12] Radostits OM GC, Hinchvliff KW, Constable PD. Veterinary Medicine. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2006.
  • [13] Jönsson G, Pehrson BJ. Studies on the downer syndrome in dairy cows. Zbl Vet Med. 1969; 16: 757-784.
  • [14] Chénier S, Leclère M, Messier S, Fecteau G. Streptococcus dysgalactiae cellulitis and toxic shock-like syndrome in a Brown Swiss cow. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2008; 20: 99-103.
  • [15] Blood DC, Henderson JA, Radostits OM. Veterinary Medicine. 5th ed. London: Bailliere Tindall; 1979.
  • [16] Berchtold J. Musculoskeletal System. In: Khan CM, Line S, editors. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 10th ed. New Jersey: Merck and Co; 2010. p. 1082-1086.
  • [17] Smith B, George L, Angelos S, House J. Down cows: causes and treatments. Proc Am Assoc Bovine Pract Conv. 1997; 43-45.
  • [18] Van Metre D, Callan R, Garry FJ. Downer cows-Diagnosis and assessment. Proc Annu Meet Coll Vet Intern Med. 2003; 318-320.
  • [19] Raja S, Vajayarajan A, Palanisamy M, Prabaharan V, Rajkumar R, Jayaganthan P. An overview of peripartum downer cow and its fertility. Indian Farmer. 2018; 5: 608-614.
  • [20] Poulton P. Examination, diagnosis, prognosis and management of downer cows. PhD, Melbourne: Melbourne University; 2015.
  • [21] Julien WE, Conrad H, Redman DJ. Influence of dietary protein on susceptibility to alert downer syndrome. J Dairy Sci. 1977; 60: 210-215.
  • [22] Cox VS, McGrath C, Jorgensen SJ. The role of pressure damage in pathogenesis of the downer cow syndrome. Am J Vet Res. 1982; 43: 26-31.
  • [23] Poulton P, Vizard A, Anderson G, Pyman MJ. Importance of secondary damage in downer cows. Aust Vet J. 2016; 94: 138-144.
  • [24] Pehrson B. Studien Über Das Festliegen (Downer-Syndrome) Bei Milchkühen, Atypisches Festliegen Beim Rind. Kongressband Internationaler Workshop; 2002.
  • [25] Goff JP. Macromineral disorders of the transition cow. Vet Clin Food Anim Pract. 2004; 20: 471-494.
  • [26] Correa MT, Erb HN, Scarlett JMJ. Risk factors for downer cow syndrome. J Dairy Sci. 1993; 76: 3460-3463.
  • [27] Cox VS, Farmsworth RJ. Prevention and treatment of down cows: a continuum, in Proceedings. 31st Annu Conf Am Assoc Bovine Pract. 1998;167-169.
  • [28] Stull CL, Payne MA, Berry SL, Reynolds JPJ. A review of the causes, prevention, and welfare of nonambulatory cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007; 231: 227-234.
  • [29] Bostancı MA. Yüksek süt verimine sahip ineklerde doğum felcinin profilaksisinde diyeter magnezyum sülfat'ın önemi. Doktora Tezi, Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi; 2002.
  • [30] Klimienė I, Špakauskas V, Matusevičius AJ. Correlation of different biochemical parameters in blood sera of healthy and sick cows. Vet Res Commun. 2005; 29: 95-102.
  • [31] Oikawa S, Katoh NJC. Decreases in serum apolipoprotein B-100 and AI concentrations in cows with milk fever and downer cows. Can J Vet Res. 2002; 66: 31-34.
  • [32] Sevinç, M. Sütçü ineklerde doğum felcınin karaciğer yağlanması ile ilgisi, Doktora Tezi, Konya:Selçuk Üniversitesi; 1994.
  • [33] Martens H, Schweigel MJ. Pathophysiology of grass tetany and other hypomagnesemias: implications for clinical management. Vet Clin Food Anim Pract. 2000; 16: 339-368.
  • [34] Peek SF, Divers T, Guard C, Rath A, Rebhun WJ. Hypokalemia, muscle weakness, and recumbency in dairy cattle. Vet Ther. 2000; 1: 235-244.
  • [35] Oem JK, Chung JY, Roh IS, Kim HR, Bae YC, Lee KH, et al. Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Bovine viral diarrhea virus in brain tissues from nonambulatory (downer) cattle in Korea. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2010; 22: 518-523.
  • [36] Rulff R, Schrödl W, Basiouni S, Neuhaus J, Krüger MJ. Is downer cow syndrome related to chronic botulism?. Pol J Vet Sci. 2015; 18: 759-765.
  • [37] Rukkwamsuk T, Kruip T, Wensing TJ. Relationship between overfeeding and overconditioning in the dry period and the problems of high producing dairy cows during the postparturient period. Vet Q. 1999; 21: 71-77.
  • [38] Collins R, Reid IJ. A correlated biochemical and stereological study of periparturient fatty liver in the dairy cow. Res Vet Sci. 1980; 28: 373-376.
  • [39] Rehage J, Qualmann K, Meier C, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Hoeltershinken M, Pohlenz JJ. Total serum bile acid concentrations in dairy cows with fatty liver and liver failure. Dtsch Tierarztl Wschr. 1999; 106: 26-29.
  • [40] Staufenbiel R, Staufenbiel B, Rossow N, Klukas H, Johannsen U. Diagnostik der leberverfettung bei der milchkuh. Dtsch Tierärztl Wschr. 1993; 100: 209-248.
  • [41] Allen W, Davies DJB. Milk fever, hypo-magnesaemia and the 'downer cow syndrome'. Vet J. 1981;137: 435-441.
  • [42] Erb H, Grohn YJ. Epidemiology of metabolic disorders in the periparturient dairy cow. J Dairy Sci. 1988; 71: 2557-2571.
  • [43] Cox VS, Marsh WE, Steuernagel GR, Fletcher TF, Onapito JSJ. Downer cow occurrence in Minnesota dairy herds. Prev Vet Med. 1986; 4: 249-260.
  • [44] Huxley JJ. Assessment and management of the recumbent cow. In Practice. 2006; 28: 176-184.
  • [45] Stöber M, Dirksen G. The recumbent cow: differential diagnosis and differential therapy. Vet Ann. 1982; 22: 81-94.
  • [46] Yılmaz Z. Downer cow sendromu. Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi. 2000; 6: 85-88.
  • [47] Andrews T. The ‘downer cow’. In Practice. 1986; 8: 187-189.
  • [48] Güzelbekteş H, Coşkun A, Öztürk AS, Şen İ, Ok M. Yatalak ineklerde kan gazları, hematolojik ve bazı biyokimyasal değişiklikler. Vet Bil Derg. 2006; 22:5-10.
  • [49] Onmaz AC, Aytekin I, Aypak SU, Gunes V, Kucuk O, Ozturk AS. Trace elements and biochemical and haematological parameters in cows with downer syndrome. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 2011; 55: 525-528.
  • [50] Rulff R, Schrödl W, Basiouni S, Krüger MJ. Biochemical investigations and glyphosate detection in downer cow syndrome. Intl J Sci Eng Res. 2016; 7: 1548-1553.
  • [51] Cox VS. Pathogenesis of the downer cow syndrome. Vet Rec. 1982; 111: 76-79.
  • [52] Clark R, Henderson H, Hoggard G, Ellison R, Young BJ. The ability of biochemical and haematological tests to predict recovery in periparturient recumbent cows. N Z Vet J. 1987; 35: 126-133.
  • [53] Kachhawaha S, Tanwar RJ. Biochemical and enzymatic changes in downer cow syndrome. Indian J Anim Sci. 2010; 80: 338-339.
  • [54] Huxley J, Archer S, Biggs A, Bradley A, Breen J, Green M, et al. An expert review of the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of recumbency in adult cattle. Cattle Practice. 2010; 18: 53-60.
  • [55] Smith-Maxie, L. Diseases of the nervous system. In: Greenough PR, Weaver AD, editors. Lameness in cattle. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1997. p. 203-218.
  • [56] Caple IW. Downer cow syndrome. In: Howard JL, editor. Current Veterinary Therapy Food Animal Practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, London, Toronto: WB Saunders Company; 1986. p. 327-328.
  • [57] Belloli A, Arrigoni S, Guarneri DJ. Approccio clinico della ''Sindrome della vacca a terra''. Large Animal Review. 1996; 2: 19-24.
  • [58] Parkinson TJ, Vermunt JJ, Malmo J. Diseases of cattle in Australasia: A Comprehensive Textbook. 1th ed. New Zealand: New Zealand Veterinary Association Foundation for Continuing Education; 2010. p. 541-547.
  • [59] Giudice E, Gianesella MJ. Hydro-physiotherapy in the "downer cow" rehabilitation. Large Animal Review. 2010; 16: 125-131.
  • [60] Van Metre DC, Callan RJ, Garry FB. Examination of the musculoskeletal system in recumbent cattle. Comp Cont Educ. 2001; 23: S5-S24.
  • [61] Fenwick D, Kelly W, Daniel RC. Definition of a non-alert downer cow syndrome and some case histories. Vet Rec. 1986; 118: 124-128.
  • [62] Tulleners E, Nunamaker D, Richardson DJ. Coxofemoral luxations in cattle: 22 cases (1980-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1987; 191: 569-574.
  • [63] Milian-Suazo F, Erb HN, Smith RD. Descriptive epidemiology of culling in dairy cows from 34 herds in New York state. Prev Vet Med. 1988; 6: 243-251.
  • [64] Grandin T. Welfare of cattle during slaughter and the prevention of nonambulatory (downer) cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001; 219:1377-1382.
There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ramazan Kaman 0000-0001-6304-6063

Akın Kırbaş 0000-0001-9159-3240

Project Number yok
Publication Date June 18, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kaman, R., & Kırbaş, A. (2020). Yatalak İnek Sendromuna Güncel Bir Bakış. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, 9(1), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.726984
AMA Kaman R, Kırbaş A. Yatalak İnek Sendromuna Güncel Bir Bakış. TJNS. June 2020;9(1):167-175. doi:10.46810/tdfd.726984
Chicago Kaman, Ramazan, and Akın Kırbaş. “Yatalak İnek Sendromuna Güncel Bir Bakış”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi 9, no. 1 (June 2020): 167-75. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.726984.
EndNote Kaman R, Kırbaş A (June 1, 2020) Yatalak İnek Sendromuna Güncel Bir Bakış. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 9 1 167–175.
IEEE R. Kaman and A. Kırbaş, “Yatalak İnek Sendromuna Güncel Bir Bakış”, TJNS, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 167–175, 2020, doi: 10.46810/tdfd.726984.
ISNAD Kaman, Ramazan - Kırbaş, Akın. “Yatalak İnek Sendromuna Güncel Bir Bakış”. Türk Doğa ve Fen Dergisi 9/1 (June 2020), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.726984.
JAMA Kaman R, Kırbaş A. Yatalak İnek Sendromuna Güncel Bir Bakış. TJNS. 2020;9:167–175.
MLA Kaman, Ramazan and Akın Kırbaş. “Yatalak İnek Sendromuna Güncel Bir Bakış”. Türk Doğa Ve Fen Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 1, 2020, pp. 167-75, doi:10.46810/tdfd.726984.
Vancouver Kaman R, Kırbaş A. Yatalak İnek Sendromuna Güncel Bir Bakış. TJNS. 2020;9(1):167-75.

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