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An Overview Of Empathy Education İn Medical Schools, What Can Be Done To Improve?

Year 2019, Volume: 18 Issue: 55, 62 - 69, 31.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.25282/ted.517847

Abstract

Empathy is an indispensable skill in medicine and an integral part of professionalism. When the world medical literature is analyzed, empathy is a concept that has gained inadequate scientific interest and has been in the shadow of the biomedical part of medicine and has gained importance in medical disciplines in terms of effective communication skills. Nowadays, communication skills education and which are part of empathy, are included in the academic programs of the faculties of medicine in many countries of the world. Although the studies on empathy have some inconsistencies, there are significant losses in empathy during and after medical education. It is thought that this negative situation can be compensated by changes in the education curriculum. Studies on this issue suggest that curriculum reforms and revisions to improve empathy should be based not on the modernist paradigm of medicine, but on the philosophical paradigm based on producing human relations, empathy and compassion.

References

  • 1. Dökmen Ü. İletişim Çatışmaları ve Empati. İstanbul, Sistem Yayıncılık, 2004; 135-37.
  • 2. Eisenberg N, Miller PA. Empathy and prosocial behaviour. Psychol Bull 1987; 101: 91-119
  • 3. Chakrabarti B, Baron-Cohen S. Empathizing: neurocognitive developmental mechanisms and individual differences. Progress Brain Res 2006;156: 403-417
  • 4. Davis M H. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Pers Soc Psychol 1983; 44: 113- 126
  • 5. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S. The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 2004; 34: 163-175
  • 6. Di Blasi Z, Harkness E, Ernst E, Georgiou A, Kleijnen J. Influence of context effects on health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet. 2001;357:757–762
  • 7. Kadıoğlu S, Oya Ögenler O, Kadıoğlu F, Okuyaz S. Klinik Eğitimin Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Empati Düzeyine Etkisi. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2011;18(1):33-37)
  • 8. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Nasca TJ, Mangione S, Vergare M, Magee M. Physician empathy: Definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1563–1569
  • 9. Suchman A, Markakis K, Beckman H, Frankel R. A model of empathic communication in the medical interview. JAMA. 1997;277:678–82.
  • 10. Griffin SJ, Kinmouth A, Veltman M, Grant J, Stewart M. Effect on health-related outcomes of interventions to alter the interaction between patients and practitioners: A systematic review of trials. Ann Fam Med 2004;2:595–608.
  • 11 Neumann M, Edelhäuser F, Tauschel D, et al. Empathy Decline and Its Reasons: A Systematic Review of Studies With Medical Students and Residents. Academic Medicine 2011;86(8):996-1009
  • 12 Bayam G, Şimşek EU, Dilbaz N. Üç farklı meslek grubunda empatik beceri düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Kriz Dergisi, 1995;3:205-7.
  • 13.Hemmerdinger JM, Stoddart SD, Lilford RJ. A systematic review of tests of empathy in medicine. BMC Med Educ 2007;7:24.
  • 14.Akgöz S, Özçakır A, Atıcı E, Altınsoy Y, Tombul K, Kan İ. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi’nde çalışan hekimlerin empatik eğilimleri. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics 2005;13:97-10
  • 15. Dereboy Ç, Harlak H, Gürel S, Gemalmaz A, Eskin M. Tıp eğitiminde eş duyumu öğretmek. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 2005; 16:83-9.
  • 16. Hemmerdinger JM, Stoddart SD, Lilford RJ. A systematic review of tests of empathy in medicine. BMC Med Educ 2007;7:24.
  • 17. Hojat M, Vergare MJ., Maxwell K, Brainard G, Herrine SK, Isenberg GA et al. The devil is in the third year: A longitudinal study of erosion of empathy in medical school. Academic Medicine 2009;84:1182-91.
  • 18. Carr S.E. Emotional intelligence in medical students: does it correlate with selection measures? Medical Education 2009;43:1069–77.
  • 19. Rosenthal S, Howard B, Schlussel YR, et al. Humanism at heart: Preserving empathy in third-year medical students. Acad Med. 2011;86:350–358.
  • 20. Batt-Rawden, Samantha A. Margaret S. MD et al Teaching Empathy to Medical Students: An Updated, Systematic Review Acad Med. 2013; 1171–1177
  • 21. Sandra H Sulzer,Noah W Feinstein, Claire L Wendland Assessing Empathy Development İn Medical Education: A Systematic Review; Medıcal Educatıon 2016; 50: 300–310
  • 22. Bozkir Ç, Tekin Ç, Mete B, et Al. Communication Skills, Empathic Tendency And Affecting Factors Of Assistant Doctors İn Inonu Universty, Faculty Of Medicine, Malatya; Medicine Science; 2015,3
  • 23. Yeniçeri EN, Yıldız E, Seydaoğulları A, et Al., Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Duygusal Zeka Ve Empati İlişkisi, Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Dergisi 2015;19(2):58-66
  • 24. Demirören M, Etkili İletişim, Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Educ-Special Topics 2017;2(3):152-8
  • 25. Igde FA, Sahin MK, Changes in Empathy during Medical Education: An Example from Turkey, Pak J Med Sci. 2017 Sep-Oct; 33(5): 1177–1181.
  • 26.Shapiro J, Morrison EH, Boker JR. Teaching empathy to first year medical students: evaluation of an elective literature and medicine course. Education for Health Journal 2004;17:73-84.
  • 27. Hemmerdinger JM, Stoddart SD, Lilford RJ. A systematic review of tests of empathy in medicine. BMC Med Educ 2007;7:2411.
  • 28. Van Dalen J, Bartholomeus P, Kerkhofs E, et al. Teaching and Assessing communication skills in Maastricht: The first twenty years. Medical Teacher, 2001, 23(3): 245-251.
  • 29. Van Dalen J, Bartholomeus P, Kerkhofs E, et al. Factors influencing the effectiveness of communication skills training: Programme contents outweigh teacher’s skills. Medical Teacher, 2009, 21:308-11.
  • 30. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Veloski JJ, Erdmann JB et al. Empathy in medical education and patient care. Acad Med 2001;76:669.
  • 31. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Magee M. Physician empathy in medical education and practice: Experience with the Jefferson scale of physician empathy. Seminars in Integrative Medicine 2003;1:25-41
  • 32. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Magee M. An empirical study of decline in empathy in medical school.Med Educ. 2004 Sep;38(9):934-41.
  • 33. Winefeld, Chur-Hansen, Evaluating the outcome of communication skill teaching for entry-level medical students: does knowledge of empathy increase? Med Educ, 2000, 34:90-4.
  • 34. Rees C ve Sheard C, Evaluating first year medical students’ attitudes to learning communication skills before and after a communication skills course Medical Teacher, 2003, 25: 302-307.
  • 35. Weissman PF, Branch WT, Gracey CF, Haidet P, Frankel RM: Role modeling humanistic behavior: learning bedside manner from the experts. Acad Med 2006, 81:661-7.
  • 36. Shapiro J. Walking a mile in their patients' shoes: empathy and othering in medical students' education. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 2008, 3:10

Tıp Fakültelerinde Empati Eğitimine Genel Bir Bakış, Geliştirmek İçin Neler Yapılabilir?

Year 2019, Volume: 18 Issue: 55, 62 - 69, 31.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.25282/ted.517847

Abstract

Dünya tıp literatürü incelendiğinde, yakın zamana kadar hekim-hasta
iletişimi içinde, duygusal zekanın bir parçası
olan e
mpati, yeterli bilimsel
ilgiyi görmemiş ve tıbbın biyomedikal parçasının gölgesinde kalmış olmasına
rağmen etkili iletişim becerileri açısından tıp
disiplinlerinde giderek önem kazanan bir kavramdır.
Tıp eğitimi alanında
yapılan pek çok yayında kişilerarasında sağlıklı
iletişimin kurulmasında önemli bir role sahip empatik becerinin

önemine değinilmiş, doktorun empati yeteneği ile, hasta memnuniyeti, tedaviye
bağlılık, daha iyi klinik sonuçlar, ve daha düşük malpraktis arasında güçlü
bağlar kurulmuştur. Empati tıpta vazgeçilmez bir beceridir ve profesyonelliğin
ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır. Tıp eğitimi, hekim adayına hasta hekim ilişkisinin
tıbbi boyutunu yürütecek bilgi beceriyi kazandırmanın yanı sıra psikososyal boyutunu
yürütecek bilgi beceriyi de kazandırmalıdır. Hastasıyla empati kurabilen hekim,
hastasının sorunlarını daha derinlemesine anlar, onların çözümünde daha etkili olur
ve iyileşme sürecini beraber yönetirler. Empati konusunda yapılan çalışmalar, bazı
tutarsızlıklar taşısada, yapılan çalışmalar, tıp eğitimi süreci ve sonrasında
empatide önemli kayıplar olduğunu  ortaya
koymuştur. Tıp eğitimi
boyunca empati azalıyor olsa da, bu olumsuz durumun  eğitim müfredatında yapılacak değişiklikler
ile telafi edilebileceği düşünülmektedir, fakat bu konuda çok  titiz ve müfredat içeriğini irdeleyen  araştırmalara ihtiyaç olduğu da savunulmaktadır.
Tıp fakültesi öğrencileri için, tıp fakültesi eğitimleri boyunca yapılan
iletişim becerileri derslerinin değerlendirilmesi sonucunda elde edilen çok
farklı sonuçların nedenleri araştırıldığında, önemli müfredat reformlarına ve
revizyonlarına rağmen, tıbbın özünde modernist paradigmayı bırakmaya gönüllü
olmayan bir eğitim modelini buna sebeb olarak göstermek mümkündür.

References

  • 1. Dökmen Ü. İletişim Çatışmaları ve Empati. İstanbul, Sistem Yayıncılık, 2004; 135-37.
  • 2. Eisenberg N, Miller PA. Empathy and prosocial behaviour. Psychol Bull 1987; 101: 91-119
  • 3. Chakrabarti B, Baron-Cohen S. Empathizing: neurocognitive developmental mechanisms and individual differences. Progress Brain Res 2006;156: 403-417
  • 4. Davis M H. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. J Pers Soc Psychol 1983; 44: 113- 126
  • 5. Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S. The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism and normal sex differences. J Autism Dev Disord 2004; 34: 163-175
  • 6. Di Blasi Z, Harkness E, Ernst E, Georgiou A, Kleijnen J. Influence of context effects on health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet. 2001;357:757–762
  • 7. Kadıoğlu S, Oya Ögenler O, Kadıoğlu F, Okuyaz S. Klinik Eğitimin Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Empati Düzeyine Etkisi. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2011;18(1):33-37)
  • 8. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Nasca TJ, Mangione S, Vergare M, Magee M. Physician empathy: Definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1563–1569
  • 9. Suchman A, Markakis K, Beckman H, Frankel R. A model of empathic communication in the medical interview. JAMA. 1997;277:678–82.
  • 10. Griffin SJ, Kinmouth A, Veltman M, Grant J, Stewart M. Effect on health-related outcomes of interventions to alter the interaction between patients and practitioners: A systematic review of trials. Ann Fam Med 2004;2:595–608.
  • 11 Neumann M, Edelhäuser F, Tauschel D, et al. Empathy Decline and Its Reasons: A Systematic Review of Studies With Medical Students and Residents. Academic Medicine 2011;86(8):996-1009
  • 12 Bayam G, Şimşek EU, Dilbaz N. Üç farklı meslek grubunda empatik beceri düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Kriz Dergisi, 1995;3:205-7.
  • 13.Hemmerdinger JM, Stoddart SD, Lilford RJ. A systematic review of tests of empathy in medicine. BMC Med Educ 2007;7:24.
  • 14.Akgöz S, Özçakır A, Atıcı E, Altınsoy Y, Tombul K, Kan İ. Uludağ Üniversitesi Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi’nde çalışan hekimlerin empatik eğilimleri. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics 2005;13:97-10
  • 15. Dereboy Ç, Harlak H, Gürel S, Gemalmaz A, Eskin M. Tıp eğitiminde eş duyumu öğretmek. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi 2005; 16:83-9.
  • 16. Hemmerdinger JM, Stoddart SD, Lilford RJ. A systematic review of tests of empathy in medicine. BMC Med Educ 2007;7:24.
  • 17. Hojat M, Vergare MJ., Maxwell K, Brainard G, Herrine SK, Isenberg GA et al. The devil is in the third year: A longitudinal study of erosion of empathy in medical school. Academic Medicine 2009;84:1182-91.
  • 18. Carr S.E. Emotional intelligence in medical students: does it correlate with selection measures? Medical Education 2009;43:1069–77.
  • 19. Rosenthal S, Howard B, Schlussel YR, et al. Humanism at heart: Preserving empathy in third-year medical students. Acad Med. 2011;86:350–358.
  • 20. Batt-Rawden, Samantha A. Margaret S. MD et al Teaching Empathy to Medical Students: An Updated, Systematic Review Acad Med. 2013; 1171–1177
  • 21. Sandra H Sulzer,Noah W Feinstein, Claire L Wendland Assessing Empathy Development İn Medical Education: A Systematic Review; Medıcal Educatıon 2016; 50: 300–310
  • 22. Bozkir Ç, Tekin Ç, Mete B, et Al. Communication Skills, Empathic Tendency And Affecting Factors Of Assistant Doctors İn Inonu Universty, Faculty Of Medicine, Malatya; Medicine Science; 2015,3
  • 23. Yeniçeri EN, Yıldız E, Seydaoğulları A, et Al., Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Duygusal Zeka Ve Empati İlişkisi, Türkiye Aile Hekimliği Dergisi 2015;19(2):58-66
  • 24. Demirören M, Etkili İletişim, Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Educ-Special Topics 2017;2(3):152-8
  • 25. Igde FA, Sahin MK, Changes in Empathy during Medical Education: An Example from Turkey, Pak J Med Sci. 2017 Sep-Oct; 33(5): 1177–1181.
  • 26.Shapiro J, Morrison EH, Boker JR. Teaching empathy to first year medical students: evaluation of an elective literature and medicine course. Education for Health Journal 2004;17:73-84.
  • 27. Hemmerdinger JM, Stoddart SD, Lilford RJ. A systematic review of tests of empathy in medicine. BMC Med Educ 2007;7:2411.
  • 28. Van Dalen J, Bartholomeus P, Kerkhofs E, et al. Teaching and Assessing communication skills in Maastricht: The first twenty years. Medical Teacher, 2001, 23(3): 245-251.
  • 29. Van Dalen J, Bartholomeus P, Kerkhofs E, et al. Factors influencing the effectiveness of communication skills training: Programme contents outweigh teacher’s skills. Medical Teacher, 2009, 21:308-11.
  • 30. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Veloski JJ, Erdmann JB et al. Empathy in medical education and patient care. Acad Med 2001;76:669.
  • 31. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Magee M. Physician empathy in medical education and practice: Experience with the Jefferson scale of physician empathy. Seminars in Integrative Medicine 2003;1:25-41
  • 32. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Mangione S, Nasca TJ, Magee M. An empirical study of decline in empathy in medical school.Med Educ. 2004 Sep;38(9):934-41.
  • 33. Winefeld, Chur-Hansen, Evaluating the outcome of communication skill teaching for entry-level medical students: does knowledge of empathy increase? Med Educ, 2000, 34:90-4.
  • 34. Rees C ve Sheard C, Evaluating first year medical students’ attitudes to learning communication skills before and after a communication skills course Medical Teacher, 2003, 25: 302-307.
  • 35. Weissman PF, Branch WT, Gracey CF, Haidet P, Frankel RM: Role modeling humanistic behavior: learning bedside manner from the experts. Acad Med 2006, 81:661-7.
  • 36. Shapiro J. Walking a mile in their patients' shoes: empathy and othering in medical students' education. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 2008, 3:10
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review
Authors

Esra Sağlam 0000-0002-0021-8400

Publication Date August 31, 2019
Submission Date January 25, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 18 Issue: 55

Cite

Vancouver Sağlam E. Tıp Fakültelerinde Empati Eğitimine Genel Bir Bakış, Geliştirmek İçin Neler Yapılabilir?. TED. 2019;18(55):62-9.