Year 2025,
Issue: 24, 99 - 112, 01.12.2025
Vehbi Metin Demir
,
Berke Can Aslan
References
-
“400 Bin Doz Aşı Çöpe mi Gitti?,” BirGün, Erişim 22 Eylül 2021. https://www.birgun.net/haber/400-bin-doz-asi-cope-mi-gitti-359512
-
“Aşılarda Kullanılan mRNA Teknolojisinin Mucidi: Hükümet Riskler Konusunda Şeffaf Değil,” Cumhuriyet, Erişim 25 Haziran 2021. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/asilarda-kullanilan-mrna-teknolojisinin-mucidi-hukumet-riskler-konusunda-seffaf-degil-1847283
-
“Bilimsel Dünya Anlayışı” Viyana Çevresi: Program Yazıları içinde, Hazırlayan: Hasanhan Taylan Erkıpçak, 27–55. İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık, 2019.
-
“Genç Erkekler İçin Kalp Hasarı Riski: ABD Covid-19 Aşı Uyarılarını Genişletiyor,” Diken, Erişim 22 Mayıs 2025. https://www.diken.com.tr/genc-erkekler-icin-kalp-hasari-riski-abd-covid-19-asi-uyarilarini-genisletiyor/
ACROBiosystems. “An Overview of Different COVID-19 Vaccines,” Erişim 9 Aralık 2021. https://www.acrobiosystems.com/A1374-An-Overview-of-Different-COVID-19-Vaccines.html
-
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Storage and Handling Summary,” 2 Mayıs 2023, Erişim 20 Ağustos 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/pfizer/downloads/storage-summary.pdf
-
Çüçen, Abdülkadir. Bilim Felsefesine Giriş. 4. baskı. Bursa: Sentez Yayıncılık, 2020.
-
Dagan, Noam, Noam Barda, Eldad Kepten, Ofra Miron, Shay Perchik, Maia A. Katz, Miguel A. Hernán, Marc Lipsitch, Barak Reis ve Ran D. Balicer. “BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting,” The New England Journal of Medicine 384, sayı: 15 (2021): 1412-1423. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2101765
-
Demir, Volkan M. ve Hasan Etil. “Bilimin Bilimi ya da Pierre Bourdieu’nün Bilim Sosyolojisi,” Toplum ve Kimlik 2, sayı: 1 (2025): 1-32.
-
Dolgin, Elie. “The Tangled History of mRNA Vaccines,” Nature, Erişim 14 Eylül 2021.
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02483-w
-
Gargano, Julia W., Matthew Wallace, K. R. Broder, Gregory Langley, Mai Nguyen, Laura Cooper, Isaac See, Tom Shimabukuro, Jennifer R. Su, Matthew Wernecke, Stephen Moritz, Richard Jajosky, Patricia Marquez, Gina Lee, Heather Scobie, Monica Godfrey, Matthew Thompson, Anh Nguyen, Sarita Rao ve Tania Salerno. “Use of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine after Reports of Myocarditis among Vaccine Recipients: Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, June 2021,” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 70, sayı: 27 (2021): 977-982. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7027e2
-
Gavi. “What Are Nucleic Acid Vaccines and How Could They Be Used against COVID-19?,” VaccinesWork, Erişim 23 Aralık 2020. https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/what-are-nucleic-acid-vaccines-and-how-could-they-be-used-against-covid-19
-
Gavi. “What Are Whole Virus Vaccines and How Could They Be Used against COVID-19?,” VaccinesWork, Erişim 30 Aralık 2020. https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/what-are-whole-virus-vaccines-and-how-could-they-be-used-against-covid-19
-
Haas, Eric J., Felipe J. Angulo, Jennifer M. McLaughlin, Efrat Anis, Sara R. Singer, Farhaan Khan, Nathan Brooks, Maja Smaja, Gregory Mircus, Kai Pan, Jennifer Southern, David L. Swerdlow, Luis Jodar, Yaniv Levy ve Sharon Alroy-Preis. “Infections, Hospitalisations, and Deaths Averted via a Nationwide Vaccination Campaign Using the Pfizer–BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Israel: A Retrospective Surveillance Study,” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 22, sayı: 3 (2022): 357-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00566-1
-
Iqbal, S. M., A. M. Rosen, D. Edwards, A. Bolio, H. J. Larson, M. Servin, M. Rudowitz, A. Carfi ve F. Ceddia. “Enhancing Acceptance and Uptake of Novel mRNA Vaccines and Therapeutics: Insights from the Global Listening Project,” Frontiers in Public Health 12, (2024): Article 1429265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1429265
-
Islam, Md. A. “A Review of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Vaccines: Viral Properties, Mutations, Vaccine Efficacy, and Safety,” Infectious Medicine 2, sayı: 4 (2023): 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imj.2023.08.005
-
Karagöz, Yasin, Fatma Yalman ve Yusuf Karaşin. “Covid-19’a Yönelik Komplo Teorilerinin Aşı Tereddüdüne Etkisi: Aşı Tutumunun Aracı Rolü,” Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 19, sayı: 2 (2022): 19-31.
-
Katella, Kari. “Comparing the COVID-19 Vaccines: How Are They Different?,” Yale Medicine, Erişim 20 Mayıs 2025. https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison
-
Kuhn, Thomas S. “Keşif Mantığı mı Araştırma Psikolojisi mi?” Eleştiri ve Bilginin Gelişmesi içinde, Derleyenler: I. Lakatos ve A. Musgrave, 2. baskı, 7–15. İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları, 2020.
-
Kuhn, Thomas S. Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı. Çeviren: N. Kuyaş, İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları, 2017.
-
Lakatos, Imre. Bilimsel Araştırma Programlarının Metodolojisi. Çeviren: D. Uygun, İstanbul: Alfa, 2014.
-
Lang, Florian, Bernd Schrörs, Markus Löwer, Özlem Türeci ve Uğur Şahin. “Identification of Neoantigens for Individualized Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 21, (2022): 261-282. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00387-y
-
Merkit, Nedim. “Karl Popper ve Yanlışlanabilirlik İlkesi,” Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11, sayı: 1 (2021): 129-143. https://doi.org/10.20493/birtop.893129
-
Moderna. “mRNA Pipeline,” Erişim tarihi belirtilmemiş. https://www.modernatx.com/research/product-pipeline
-
Nagurney, Anna. “Keeping Coronavirus Vaccines at Subzero Temperatures during Distribution Will Be Hard but Likely Key to Ending Pandemic,” The Conversation, Erişim 18 Eylül 2020.
https://theconversation.com/keeping-coronavirus-vaccines-at-subzero-temperatures-during-distribution-will-be-hard-but-likely-key-to-ending-pandemic-146071
-
Our World in Data. “COVID-19 Vaccine Doses Administered by Manufacturer, European Union,” 2024. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-vaccine-doses-by-manufacturer
-
Özcan, Zeki. Viyana Çevresi. Ankara: Fol Kitap, 2021.
-
Park, Andy. “FDA: Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine Doesn’t Need Ultra-Cold Freezer Storage,” Time, Erişim 26 Şubat 2021. https://time.com/5942452/pfizer-biontech-vaccine-cold-storage-fda/
-
Popper, Karl R. Bilimsel Araştırmanın Mantığı. Çevirenler: İlknur Aka ve İbrahim Turan. İstanbul: YKY, 1998.
-
Riedel, Stefan. “Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination,” Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center) 18, sayı: 1 (2005): 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028
-
Rosenberg, Alex. Bilim Felsefesi: Çağdaş Bir Giriş. Çeviren: İ. Yıldız, Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 2014.
-
Schreckenberg, Ralf, Nadine Woitasky, Naji Itani, Lukas Czech, Péter Ferdinandy ve Rainer Schulz. “Cardiac Side Effects of RNA-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Hidden Cardiotoxic Effects of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 on Ventricular Myocyte Function and Structure,” British Journal of Pharmacology 181, sayı: 3 (2024): 345-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.16262
-
Simmons-Duffin, Selena. “Why Does Pfizer's COVID-19 Vaccine Need to Be Kept Colder than Antarctica?,” NPR, Erişim 17 Kasım 2020. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica
-
Smith-Godfrey, Peter. Kuram ve Gerçeklik: Bilim Felsefesine Giriş. Çeviren: Beycan Mura, İstanbul: Babil Kitap, 2023.
-
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “FDA Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine,” Basın Duyurusu, Erişim 23 Ağustos 2021. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine
-
Uzun, Oğuz, Tuğba Akpolat, Ayşe Varol, Hasan Erdem, Burak Yıldırım, Mehmet Kaya, Serkan Demir, Fatma Yılmaz, Rahmi Özkan, Ahmet Çelik, Derya Şahin, Ebru Kılıç, Mehmet Arslan, Hakan Doğan, Selim Taş, Levent Karaca, Murat Yurt, Neşe Demirtaş, Pelin Öztürk ve Yusuf Şen. “COVID-19: Vaccination vs. Hospitalization,” Infection 50, sayı: 6 (2022): 747-752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-021-01751-1
-
Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation. “How Does a mRNA Vaccine Compare to a Traditional Vaccine?,” Erişim 16 Kasım 2020. https://www.vumc.org/viiii/infographics/how-does-mrna-vaccine-compare-traditional-vaccine
-
Vetter, Veronika, Gökdeniz Denizer, Laura R. Friedland, Jay Krishnan ve Michael Shapiro. “Understanding Modern-Day Vaccines: What You Need to Know,” Annals of Medicine 50, sayı: 2 (2018): 110-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2017.1407035
Year 2025,
Issue: 24, 99 - 112, 01.12.2025
Vehbi Metin Demir
,
Berke Can Aslan
References
-
“400 Bin Doz Aşı Çöpe mi Gitti?,” BirGün, Erişim 22 Eylül 2021. https://www.birgun.net/haber/400-bin-doz-asi-cope-mi-gitti-359512
-
“Aşılarda Kullanılan mRNA Teknolojisinin Mucidi: Hükümet Riskler Konusunda Şeffaf Değil,” Cumhuriyet, Erişim 25 Haziran 2021. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/asilarda-kullanilan-mrna-teknolojisinin-mucidi-hukumet-riskler-konusunda-seffaf-degil-1847283
-
“Bilimsel Dünya Anlayışı” Viyana Çevresi: Program Yazıları içinde, Hazırlayan: Hasanhan Taylan Erkıpçak, 27–55. İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık, 2019.
-
“Genç Erkekler İçin Kalp Hasarı Riski: ABD Covid-19 Aşı Uyarılarını Genişletiyor,” Diken, Erişim 22 Mayıs 2025. https://www.diken.com.tr/genc-erkekler-icin-kalp-hasari-riski-abd-covid-19-asi-uyarilarini-genisletiyor/
ACROBiosystems. “An Overview of Different COVID-19 Vaccines,” Erişim 9 Aralık 2021. https://www.acrobiosystems.com/A1374-An-Overview-of-Different-COVID-19-Vaccines.html
-
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Storage and Handling Summary,” 2 Mayıs 2023, Erişim 20 Ağustos 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/pfizer/downloads/storage-summary.pdf
-
Çüçen, Abdülkadir. Bilim Felsefesine Giriş. 4. baskı. Bursa: Sentez Yayıncılık, 2020.
-
Dagan, Noam, Noam Barda, Eldad Kepten, Ofra Miron, Shay Perchik, Maia A. Katz, Miguel A. Hernán, Marc Lipsitch, Barak Reis ve Ran D. Balicer. “BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting,” The New England Journal of Medicine 384, sayı: 15 (2021): 1412-1423. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2101765
-
Demir, Volkan M. ve Hasan Etil. “Bilimin Bilimi ya da Pierre Bourdieu’nün Bilim Sosyolojisi,” Toplum ve Kimlik 2, sayı: 1 (2025): 1-32.
-
Dolgin, Elie. “The Tangled History of mRNA Vaccines,” Nature, Erişim 14 Eylül 2021.
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02483-w
-
Gargano, Julia W., Matthew Wallace, K. R. Broder, Gregory Langley, Mai Nguyen, Laura Cooper, Isaac See, Tom Shimabukuro, Jennifer R. Su, Matthew Wernecke, Stephen Moritz, Richard Jajosky, Patricia Marquez, Gina Lee, Heather Scobie, Monica Godfrey, Matthew Thompson, Anh Nguyen, Sarita Rao ve Tania Salerno. “Use of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine after Reports of Myocarditis among Vaccine Recipients: Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, June 2021,” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 70, sayı: 27 (2021): 977-982. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7027e2
-
Gavi. “What Are Nucleic Acid Vaccines and How Could They Be Used against COVID-19?,” VaccinesWork, Erişim 23 Aralık 2020. https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/what-are-nucleic-acid-vaccines-and-how-could-they-be-used-against-covid-19
-
Gavi. “What Are Whole Virus Vaccines and How Could They Be Used against COVID-19?,” VaccinesWork, Erişim 30 Aralık 2020. https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/what-are-whole-virus-vaccines-and-how-could-they-be-used-against-covid-19
-
Haas, Eric J., Felipe J. Angulo, Jennifer M. McLaughlin, Efrat Anis, Sara R. Singer, Farhaan Khan, Nathan Brooks, Maja Smaja, Gregory Mircus, Kai Pan, Jennifer Southern, David L. Swerdlow, Luis Jodar, Yaniv Levy ve Sharon Alroy-Preis. “Infections, Hospitalisations, and Deaths Averted via a Nationwide Vaccination Campaign Using the Pfizer–BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Israel: A Retrospective Surveillance Study,” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 22, sayı: 3 (2022): 357-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00566-1
-
Iqbal, S. M., A. M. Rosen, D. Edwards, A. Bolio, H. J. Larson, M. Servin, M. Rudowitz, A. Carfi ve F. Ceddia. “Enhancing Acceptance and Uptake of Novel mRNA Vaccines and Therapeutics: Insights from the Global Listening Project,” Frontiers in Public Health 12, (2024): Article 1429265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1429265
-
Islam, Md. A. “A Review of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Vaccines: Viral Properties, Mutations, Vaccine Efficacy, and Safety,” Infectious Medicine 2, sayı: 4 (2023): 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imj.2023.08.005
-
Karagöz, Yasin, Fatma Yalman ve Yusuf Karaşin. “Covid-19’a Yönelik Komplo Teorilerinin Aşı Tereddüdüne Etkisi: Aşı Tutumunun Aracı Rolü,” Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 19, sayı: 2 (2022): 19-31.
-
Katella, Kari. “Comparing the COVID-19 Vaccines: How Are They Different?,” Yale Medicine, Erişim 20 Mayıs 2025. https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison
-
Kuhn, Thomas S. “Keşif Mantığı mı Araştırma Psikolojisi mi?” Eleştiri ve Bilginin Gelişmesi içinde, Derleyenler: I. Lakatos ve A. Musgrave, 2. baskı, 7–15. İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları, 2020.
-
Kuhn, Thomas S. Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı. Çeviren: N. Kuyaş, İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları, 2017.
-
Lakatos, Imre. Bilimsel Araştırma Programlarının Metodolojisi. Çeviren: D. Uygun, İstanbul: Alfa, 2014.
-
Lang, Florian, Bernd Schrörs, Markus Löwer, Özlem Türeci ve Uğur Şahin. “Identification of Neoantigens for Individualized Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 21, (2022): 261-282. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00387-y
-
Merkit, Nedim. “Karl Popper ve Yanlışlanabilirlik İlkesi,” Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11, sayı: 1 (2021): 129-143. https://doi.org/10.20493/birtop.893129
-
Moderna. “mRNA Pipeline,” Erişim tarihi belirtilmemiş. https://www.modernatx.com/research/product-pipeline
-
Nagurney, Anna. “Keeping Coronavirus Vaccines at Subzero Temperatures during Distribution Will Be Hard but Likely Key to Ending Pandemic,” The Conversation, Erişim 18 Eylül 2020.
https://theconversation.com/keeping-coronavirus-vaccines-at-subzero-temperatures-during-distribution-will-be-hard-but-likely-key-to-ending-pandemic-146071
-
Our World in Data. “COVID-19 Vaccine Doses Administered by Manufacturer, European Union,” 2024. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-vaccine-doses-by-manufacturer
-
Özcan, Zeki. Viyana Çevresi. Ankara: Fol Kitap, 2021.
-
Park, Andy. “FDA: Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine Doesn’t Need Ultra-Cold Freezer Storage,” Time, Erişim 26 Şubat 2021. https://time.com/5942452/pfizer-biontech-vaccine-cold-storage-fda/
-
Popper, Karl R. Bilimsel Araştırmanın Mantığı. Çevirenler: İlknur Aka ve İbrahim Turan. İstanbul: YKY, 1998.
-
Riedel, Stefan. “Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination,” Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center) 18, sayı: 1 (2005): 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028
-
Rosenberg, Alex. Bilim Felsefesi: Çağdaş Bir Giriş. Çeviren: İ. Yıldız, Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 2014.
-
Schreckenberg, Ralf, Nadine Woitasky, Naji Itani, Lukas Czech, Péter Ferdinandy ve Rainer Schulz. “Cardiac Side Effects of RNA-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Hidden Cardiotoxic Effects of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 on Ventricular Myocyte Function and Structure,” British Journal of Pharmacology 181, sayı: 3 (2024): 345-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.16262
-
Simmons-Duffin, Selena. “Why Does Pfizer's COVID-19 Vaccine Need to Be Kept Colder than Antarctica?,” NPR, Erişim 17 Kasım 2020. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica
-
Smith-Godfrey, Peter. Kuram ve Gerçeklik: Bilim Felsefesine Giriş. Çeviren: Beycan Mura, İstanbul: Babil Kitap, 2023.
-
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “FDA Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine,” Basın Duyurusu, Erişim 23 Ağustos 2021. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine
-
Uzun, Oğuz, Tuğba Akpolat, Ayşe Varol, Hasan Erdem, Burak Yıldırım, Mehmet Kaya, Serkan Demir, Fatma Yılmaz, Rahmi Özkan, Ahmet Çelik, Derya Şahin, Ebru Kılıç, Mehmet Arslan, Hakan Doğan, Selim Taş, Levent Karaca, Murat Yurt, Neşe Demirtaş, Pelin Öztürk ve Yusuf Şen. “COVID-19: Vaccination vs. Hospitalization,” Infection 50, sayı: 6 (2022): 747-752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-021-01751-1
-
Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation. “How Does a mRNA Vaccine Compare to a Traditional Vaccine?,” Erişim 16 Kasım 2020. https://www.vumc.org/viiii/infographics/how-does-mrna-vaccine-compare-traditional-vaccine
-
Vetter, Veronika, Gökdeniz Denizer, Laura R. Friedland, Jay Krishnan ve Michael Shapiro. “Understanding Modern-Day Vaccines: What You Need to Know,” Annals of Medicine 50, sayı: 2 (2018): 110-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2017.1407035
Imre Lakatos’un “Rakip Araştırma Programları” Perspektifiyle Covıd-19 Pandemisi Sürecindeki mRNA ve İnaktif Aşı Rekabetinin Analizi
Year 2025,
Issue: 24, 99 - 112, 01.12.2025
Vehbi Metin Demir
,
Berke Can Aslan
Abstract
Bu çalışma, Covid-19 aşı türleri arasından mRNA aşısının ve İnaktif aşının yöntemsel gelişimini bir “rekabet” olarak Imre Lakatos’un “Rakip Araştırma Programları” perspektifinden ele almaktadır. Lakatos rakip programlar arasında hangisinin tercih edileceği konusunda ilerici olanın tercih edildiğini fikrini öne sürer. Bu bakımdan makalede mRNA aşı yönteminin inaktif aşı yöntemi karşısında “ilerici program” olarak öne çıktığı gösterilecektir. mRNA gibi yeni teknoloji aşılar insanlık nüfusu üzerinde geniş kullanımının bu pandemi döneminde gerçekleşmiştir Pandemi üzerinden yaklaşık beş yıl geçmesine rağmen bu alandaki çalışmalar güncel bilim tarihi için zengin bir malzeme sunmaktadır. Çalışmamız, bu yönüyle bilim felsefesi ile aşı bilimini bir araya getirerek disiplinler arası bir çalışma olmayı hedeflemektedir. Makalede önce Imre Lakatos’un bilimsel araştırma programları teorisi gözden geçirilecek, sonrasında Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde aşı üretme çalışmaları olgusal olarak aktartılacaktır. Devamında mRNA aşıları ile inaktif aşılar hakkında bilgi verilecek ve son olarak “Rakip Araştırma Programları” perspektifiyle bu iki aşı programı çözümlemeye tabii tutulacaktır. Bu iki aşı türünün seçilmesi Türkiye’de aktif olarak kullanılmış iki tip Covid-19 aşısı olmasından kaynaklıdır. Makale hem Imre Lakatos’un teorisinin pratik alandaki bir bilim dalı üzerinden gerçekleştirilmesi hem de bilimsel işleyişi bilim felsefesi perspektifinden incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.
References
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“400 Bin Doz Aşı Çöpe mi Gitti?,” BirGün, Erişim 22 Eylül 2021. https://www.birgun.net/haber/400-bin-doz-asi-cope-mi-gitti-359512
-
“Aşılarda Kullanılan mRNA Teknolojisinin Mucidi: Hükümet Riskler Konusunda Şeffaf Değil,” Cumhuriyet, Erişim 25 Haziran 2021. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/asilarda-kullanilan-mrna-teknolojisinin-mucidi-hukumet-riskler-konusunda-seffaf-degil-1847283
-
“Bilimsel Dünya Anlayışı” Viyana Çevresi: Program Yazıları içinde, Hazırlayan: Hasanhan Taylan Erkıpçak, 27–55. İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık, 2019.
-
“Genç Erkekler İçin Kalp Hasarı Riski: ABD Covid-19 Aşı Uyarılarını Genişletiyor,” Diken, Erişim 22 Mayıs 2025. https://www.diken.com.tr/genc-erkekler-icin-kalp-hasari-riski-abd-covid-19-asi-uyarilarini-genisletiyor/
ACROBiosystems. “An Overview of Different COVID-19 Vaccines,” Erişim 9 Aralık 2021. https://www.acrobiosystems.com/A1374-An-Overview-of-Different-COVID-19-Vaccines.html
-
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine: Storage and Handling Summary,” 2 Mayıs 2023, Erişim 20 Ağustos 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/pfizer/downloads/storage-summary.pdf
-
Çüçen, Abdülkadir. Bilim Felsefesine Giriş. 4. baskı. Bursa: Sentez Yayıncılık, 2020.
-
Dagan, Noam, Noam Barda, Eldad Kepten, Ofra Miron, Shay Perchik, Maia A. Katz, Miguel A. Hernán, Marc Lipsitch, Barak Reis ve Ran D. Balicer. “BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting,” The New England Journal of Medicine 384, sayı: 15 (2021): 1412-1423. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2101765
-
Demir, Volkan M. ve Hasan Etil. “Bilimin Bilimi ya da Pierre Bourdieu’nün Bilim Sosyolojisi,” Toplum ve Kimlik 2, sayı: 1 (2025): 1-32.
-
Dolgin, Elie. “The Tangled History of mRNA Vaccines,” Nature, Erişim 14 Eylül 2021.
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02483-w
-
Gargano, Julia W., Matthew Wallace, K. R. Broder, Gregory Langley, Mai Nguyen, Laura Cooper, Isaac See, Tom Shimabukuro, Jennifer R. Su, Matthew Wernecke, Stephen Moritz, Richard Jajosky, Patricia Marquez, Gina Lee, Heather Scobie, Monica Godfrey, Matthew Thompson, Anh Nguyen, Sarita Rao ve Tania Salerno. “Use of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine after Reports of Myocarditis among Vaccine Recipients: Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, June 2021,” MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 70, sayı: 27 (2021): 977-982. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7027e2
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Gavi. “What Are Nucleic Acid Vaccines and How Could They Be Used against COVID-19?,” VaccinesWork, Erişim 23 Aralık 2020. https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/what-are-nucleic-acid-vaccines-and-how-could-they-be-used-against-covid-19
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Gavi. “What Are Whole Virus Vaccines and How Could They Be Used against COVID-19?,” VaccinesWork, Erişim 30 Aralık 2020. https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/what-are-whole-virus-vaccines-and-how-could-they-be-used-against-covid-19
-
Haas, Eric J., Felipe J. Angulo, Jennifer M. McLaughlin, Efrat Anis, Sara R. Singer, Farhaan Khan, Nathan Brooks, Maja Smaja, Gregory Mircus, Kai Pan, Jennifer Southern, David L. Swerdlow, Luis Jodar, Yaniv Levy ve Sharon Alroy-Preis. “Infections, Hospitalisations, and Deaths Averted via a Nationwide Vaccination Campaign Using the Pfizer–BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Israel: A Retrospective Surveillance Study,” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 22, sayı: 3 (2022): 357-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00566-1
-
Iqbal, S. M., A. M. Rosen, D. Edwards, A. Bolio, H. J. Larson, M. Servin, M. Rudowitz, A. Carfi ve F. Ceddia. “Enhancing Acceptance and Uptake of Novel mRNA Vaccines and Therapeutics: Insights from the Global Listening Project,” Frontiers in Public Health 12, (2024): Article 1429265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1429265
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Islam, Md. A. “A Review of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Vaccines: Viral Properties, Mutations, Vaccine Efficacy, and Safety,” Infectious Medicine 2, sayı: 4 (2023): 247-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imj.2023.08.005
-
Karagöz, Yasin, Fatma Yalman ve Yusuf Karaşin. “Covid-19’a Yönelik Komplo Teorilerinin Aşı Tereddüdüne Etkisi: Aşı Tutumunun Aracı Rolü,” Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 19, sayı: 2 (2022): 19-31.
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Katella, Kari. “Comparing the COVID-19 Vaccines: How Are They Different?,” Yale Medicine, Erişim 20 Mayıs 2025. https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison
-
Kuhn, Thomas S. “Keşif Mantığı mı Araştırma Psikolojisi mi?” Eleştiri ve Bilginin Gelişmesi içinde, Derleyenler: I. Lakatos ve A. Musgrave, 2. baskı, 7–15. İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları, 2020.
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Kuhn, Thomas S. Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı. Çeviren: N. Kuyaş, İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları, 2017.
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Lakatos, Imre. Bilimsel Araştırma Programlarının Metodolojisi. Çeviren: D. Uygun, İstanbul: Alfa, 2014.
-
Lang, Florian, Bernd Schrörs, Markus Löwer, Özlem Türeci ve Uğur Şahin. “Identification of Neoantigens for Individualized Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 21, (2022): 261-282. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00387-y
-
Merkit, Nedim. “Karl Popper ve Yanlışlanabilirlik İlkesi,” Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11, sayı: 1 (2021): 129-143. https://doi.org/10.20493/birtop.893129
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Moderna. “mRNA Pipeline,” Erişim tarihi belirtilmemiş. https://www.modernatx.com/research/product-pipeline
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Nagurney, Anna. “Keeping Coronavirus Vaccines at Subzero Temperatures during Distribution Will Be Hard but Likely Key to Ending Pandemic,” The Conversation, Erişim 18 Eylül 2020.
https://theconversation.com/keeping-coronavirus-vaccines-at-subzero-temperatures-during-distribution-will-be-hard-but-likely-key-to-ending-pandemic-146071
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Our World in Data. “COVID-19 Vaccine Doses Administered by Manufacturer, European Union,” 2024. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-vaccine-doses-by-manufacturer
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Özcan, Zeki. Viyana Çevresi. Ankara: Fol Kitap, 2021.
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Park, Andy. “FDA: Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine Doesn’t Need Ultra-Cold Freezer Storage,” Time, Erişim 26 Şubat 2021. https://time.com/5942452/pfizer-biontech-vaccine-cold-storage-fda/
-
Popper, Karl R. Bilimsel Araştırmanın Mantığı. Çevirenler: İlknur Aka ve İbrahim Turan. İstanbul: YKY, 1998.
-
Riedel, Stefan. “Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination,” Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center) 18, sayı: 1 (2005): 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028
-
Rosenberg, Alex. Bilim Felsefesi: Çağdaş Bir Giriş. Çeviren: İ. Yıldız, Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 2014.
-
Schreckenberg, Ralf, Nadine Woitasky, Naji Itani, Lukas Czech, Péter Ferdinandy ve Rainer Schulz. “Cardiac Side Effects of RNA-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Hidden Cardiotoxic Effects of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 on Ventricular Myocyte Function and Structure,” British Journal of Pharmacology 181, sayı: 3 (2024): 345-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.16262
-
Simmons-Duffin, Selena. “Why Does Pfizer's COVID-19 Vaccine Need to Be Kept Colder than Antarctica?,” NPR, Erişim 17 Kasım 2020. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/11/17/935563377/why-does-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine-need-to-be-kept-colder-than-antarctica
-
Smith-Godfrey, Peter. Kuram ve Gerçeklik: Bilim Felsefesine Giriş. Çeviren: Beycan Mura, İstanbul: Babil Kitap, 2023.
-
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “FDA Approves First COVID-19 Vaccine,” Basın Duyurusu, Erişim 23 Ağustos 2021. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine
-
Uzun, Oğuz, Tuğba Akpolat, Ayşe Varol, Hasan Erdem, Burak Yıldırım, Mehmet Kaya, Serkan Demir, Fatma Yılmaz, Rahmi Özkan, Ahmet Çelik, Derya Şahin, Ebru Kılıç, Mehmet Arslan, Hakan Doğan, Selim Taş, Levent Karaca, Murat Yurt, Neşe Demirtaş, Pelin Öztürk ve Yusuf Şen. “COVID-19: Vaccination vs. Hospitalization,” Infection 50, sayı: 6 (2022): 747-752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-021-01751-1
-
Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation. “How Does a mRNA Vaccine Compare to a Traditional Vaccine?,” Erişim 16 Kasım 2020. https://www.vumc.org/viiii/infographics/how-does-mrna-vaccine-compare-traditional-vaccine
-
Vetter, Veronika, Gökdeniz Denizer, Laura R. Friedland, Jay Krishnan ve Michael Shapiro. “Understanding Modern-Day Vaccines: What You Need to Know,” Annals of Medicine 50, sayı: 2 (2018): 110-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2017.1407035
An Analysis of Vaccine Competition during Pandemic between mRNA and Inactive Vaccines from the perspective of Imre Lakatos's Rival Research Programmes
Year 2025,
Issue: 24, 99 - 112, 01.12.2025
Vehbi Metin Demir
,
Berke Can Aslan
Abstract
This study examines the methodological development of mRNA and inactivated vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic as a form of "competition" from the perspective of Imre Lakatos’s theory of "Competing Research Programmes." Lakatos argues that, when faced with rival programs, the one that is progressive should be preferred. In this context, the article aims to demonstrate that the mRNA vaccine approach emerged as the "progressive programme" compared to the inactivated vaccine approach. Vaccines based on new technologies like mRNA were widely used on the global population for the first time during the pandemic. Even though nearly five years have passed since the outbreak, the research conducted in this field continues to provide rich material for the contemporary history of science. This study seeks to be interdisciplinary by bringing together the philosophy of science and vaccine science. The article will first review Imre Lakatos’s theory of scientific research programmes, followed by a factual account of vaccine development efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic. It will then present information about mRNA and inactivated vaccines, and finally, analyze these two vaccine approaches through the lens of the "Competing Research Programmes" framework. These two types of vaccines were selected because they were actively used in Turkey during the pandemic. The article aims both to apply Lakatos’s theory to a practical scientific field and to analyze scientific practice from a philosophy of science perspective.
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Karagöz, Yasin, Fatma Yalman ve Yusuf Karaşin. “Covid-19’a Yönelik Komplo Teorilerinin Aşı Tereddüdüne Etkisi: Aşı Tutumunun Aracı Rolü,” Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 19, sayı: 2 (2022): 19-31.
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Kuhn, Thomas S. “Keşif Mantığı mı Araştırma Psikolojisi mi?” Eleştiri ve Bilginin Gelişmesi içinde, Derleyenler: I. Lakatos ve A. Musgrave, 2. baskı, 7–15. İstanbul: İthaki Yayınları, 2020.
-
Kuhn, Thomas S. Bilimsel Devrimlerin Yapısı. Çeviren: N. Kuyaş, İstanbul: Kırmızı Yayınları, 2017.
-
Lakatos, Imre. Bilimsel Araştırma Programlarının Metodolojisi. Çeviren: D. Uygun, İstanbul: Alfa, 2014.
-
Lang, Florian, Bernd Schrörs, Markus Löwer, Özlem Türeci ve Uğur Şahin. “Identification of Neoantigens for Individualized Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 21, (2022): 261-282. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-021-00387-y
-
Merkit, Nedim. “Karl Popper ve Yanlışlanabilirlik İlkesi,” Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 11, sayı: 1 (2021): 129-143. https://doi.org/10.20493/birtop.893129
-
Moderna. “mRNA Pipeline,” Erişim tarihi belirtilmemiş. https://www.modernatx.com/research/product-pipeline
-
Nagurney, Anna. “Keeping Coronavirus Vaccines at Subzero Temperatures during Distribution Will Be Hard but Likely Key to Ending Pandemic,” The Conversation, Erişim 18 Eylül 2020.
https://theconversation.com/keeping-coronavirus-vaccines-at-subzero-temperatures-during-distribution-will-be-hard-but-likely-key-to-ending-pandemic-146071
-
Our World in Data. “COVID-19 Vaccine Doses Administered by Manufacturer, European Union,” 2024. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-vaccine-doses-by-manufacturer
-
Özcan, Zeki. Viyana Çevresi. Ankara: Fol Kitap, 2021.
-
Park, Andy. “FDA: Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccine Doesn’t Need Ultra-Cold Freezer Storage,” Time, Erişim 26 Şubat 2021. https://time.com/5942452/pfizer-biontech-vaccine-cold-storage-fda/
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-
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-
Rosenberg, Alex. Bilim Felsefesi: Çağdaş Bir Giriş. Çeviren: İ. Yıldız, Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları, 2014.
-
Schreckenberg, Ralf, Nadine Woitasky, Naji Itani, Lukas Czech, Péter Ferdinandy ve Rainer Schulz. “Cardiac Side Effects of RNA-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Hidden Cardiotoxic Effects of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 on Ventricular Myocyte Function and Structure,” British Journal of Pharmacology 181, sayı: 3 (2024): 345-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.16262
-
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Smith-Godfrey, Peter. Kuram ve Gerçeklik: Bilim Felsefesine Giriş. Çeviren: Beycan Mura, İstanbul: Babil Kitap, 2023.
-
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Uzun, Oğuz, Tuğba Akpolat, Ayşe Varol, Hasan Erdem, Burak Yıldırım, Mehmet Kaya, Serkan Demir, Fatma Yılmaz, Rahmi Özkan, Ahmet Çelik, Derya Şahin, Ebru Kılıç, Mehmet Arslan, Hakan Doğan, Selim Taş, Levent Karaca, Murat Yurt, Neşe Demirtaş, Pelin Öztürk ve Yusuf Şen. “COVID-19: Vaccination vs. Hospitalization,” Infection 50, sayı: 6 (2022): 747-752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-021-01751-1
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Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation. “How Does a mRNA Vaccine Compare to a Traditional Vaccine?,” Erişim 16 Kasım 2020. https://www.vumc.org/viiii/infographics/how-does-mrna-vaccine-compare-traditional-vaccine
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Vetter, Veronika, Gökdeniz Denizer, Laura R. Friedland, Jay Krishnan ve Michael Shapiro. “Understanding Modern-Day Vaccines: What You Need to Know,” Annals of Medicine 50, sayı: 2 (2018): 110-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2017.1407035