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Year 2025, Issue: 24, 424 - 435, 01.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1806963

Abstract

References

  • Achner, Wolfram ve Taede A. Smedes. “Chaos Theory” in Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, Editör: J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003.
  • Akdağ, Özcan. “Gersonides’in Nübüvvet Anlayışı ve Temelleri,” İslâmi Araştırmalar Dergisi 36, sayı: 2 (2025): 183-95. https://doi.org/10.62862/isar.2024-107793
  • Atkins, Peter. Evreni Yöneten Dört Yasa: Enerji, Termodinamik, Entropi ve Zaman Hakkında Bilmek İstediğiniz Her Şey. Çeviren: Eser Bakdur, İstanbul: Alfa, 2014.
  • Batak, Kemal. “Doğa Yasalarının Zorunluluğu, İlahi Fiil ve Mucize: Tanrı Dünyada Fiilde Bulunabilir mi?,” Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 11, sayı: 20 (2009): 23-47. https://doi.org/10.17335/suifd.81125
  • Craig, William Lane. Time and Eternity. Illinois: Crossway, 2001. https://www.crossway.org/books/time-and-eternity-tpb/
  • ———. “Timelessness & Omnitemporality" in God & Time: Four Views, Editör: Gregory E. Ganssle, 129-160. Westmont: InterVarsity Press, 2001.
  • Ganssle, Gregory E. ve David M. Woodruf. (ed.) God and Time: Essays on the Divine Nature. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Helm, Paul. Eternal God. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Hume, David. Writings on Religion. La Salle, Illionis: Open Court, 1993.
  • İzin Badria, Merve. “Tanrı, İnayet ve Aranedencilik.” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022.
  • Mcgrath, Alister. Science and Religion: A New Introduction. 2. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2010.
  • Polat, Sait. “Klasik ve Açık Teizm Bağlamında Tanrı’nın Bilgisi ve İnsanın Özgürlüğü,” Bartın Üniversitesi İslami İlimler Fakültesi Dergisi, sayı: 16 (Aralık 2021): 286-307.
  • Polkinghorne, John C. Belief in God in an Age of Science. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
  • ———. “Chaos Theory”. İçinde The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.
  • ———. Faith, Science and Understanding. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
  • ———. One World: The Interaction of Science and Theology. Philadelphia: Templeton Press, 2007.
  • ———. Science and Creation: The Search for Understanding. Philadelphia: Templeton Press, 2006.
  • ———. Science and Providence: God’s Interaction with the World. West Conshohocken: Templeton Press, 2011.
  • ———. Science and Religion in Quest of Truth. London: SPCK Publishing, 2011.
  • ———. Science and Theology. New Haven: SPCK/Fortress Press, 1998.
  • ———. Serious Talk: Science and Religion in Dialogue. Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International, 1995.
  • ———. “The Metaphysics of Divine Action” in Chaos and Complexity: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action, Editörler: Robert John Russell, Nancey Murphy ve Arthur R. Peacocke. Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory Publications, 1995.
  • ———. Theology in the Context of Science. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
  • Reçber, Mehmet Sait. “Tanrı’nın Sıfatları” Din Felsefesi içinde, Editör: Recep Kılıç, 59-96. Ankara: Ankuzem Yayınları, 2013.
  • Smedes, Taede. “Chaos: Where Science and Religion Meet?” in Studies in Science & Theology 8: Yearbook of the European Society for the Study of Science and Theology 2001–2002, Editörler: N.H. Gregersen, U. Görman ve H. Meisinger. Aarhus: University of Aarhus, 2002.
  • Sorabji, Richard. Time, Creation, and the Continuum: Theories in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. New York: Cornell University Press, 1983.
  • Taslaman, Caner. Kuantum Teorisi, Felsefe ve Tanrı: Modern Bilim, Felsefe ve Dinlerin İlişkisi. İstanbul: İstanbul Yayınevi, 2014.
  • Tracy, Thomas F. “Theologies of Divine Action” in The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science, Editör: Philip Clayton. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

Year 2025, Issue: 24, 424 - 435, 01.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1806963

Abstract

References

  • Achner, Wolfram ve Taede A. Smedes. “Chaos Theory” in Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, Editör: J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003.
  • Akdağ, Özcan. “Gersonides’in Nübüvvet Anlayışı ve Temelleri,” İslâmi Araştırmalar Dergisi 36, sayı: 2 (2025): 183-95. https://doi.org/10.62862/isar.2024-107793
  • Atkins, Peter. Evreni Yöneten Dört Yasa: Enerji, Termodinamik, Entropi ve Zaman Hakkında Bilmek İstediğiniz Her Şey. Çeviren: Eser Bakdur, İstanbul: Alfa, 2014.
  • Batak, Kemal. “Doğa Yasalarının Zorunluluğu, İlahi Fiil ve Mucize: Tanrı Dünyada Fiilde Bulunabilir mi?,” Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 11, sayı: 20 (2009): 23-47. https://doi.org/10.17335/suifd.81125
  • Craig, William Lane. Time and Eternity. Illinois: Crossway, 2001. https://www.crossway.org/books/time-and-eternity-tpb/
  • ———. “Timelessness & Omnitemporality" in God & Time: Four Views, Editör: Gregory E. Ganssle, 129-160. Westmont: InterVarsity Press, 2001.
  • Ganssle, Gregory E. ve David M. Woodruf. (ed.) God and Time: Essays on the Divine Nature. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Helm, Paul. Eternal God. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Hume, David. Writings on Religion. La Salle, Illionis: Open Court, 1993.
  • İzin Badria, Merve. “Tanrı, İnayet ve Aranedencilik.” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022.
  • Mcgrath, Alister. Science and Religion: A New Introduction. 2. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2010.
  • Polat, Sait. “Klasik ve Açık Teizm Bağlamında Tanrı’nın Bilgisi ve İnsanın Özgürlüğü,” Bartın Üniversitesi İslami İlimler Fakültesi Dergisi, sayı: 16 (Aralık 2021): 286-307.
  • Polkinghorne, John C. Belief in God in an Age of Science. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
  • ———. “Chaos Theory”. İçinde The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.
  • ———. Faith, Science and Understanding. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
  • ———. One World: The Interaction of Science and Theology. Philadelphia: Templeton Press, 2007.
  • ———. Science and Creation: The Search for Understanding. Philadelphia: Templeton Press, 2006.
  • ———. Science and Providence: God’s Interaction with the World. West Conshohocken: Templeton Press, 2011.
  • ———. Science and Religion in Quest of Truth. London: SPCK Publishing, 2011.
  • ———. Science and Theology. New Haven: SPCK/Fortress Press, 1998.
  • ———. Serious Talk: Science and Religion in Dialogue. Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International, 1995.
  • ———. “The Metaphysics of Divine Action” in Chaos and Complexity: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action, Editörler: Robert John Russell, Nancey Murphy ve Arthur R. Peacocke. Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory Publications, 1995.
  • ———. Theology in the Context of Science. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
  • Reçber, Mehmet Sait. “Tanrı’nın Sıfatları” Din Felsefesi içinde, Editör: Recep Kılıç, 59-96. Ankara: Ankuzem Yayınları, 2013.
  • Smedes, Taede. “Chaos: Where Science and Religion Meet?” in Studies in Science & Theology 8: Yearbook of the European Society for the Study of Science and Theology 2001–2002, Editörler: N.H. Gregersen, U. Görman ve H. Meisinger. Aarhus: University of Aarhus, 2002.
  • Sorabji, Richard. Time, Creation, and the Continuum: Theories in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. New York: Cornell University Press, 1983.
  • Taslaman, Caner. Kuantum Teorisi, Felsefe ve Tanrı: Modern Bilim, Felsefe ve Dinlerin İlişkisi. İstanbul: İstanbul Yayınevi, 2014.
  • Tracy, Thomas F. “Theologies of Divine Action” in The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science, Editör: Philip Clayton. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

John C. Polkinghorne’da Kaos Teorisi Bağlamında İlahi Fiil ve İnayet Problemi

Year 2025, Issue: 24, 424 - 435, 01.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1806963

Abstract

Bu makale, John Charlton Polkinghorne’un ilahi fiili (divine action) fiziksel bir teori olan “Kaos Teorisi” üzerinden açıklama girişimlerini felsefi bir yöntemle analiz eder. Ayrıca, Polkinghorne’un önerdiği modelin mantıksal tutarlılığını, felsefi-teolojik açıdan yeterliliğini ve bilimsel kriterlerle uyumunu sorgular. Analitik yöntemi benimseyen çalışma, Polkinghorne’un, Kaos Teorisi’ni Tanrı’nın doğa yasalarını ihlâl etmeden, madde ve enerji girdisi olmadan, salt bilgi-temelli müdahale yoluyla tarihe iştirakini mümkün kılan bir “nedensel eklem” (causal joint) olarak kullanma girişiminin felsefi temellerini inceler. Polkinghorne’un ilahi faaliyet modeli, insan özgürlüğüyle bağdaşır ve katı determinizmi reddeder. Bu modele göre Tanrı’nın faaliyeti, nadir olay(lar) olarak görülen mucizenin imkânını dışlamayan ve birçok değişkene bağlı olan “bilişsel” bir yapı olarak belirir. Buna karşın Polkinghorne’un önerisi birkaç yönden eleştirilebilir. ‘Bilgi-girdisi’ düşüncesi, bilginin nedensel etkisini enerji-korunumuyla bağdaştırırken, “ontolojik statü” sorunu hala tartışmaya açık kalır. İkinci olarak, kaosun “açık gelecek” üretme kapasitesi ile Tanrısal yönlendirmenin pratik ayrıştırılabilirliği sorunlu gözükmektedir. Üçüncü olarak, yukardan-aşağı nedenselliğin aşağıdan-yukarıya kapalı nedensellik ilkesiyle uyumu, indirgemeci olmayan, fakat etkileşime dayalı bir ontoloji gerektirir. Burada teorinin tutarlılığı zihin-beden analojisi üzerinden savunulsa da konunun fiziksel açıklama düzenine eklenme biçimi netleştirilmeye muhtaçtır. Sonuç olarak makale, Polkinghorne’un ilahi fiil tasvirinin, kaos kuramının yapısal açıklığını teolojik fail-yüklemesi için verimli bir ara-yüz olarak gördüğünü, “nedensel eklem” ve “bilgi girişi” terimleriyle din-bilim diyaloğuna katkı sağlama potansiyeli taşıdığını, ancak metafizik temellendirme ve metodolojik ölçütler açısından daha nitelikli hale getirilmeye ihtiyaç duyduğunu savunur. Bu nedenle bahsi geçen model, teistik doğa tasavvurunu rasyonel kılmaya yönelik kayda değer bir çerçeve sunmakla birlikte, iddialarını daha açık ve sınanabilir kılacak bir formülasyona ihtiyaç duymaktadır.

References

  • Achner, Wolfram ve Taede A. Smedes. “Chaos Theory” in Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, Editör: J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003.
  • Akdağ, Özcan. “Gersonides’in Nübüvvet Anlayışı ve Temelleri,” İslâmi Araştırmalar Dergisi 36, sayı: 2 (2025): 183-95. https://doi.org/10.62862/isar.2024-107793
  • Atkins, Peter. Evreni Yöneten Dört Yasa: Enerji, Termodinamik, Entropi ve Zaman Hakkında Bilmek İstediğiniz Her Şey. Çeviren: Eser Bakdur, İstanbul: Alfa, 2014.
  • Batak, Kemal. “Doğa Yasalarının Zorunluluğu, İlahi Fiil ve Mucize: Tanrı Dünyada Fiilde Bulunabilir mi?,” Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 11, sayı: 20 (2009): 23-47. https://doi.org/10.17335/suifd.81125
  • Craig, William Lane. Time and Eternity. Illinois: Crossway, 2001. https://www.crossway.org/books/time-and-eternity-tpb/
  • ———. “Timelessness & Omnitemporality" in God & Time: Four Views, Editör: Gregory E. Ganssle, 129-160. Westmont: InterVarsity Press, 2001.
  • Ganssle, Gregory E. ve David M. Woodruf. (ed.) God and Time: Essays on the Divine Nature. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Helm, Paul. Eternal God. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Hume, David. Writings on Religion. La Salle, Illionis: Open Court, 1993.
  • İzin Badria, Merve. “Tanrı, İnayet ve Aranedencilik.” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022.
  • Mcgrath, Alister. Science and Religion: A New Introduction. 2. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2010.
  • Polat, Sait. “Klasik ve Açık Teizm Bağlamında Tanrı’nın Bilgisi ve İnsanın Özgürlüğü,” Bartın Üniversitesi İslami İlimler Fakültesi Dergisi, sayı: 16 (Aralık 2021): 286-307.
  • Polkinghorne, John C. Belief in God in an Age of Science. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
  • ———. “Chaos Theory”. İçinde The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.
  • ———. Faith, Science and Understanding. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
  • ———. One World: The Interaction of Science and Theology. Philadelphia: Templeton Press, 2007.
  • ———. Science and Creation: The Search for Understanding. Philadelphia: Templeton Press, 2006.
  • ———. Science and Providence: God’s Interaction with the World. West Conshohocken: Templeton Press, 2011.
  • ———. Science and Religion in Quest of Truth. London: SPCK Publishing, 2011.
  • ———. Science and Theology. New Haven: SPCK/Fortress Press, 1998.
  • ———. Serious Talk: Science and Religion in Dialogue. Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International, 1995.
  • ———. “The Metaphysics of Divine Action” in Chaos and Complexity: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action, Editörler: Robert John Russell, Nancey Murphy ve Arthur R. Peacocke. Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory Publications, 1995.
  • ———. Theology in the Context of Science. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
  • Reçber, Mehmet Sait. “Tanrı’nın Sıfatları” Din Felsefesi içinde, Editör: Recep Kılıç, 59-96. Ankara: Ankuzem Yayınları, 2013.
  • Smedes, Taede. “Chaos: Where Science and Religion Meet?” in Studies in Science & Theology 8: Yearbook of the European Society for the Study of Science and Theology 2001–2002, Editörler: N.H. Gregersen, U. Görman ve H. Meisinger. Aarhus: University of Aarhus, 2002.
  • Sorabji, Richard. Time, Creation, and the Continuum: Theories in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. New York: Cornell University Press, 1983.
  • Taslaman, Caner. Kuantum Teorisi, Felsefe ve Tanrı: Modern Bilim, Felsefe ve Dinlerin İlişkisi. İstanbul: İstanbul Yayınevi, 2014.
  • Tracy, Thomas F. “Theologies of Divine Action” in The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science, Editör: Philip Clayton. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

The Problem of Divine Action and Providence in the Context of Chaos Theory in John C. Polkinghorne

Year 2025, Issue: 24, 424 - 435, 01.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1806963

Abstract

This article employs a philosophical method to analyze John Charlton Polkinghorne’s efforts to elucidate divine intervention through the physical theory of Chaos Theory. Furthermore, the paper calls into question the logical consistency of the model proposed by Polkinghorne, its philosophical-theological adequacy, and its compatibility with scientific criteria. The present study adopts an analytical approach in order to examine the philosophical foundations of Polkinghorne’s attempt to utilize Chaos Theory as a “causal joint” that enables God to participate in history through purely knowledge-based intervention, without violating natural laws and without input of matter or energy. Polkinghorne’s model of divine activity is compatible with human freedom and rejects strict determinism. According to this model, God’s activity manifests as a “cognitive” structure contingent on numerous variables, thereby rendering the possibility of miracles, regarded as exceptional occurrences, plausible. Nevertheless, Polkinghorne’s proposal is open to criticism from several angles. The concept of ‘information input’ has been proposed as a means to reconcile the causal effect of information with energy conservation. However, the issue of “ontological status” remains a subject of debate. Secondly, the capacity of chaos to engender an “open future”, and the practical separability of divine guidance, appear to be problematic. Thirdly, the compatibility of top-down causality with the bottom-up principle of closed causality requires a non-reductive, interaction-based ontology. The theory’s consistency is defended through the mind-body analogy; however, further clarification is required regarding the incorporation of the subject into the physical explanatory framework. In conclusion, the article argues that Polkinghorne’s depiction of divine action sees the structural clarity of chaos theory as a productive interface for theological agent-insertion, and that it has the potential to contribute to the religion-science dialogue through the terms “causal joint” and “information input,” but argues that it needs to be refined in terms of metaphysical grounding and methodological criteria. Consequently, while the model under discussion provides a noteworthy framework for rationalizing theistic conceptions of nature, it is essential that its claims are formulated in a more explicit and testable manner.

References

  • Achner, Wolfram ve Taede A. Smedes. “Chaos Theory” in Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, Editör: J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003.
  • Akdağ, Özcan. “Gersonides’in Nübüvvet Anlayışı ve Temelleri,” İslâmi Araştırmalar Dergisi 36, sayı: 2 (2025): 183-95. https://doi.org/10.62862/isar.2024-107793
  • Atkins, Peter. Evreni Yöneten Dört Yasa: Enerji, Termodinamik, Entropi ve Zaman Hakkında Bilmek İstediğiniz Her Şey. Çeviren: Eser Bakdur, İstanbul: Alfa, 2014.
  • Batak, Kemal. “Doğa Yasalarının Zorunluluğu, İlahi Fiil ve Mucize: Tanrı Dünyada Fiilde Bulunabilir mi?,” Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 11, sayı: 20 (2009): 23-47. https://doi.org/10.17335/suifd.81125
  • Craig, William Lane. Time and Eternity. Illinois: Crossway, 2001. https://www.crossway.org/books/time-and-eternity-tpb/
  • ———. “Timelessness & Omnitemporality" in God & Time: Four Views, Editör: Gregory E. Ganssle, 129-160. Westmont: InterVarsity Press, 2001.
  • Ganssle, Gregory E. ve David M. Woodruf. (ed.) God and Time: Essays on the Divine Nature. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • Helm, Paul. Eternal God. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Hume, David. Writings on Religion. La Salle, Illionis: Open Court, 1993.
  • İzin Badria, Merve. “Tanrı, İnayet ve Aranedencilik.” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022.
  • Mcgrath, Alister. Science and Religion: A New Introduction. 2. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2010.
  • Polat, Sait. “Klasik ve Açık Teizm Bağlamında Tanrı’nın Bilgisi ve İnsanın Özgürlüğü,” Bartın Üniversitesi İslami İlimler Fakültesi Dergisi, sayı: 16 (Aralık 2021): 286-307.
  • Polkinghorne, John C. Belief in God in an Age of Science. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
  • ———. “Chaos Theory”. İçinde The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition. New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.
  • ———. Faith, Science and Understanding. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.
  • ———. One World: The Interaction of Science and Theology. Philadelphia: Templeton Press, 2007.
  • ———. Science and Creation: The Search for Understanding. Philadelphia: Templeton Press, 2006.
  • ———. Science and Providence: God’s Interaction with the World. West Conshohocken: Templeton Press, 2011.
  • ———. Science and Religion in Quest of Truth. London: SPCK Publishing, 2011.
  • ———. Science and Theology. New Haven: SPCK/Fortress Press, 1998.
  • ———. Serious Talk: Science and Religion in Dialogue. Pennsylvania: Trinity Press International, 1995.
  • ———. “The Metaphysics of Divine Action” in Chaos and Complexity: Scientific Perspectives on Divine Action, Editörler: Robert John Russell, Nancey Murphy ve Arthur R. Peacocke. Vatican City State: Vatican Observatory Publications, 1995.
  • ———. Theology in the Context of Science. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009.
  • Reçber, Mehmet Sait. “Tanrı’nın Sıfatları” Din Felsefesi içinde, Editör: Recep Kılıç, 59-96. Ankara: Ankuzem Yayınları, 2013.
  • Smedes, Taede. “Chaos: Where Science and Religion Meet?” in Studies in Science & Theology 8: Yearbook of the European Society for the Study of Science and Theology 2001–2002, Editörler: N.H. Gregersen, U. Görman ve H. Meisinger. Aarhus: University of Aarhus, 2002.
  • Sorabji, Richard. Time, Creation, and the Continuum: Theories in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. New York: Cornell University Press, 1983.
  • Taslaman, Caner. Kuantum Teorisi, Felsefe ve Tanrı: Modern Bilim, Felsefe ve Dinlerin İlişkisi. İstanbul: İstanbul Yayınevi, 2014.
  • Tracy, Thomas F. “Theologies of Divine Action” in The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Science, Editör: Philip Clayton. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Philosophy of Religion
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Serdar Atalay 0000-0001-6266-1128

Publication Date December 1, 2025
Submission Date October 20, 2025
Acceptance Date November 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 24

Cite

Chicago Atalay, Serdar. “John C. Polkinghorne’da Kaos Teorisi Bağlamında İlahi Fiil Ve İnayet Problemi”. Temaşa Erciyes Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Dergisi, no. 24 (December 2025): 424-35. https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1806963.