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Transhumanism: The Construction of a Transideal

Year 2025, Issue: 24, 456 - 475, 01.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1811238

Abstract

Human enhancement, which aims to improve and enhance human physical and cognitive characteristics based on Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information technology, and Cognitive science (NBIC), is applied in four fundamental areas: genetics, neuropharmacology, morphology, and cybernetics. A complex bioethical-biopolitical dichotomy has emerged between bioconservatism, which opposes these practices, and transhumanism, which derives its fundamental motivation from human enhancement. This dichotomy perpetuates a fierce conflict between these two distinct intellectual positions. Based on this dichotomy, this study demonstrates that transhumanism, as a worldview and cosmovision, essentially originates from a transideal and gravitates towards a trans-ontology. The essence of transhumanism is illuminated by analyzing the foundations of this transideal; the “human life extension” initiative, the possibility of “posthumanity” as a future category, and “biocosmism” as a universal conception of existence. The justification for transhumanism’s position against the historical bioconservative perspective is examined. To this end, first a cartography of the universe of transhumanist thought is created, then the ontic, epistemic, logical and ethical foundations of the transhumanist transideal are presented and interpreted with their argumentative characteristics by considering the concepts of human life extension, posthumanity and biocosmism (as an original contribution effort), each of which is founded on the critique of bioconservative reason.

References

  • Bekenstein, Jacob D. Kütleçekim, Kara Delikler ve Bilgi Üzerine. İstanbul: Ginko Bilim, 2019.
  • Bostrom, Nick. “A History of Transhumanist Thought,” (2005b): Erişim 04 Ağustos 2023. https://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/history.pdf
  • Bostrom, Nick. “The Future of Humanity,” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 1(2), (2009): 41-78.
  • Bostrom, Nick. Die Zukunft der Menscheit. Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2018a.
  • Bostrom, Nick. Süper Zekâ. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018b.
  • De Gray, Aubrey ve Michael Rae. Ending Aging. The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007.
  • De Gray, Aubrey ve Michael Rae. Yaşlanmayı Durdurabiliriz. Kendi Yaşam Sürecimiz İçinde Yaşlanmayı Tersine Çevirebilecek Gençleşme Devrimleri. Çeviren: Engin Tarhan, Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık, 2010.
  • Dickel, Sascha. Enhancement-Utopien. Soziologische Analysen zur Konstruktion des Neuen Menschen. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2011.
  • Ettinger, Robert C. W. The Prospect of Immortality. Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1964.
  • Ettinger, Robert C. W. Man into Superman. 1972. Erişim 16 Nisan 2023. https://cryonics.org/cryonics-library/man-into-superman/
  • FM-2030. Are You a Transhuman? Monitoring and Stimulating Your Personal Rate of Growth in a Rapidly Changing World. New York: Warner Books, 1989.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future:Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Gıroux, 2002.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. İnsan Ötesi Geleceğimiz. Biyoteknoloji Devriminin Sonuçları, Çeviren: Çiğdem Aksoy Fromm, Ankara: ODTÜ yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Haraway, Donna J. “A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century” in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women. The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1991.
  • Heilinger, Jan-Christoph. Anthropologie und Ethik des Enhancements. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2010.
  • Hughes, James. Citizen Cyborg. Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press, 2004.
  • Jonas, Hans. Das Prinzip Verantwortung. Versuch einer Ethik für die technologische Zivilisation. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 2003.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht. Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 2000.
  • Kass, Leon R. “The Wisdom of Repugnance” in The Ethics of Human Cloning, Edidörler: Leon R. Kass ve James Q. Wilson. Washington D.C.: The AEI Press, 1998.
  • Koç, Mustafa. “‘İnsan Kendinden Küçüktür’, Artırılmalıdır. Biyokonservatif Aklın Eleştirisine Doğru Transhümanist Tezler,” Arkhe-Logos Felsefe Dergisi 11, (2021): 9-42.
  • Kurzweil, Ray. The Singularity is Near. When Humans Transcend Biology. London: Penguin, 2006.
  • Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism/Der Utilitarismus. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2006.
  • More, Max. “The Philosophy of Transhumanism” in The Transhumanist Reader, Editörler: Max More ve Natasha Vita-More. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • More, Max. The Principles of Extrophy. Erişim 23 Kasım 2025. http://dpya.org/wiki/index.php/2003-Principles of Extropy Version 3.11-Max More
  • Nussbaum, Martha C. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011.
  • Pearce, David. “The Abolitionist Project.” Erişim 08 Mayıs 2025. https://www.hedweb.com/abolitionist-project/index.html
  • Sorgner, Stefan Lorenz. Transhumanismus »Die gefährlichste Idee der Welt«!? Freiburg i. Br.: Herder, 2016.
  • “Transhumanist Declaration-2012” in The Transhumanist Reader, Editörler: Max More ve Natasha Vita-More. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Weber, Karsten ve Thomas Zoglauer. Verbesserte Menschen. Ethische und technikwissenschaftliche Überlegungen. Freiburg/München: Karl Alber, 2015.

İnsanartıcılık: Bir Transidealin Kuruluşu

Year 2025, Issue: 24, 456 - 475, 01.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1811238

Abstract

Nanoteknoloji, Biyoteknoloji, Bilişim teknolojisi ve Bilişsel bilime (NBIC) dayalı olarak insanın bedensel ve bilişsel özelliklerini iyileştirmeyi ve artırmayı amaçlayan insan+ uygulamalar (human enhancement) genetik, nörofarmakolojik, morfolojik ve sibernetik olmak üzere dört temel alanda uygulanmaktadır. Bu uygulamalara karşı çıkan biyokonservatizm ile temel güdülenimini insan+ uygulamalardan alan insanartıcılık (transhumanism) arasında girift bir biyoetik-biyopolitik dikotomi oluşmakta, söz konusu dikotomi bu iki farklı düşünsel pozisyon arasında şiddetli bir çatışmayı süreğen kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, belirlenen bu dikotomiden hareketle, bir dünya görüşü ve kozmovizyon olarak insanartıcı pozisyonun özünde bir transidealden hareket ettiği ve bir trans-ontolojiye yöneldiği saptanmakta, oluşturulan bu transidealin temel dayanakları olan; “insan yaşamının uzatılması” atılımı, gelecek kategorisi olarak “insanlıksonrası” (posthumanity) olasılığı ve bir evrensel varoluş kavrayışı olarak “biyokozmizim” bileşenleri çözümlenmek suretiyle insanartıcılığın neliği aydınlatılmaya çalışılmakta ve insanartıcılığın tarihsel biyokonservatif bakış açısı karşısındaki konumunun gerekçelendiriliş biçimi irdelenmektedir. Bu amaçla, ilkin insanartıcı düşünce evreninin bir kartografyası oluşturulmakta, ardından, her biri biyokonservatif aklın eleştirisine dayalı olarak kurulan, insan yaşamının uzatılması, insanlıksonrası ve (özgün bir katkı çabası olarak) biyokozmizim olguları ele alınarak, insanartıcı transidealin ontik, epistemik, mantıksal ve etik dayanakları argümantatif karakteristikleriyle ortaya koyulmakta ve yorumlanmaktadır.

References

  • Bekenstein, Jacob D. Kütleçekim, Kara Delikler ve Bilgi Üzerine. İstanbul: Ginko Bilim, 2019.
  • Bostrom, Nick. “A History of Transhumanist Thought,” (2005b): Erişim 04 Ağustos 2023. https://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/history.pdf
  • Bostrom, Nick. “The Future of Humanity,” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 1(2), (2009): 41-78.
  • Bostrom, Nick. Die Zukunft der Menscheit. Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2018a.
  • Bostrom, Nick. Süper Zekâ. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018b.
  • De Gray, Aubrey ve Michael Rae. Ending Aging. The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007.
  • De Gray, Aubrey ve Michael Rae. Yaşlanmayı Durdurabiliriz. Kendi Yaşam Sürecimiz İçinde Yaşlanmayı Tersine Çevirebilecek Gençleşme Devrimleri. Çeviren: Engin Tarhan, Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık, 2010.
  • Dickel, Sascha. Enhancement-Utopien. Soziologische Analysen zur Konstruktion des Neuen Menschen. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2011.
  • Ettinger, Robert C. W. The Prospect of Immortality. Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1964.
  • Ettinger, Robert C. W. Man into Superman. 1972. Erişim 16 Nisan 2023. https://cryonics.org/cryonics-library/man-into-superman/
  • FM-2030. Are You a Transhuman? Monitoring and Stimulating Your Personal Rate of Growth in a Rapidly Changing World. New York: Warner Books, 1989.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future:Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Gıroux, 2002.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. İnsan Ötesi Geleceğimiz. Biyoteknoloji Devriminin Sonuçları, Çeviren: Çiğdem Aksoy Fromm, Ankara: ODTÜ yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Haraway, Donna J. “A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century” in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women. The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1991.
  • Heilinger, Jan-Christoph. Anthropologie und Ethik des Enhancements. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2010.
  • Hughes, James. Citizen Cyborg. Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press, 2004.
  • Jonas, Hans. Das Prinzip Verantwortung. Versuch einer Ethik für die technologische Zivilisation. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 2003.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht. Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 2000.
  • Kass, Leon R. “The Wisdom of Repugnance” in The Ethics of Human Cloning, Edidörler: Leon R. Kass ve James Q. Wilson. Washington D.C.: The AEI Press, 1998.
  • Koç, Mustafa. “‘İnsan Kendinden Küçüktür’, Artırılmalıdır. Biyokonservatif Aklın Eleştirisine Doğru Transhümanist Tezler,” Arkhe-Logos Felsefe Dergisi 11, (2021): 9-42.
  • Kurzweil, Ray. The Singularity is Near. When Humans Transcend Biology. London: Penguin, 2006.
  • Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism/Der Utilitarismus. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2006.
  • More, Max. “The Philosophy of Transhumanism” in The Transhumanist Reader, Editörler: Max More ve Natasha Vita-More. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • More, Max. The Principles of Extrophy. Erişim 23 Kasım 2025. http://dpya.org/wiki/index.php/2003-Principles of Extropy Version 3.11-Max More
  • Nussbaum, Martha C. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011.
  • Pearce, David. “The Abolitionist Project.” Erişim 08 Mayıs 2025. https://www.hedweb.com/abolitionist-project/index.html
  • Sorgner, Stefan Lorenz. Transhumanismus »Die gefährlichste Idee der Welt«!? Freiburg i. Br.: Herder, 2016.
  • “Transhumanist Declaration-2012” in The Transhumanist Reader, Editörler: Max More ve Natasha Vita-More. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Weber, Karsten ve Thomas Zoglauer. Verbesserte Menschen. Ethische und technikwissenschaftliche Überlegungen. Freiburg/München: Karl Alber, 2015.

Year 2025, Issue: 24, 456 - 475, 01.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1811238

Abstract

References

  • Bekenstein, Jacob D. Kütleçekim, Kara Delikler ve Bilgi Üzerine. İstanbul: Ginko Bilim, 2019.
  • Bostrom, Nick. “A History of Transhumanist Thought,” (2005b): Erişim 04 Ağustos 2023. https://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/history.pdf
  • Bostrom, Nick. “The Future of Humanity,” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 1(2), (2009): 41-78.
  • Bostrom, Nick. Die Zukunft der Menscheit. Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2018a.
  • Bostrom, Nick. Süper Zekâ. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018b.
  • De Gray, Aubrey ve Michael Rae. Ending Aging. The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007.
  • De Gray, Aubrey ve Michael Rae. Yaşlanmayı Durdurabiliriz. Kendi Yaşam Sürecimiz İçinde Yaşlanmayı Tersine Çevirebilecek Gençleşme Devrimleri. Çeviren: Engin Tarhan, Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık, 2010.
  • Dickel, Sascha. Enhancement-Utopien. Soziologische Analysen zur Konstruktion des Neuen Menschen. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2011.
  • Ettinger, Robert C. W. The Prospect of Immortality. Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1964.
  • Ettinger, Robert C. W. Man into Superman. 1972. Erişim 16 Nisan 2023. https://cryonics.org/cryonics-library/man-into-superman/
  • FM-2030. Are You a Transhuman? Monitoring and Stimulating Your Personal Rate of Growth in a Rapidly Changing World. New York: Warner Books, 1989.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future:Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Gıroux, 2002.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. İnsan Ötesi Geleceğimiz. Biyoteknoloji Devriminin Sonuçları, Çeviren: Çiğdem Aksoy Fromm, Ankara: ODTÜ yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Haraway, Donna J. “A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century” in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women. The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1991.
  • Heilinger, Jan-Christoph. Anthropologie und Ethik des Enhancements. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2010.
  • Hughes, James. Citizen Cyborg. Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press, 2004.
  • Jonas, Hans. Das Prinzip Verantwortung. Versuch einer Ethik für die technologische Zivilisation. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 2003.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht. Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 2000.
  • Kass, Leon R. “The Wisdom of Repugnance” in The Ethics of Human Cloning, Edidörler: Leon R. Kass ve James Q. Wilson. Washington D.C.: The AEI Press, 1998.
  • Koç, Mustafa. “‘İnsan Kendinden Küçüktür’, Artırılmalıdır. Biyokonservatif Aklın Eleştirisine Doğru Transhümanist Tezler,” Arkhe-Logos Felsefe Dergisi 11, (2021): 9-42.
  • Kurzweil, Ray. The Singularity is Near. When Humans Transcend Biology. London: Penguin, 2006.
  • Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism/Der Utilitarismus. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2006.
  • More, Max. “The Philosophy of Transhumanism” in The Transhumanist Reader, Editörler: Max More ve Natasha Vita-More. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • More, Max. The Principles of Extrophy. Erişim 23 Kasım 2025. http://dpya.org/wiki/index.php/2003-Principles of Extropy Version 3.11-Max More
  • Nussbaum, Martha C. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011.
  • Pearce, David. “The Abolitionist Project.” Erişim 08 Mayıs 2025. https://www.hedweb.com/abolitionist-project/index.html
  • Sorgner, Stefan Lorenz. Transhumanismus »Die gefährlichste Idee der Welt«!? Freiburg i. Br.: Herder, 2016.
  • “Transhumanist Declaration-2012” in The Transhumanist Reader, Editörler: Max More ve Natasha Vita-More. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Weber, Karsten ve Thomas Zoglauer. Verbesserte Menschen. Ethische und technikwissenschaftliche Überlegungen. Freiburg/München: Karl Alber, 2015.

Year 2025, Issue: 24, 456 - 475, 01.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1811238

Abstract

References

  • Bekenstein, Jacob D. Kütleçekim, Kara Delikler ve Bilgi Üzerine. İstanbul: Ginko Bilim, 2019.
  • Bostrom, Nick. “A History of Transhumanist Thought,” (2005b): Erişim 04 Ağustos 2023. https://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/history.pdf
  • Bostrom, Nick. “The Future of Humanity,” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 1(2), (2009): 41-78.
  • Bostrom, Nick. Die Zukunft der Menscheit. Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2018a.
  • Bostrom, Nick. Süper Zekâ. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2018b.
  • De Gray, Aubrey ve Michael Rae. Ending Aging. The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2007.
  • De Gray, Aubrey ve Michael Rae. Yaşlanmayı Durdurabiliriz. Kendi Yaşam Sürecimiz İçinde Yaşlanmayı Tersine Çevirebilecek Gençleşme Devrimleri. Çeviren: Engin Tarhan, Ankara: ODTÜ Yayıncılık, 2010.
  • Dickel, Sascha. Enhancement-Utopien. Soziologische Analysen zur Konstruktion des Neuen Menschen. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2011.
  • Ettinger, Robert C. W. The Prospect of Immortality. Garden City NY: Doubleday, 1964.
  • Ettinger, Robert C. W. Man into Superman. 1972. Erişim 16 Nisan 2023. https://cryonics.org/cryonics-library/man-into-superman/
  • FM-2030. Are You a Transhuman? Monitoring and Stimulating Your Personal Rate of Growth in a Rapidly Changing World. New York: Warner Books, 1989.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. Our Posthuman Future:Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Gıroux, 2002.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. İnsan Ötesi Geleceğimiz. Biyoteknoloji Devriminin Sonuçları, Çeviren: Çiğdem Aksoy Fromm, Ankara: ODTÜ yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Haraway, Donna J. “A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century” in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women. The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1991.
  • Heilinger, Jan-Christoph. Anthropologie und Ethik des Enhancements. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2010.
  • Hughes, James. Citizen Cyborg. Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press, 2004.
  • Jonas, Hans. Das Prinzip Verantwortung. Versuch einer Ethik für die technologische Zivilisation. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 2003.
  • Kant, Immanuel. Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht. Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 2000.
  • Kass, Leon R. “The Wisdom of Repugnance” in The Ethics of Human Cloning, Edidörler: Leon R. Kass ve James Q. Wilson. Washington D.C.: The AEI Press, 1998.
  • Koç, Mustafa. “‘İnsan Kendinden Küçüktür’, Artırılmalıdır. Biyokonservatif Aklın Eleştirisine Doğru Transhümanist Tezler,” Arkhe-Logos Felsefe Dergisi 11, (2021): 9-42.
  • Kurzweil, Ray. The Singularity is Near. When Humans Transcend Biology. London: Penguin, 2006.
  • Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism/Der Utilitarismus. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2006.
  • More, Max. “The Philosophy of Transhumanism” in The Transhumanist Reader, Editörler: Max More ve Natasha Vita-More. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • More, Max. The Principles of Extrophy. Erişim 23 Kasım 2025. http://dpya.org/wiki/index.php/2003-Principles of Extropy Version 3.11-Max More
  • Nussbaum, Martha C. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011.
  • Pearce, David. “The Abolitionist Project.” Erişim 08 Mayıs 2025. https://www.hedweb.com/abolitionist-project/index.html
  • Sorgner, Stefan Lorenz. Transhumanismus »Die gefährlichste Idee der Welt«!? Freiburg i. Br.: Herder, 2016.
  • “Transhumanist Declaration-2012” in The Transhumanist Reader, Editörler: Max More ve Natasha Vita-More. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
  • Weber, Karsten ve Thomas Zoglauer. Verbesserte Menschen. Ethische und technikwissenschaftliche Überlegungen. Freiburg/München: Karl Alber, 2015.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Philosophy of Technology, 21st Century Philosophy , Bioethics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Koç 0000-0002-4163-5948

Publication Date December 1, 2025
Submission Date October 26, 2025
Acceptance Date November 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 24

Cite

Chicago Koç, Mustafa. “İnsanartıcılık: Bir Transidealin Kuruluşu”. Temaşa Erciyes Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Dergisi, no. 24 (December 2025): 456-75. https://doi.org/10.55256/temasa.1811238.