Resilience, Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms, and Post-Traumatic Growth Status of Nurses Working In The Covid-19 Pandemic

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 45 - 54, 31.01.2023

Elvan Emine Ata , Merve Sarıtaş , Duygu Özer

https://doi.org/10.51972/tfsd.1176353

Abstract

Purpose: Nurses have always played an important role in the COVID-19 pandemic. However, available data on the resilience, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and post-traumatic growth status of nurses are limited. This study was conducted to determine the resilience, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and post-traumatic growth status of nurses working in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Material and Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive survey. The study was conducted with 192 nurses. Information Form, Post Traumatic Growth Inventory, Brief Resilience Scale, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist were used in the collection of data.
Results: Nurses experienced anxiety (83.3%), burnout (81.8%), depersonalization (55.7%), and 34.9% met the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. Negatively significant (p<0.05) relation between the mean scores of nurses' Brief Resilience Scale and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist.
Conclusion: While there was a negative correlation between the resilience levels of nurses and post-traumatic stress symptoms, a positive correlation was determined between post-traumatic stress symptoms and post-traumatic growth levels. The working conditions of nurses should be improved, and the factors that will protect their mental health should be increased.

Keywords

Covid-19, nurse, resilience, post-trauma, post-trauma, post- traumatic growth

References

• Batra, K., Pal Singh, T., Sharma, M., Batra, R., & Schvaneveldt, N. (2020). Investigating the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among healthcare workers: A meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239096
• Benfante, A., Di Tella, M., Romeo, A., & Castelli, L. (2020) Traumatic stress in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: A review of the immediate impact. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2816. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569935
• Bilge, Y., & Bilge, Y. (2021). Psychological resilience as a risk factor for posttraumatic growth: The case of COVID-19 pandemic. Acıbadem University Health Sciences Journal, 12(2), 312-325. https://doi.org/10.31067/acusaglik.852182
• Boysan, M., Özdemir, P.G., Özdemir, O., Selvi, Y., Yılmaz, E., & Kaya, N. (2017). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (PCL-5). Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(3), 306-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2017.1342769
• Chen, R., Sun, C., Chen, J., Jen, H.J. Kang, X.L., Kao, C., … Chou, K. (2021). A large-scale survey on trauma, burnout, and posttraumatic growth among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30(1), 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12796
• Chew, N., Lee, G., Tan, B., Jing, M., Goh, Y., Ngiam, N., … Sharma, V.K. (2020a). A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 88, 559–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.049
• Chew, Q. H., Chia, F.L., Ng, W.K., Lee, W.C.I., Tan, P.L.L., Wong, C.S., … Sim, K. (2020b). Perceived stress, stigma, traumatic stress levels and coping responses amongst residents in training across multiple specialties during COVID-19 pandemic-A longitudinal study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6572. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186572
• Cui, P.P., Wang, P.P., Wang, K., Ping, Z., Wang, P., & Chen, C. (2021). Post-traumatic growth and influencing factors among frontline nurses fighting against COVID-19. Occup Environ Med, 78, 129–135. https://doi.org/1136/oemed-2020-106540
• Doğan, T. (2015). Adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
• Ekinci, İ., & Ekinci, E. (2021). Evaluation of anxiety, depression, difficulty in emotion regulation and sleep quality in healthcare professionals during the Covid-19 pandemic. İKSSTD, 13, 61-68. https://doi.org/10.4274/iksstd.2021.04809
• Gavin, B., Hayden, J., Adamis, D., & McNicholas, F. (2020). Caring for the psychological well-being of healthcare professionals in the Covid-19 pandemic crisis. Ir Med J, 113(4), 51.
• Gorini, A., Fiabane, E., Sommaruga, M., Barbieri, S., Sottotetti, F., La Rovere, M. T., ... & Gabanelli, P. (2020). Mental health and risk perception among Italian healthcare workers during the second month of the Covid-19 pandemic. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(6), 537-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.10.007
• Hoşgör, H., & Yaman, M. (2022). Investigation of the relationship between resilience and job performance in Turkish nurses during the Covid-19 pandemic in terms of descriptive characteristics. Journal of Management Nursing. 30(1), 44-52 https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13477
• Huecker, M., Shreffler, J., & Danzl, D. (2021). COVID-19: Optimizing healthcare provider wellness and posttraumatic growth. Am J Emerg Med, 46, 693-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.066
• Huffman, E.M., Athanasiadis, D.I., Anton, N.E., Haskett, L.A., Doster, D. L., Stefanidis, D., & Lee, N.K. (2021). How resilient is your team? Exploring healthcare providers’ well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Journal of Surgery, 221(2), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.09.005
• Jin, Y., Xu, J., & Liu, D. (2014). The relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and post traumatic growth: gender differences in PTG and PTSD subgroups. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(12), 1903–1910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0865-5
• Kağan, M., Güleç, M., Boysan, M. ve Çavuş, H. (2012). Hierarchical factor structure of the Turkish version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in a normal population. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 11(5), 617-624.
• Kang, L., Ma, S., Chen, M., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Li, R., … Liu, Z. (2020). Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: a cross-sectional study. Brain Behav. Immun. 87, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028
• Kara, A.M. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and psychological ımpacts. Turkey Health Literacy Journal, 2(1), 35-39. https://doi.org/10.54247/SOYD.2021.22
• Kılınç, T., Sis Çelik, A. (2021) Relationship between the social support and resilience levels perceived by nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A study from Turkey. Pers Psychiatric Care, 57(3), 1000-1008. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12648
• Labrague, L.J., & De los Santos, J.A.A. (2020). COVID-19 anxiety among front-line nurses: Predictive role of organisational support, personal resilience, and social support. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(7), 1653–1661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13121
• Liu X., Ju X., & Liu, X. (2021a). The relationship between resilience and intent to stay among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in managing COVID-19: The serial mediation effect of post-traumatic growth and perceived professional benefits. Nursing Open, 8(5), 2866-2876. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.874
• Liu, X., Zhu, M., Zhang, R., Zhang, J., Zhang, C., Liu, P., … Chen, Z. (2021b). Public mental health problems during COVID-19 pandemic: A large-scale meta-analysis of the evidence. Transl Psychiatry, 11, 384. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01501-9
• Luceño-Moreno, L., Talavera-Velasco, B., García-Albuerne, Y., & Martín-García, J. (2020). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, depression, levels of resilience and burnout in Spanish health personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5514. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155514
• Mo, Y., Tao, P., Liu, G., Chen, L., Li, G., Lu, S., … Huang, H. (2022) Post-traumatic growth of nurses who faced the COVID-19 Epidemic and ıts correlation with professional self-identity and social support. Front. Psychiatry 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.562938
• Moon, D.J., Han, M.A., Park, J., & Ryu, S.Y. (2021). Post-traumatic stress and related factors among hospital nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea. Psychiatric Quarterly, 92(4), 1381-1391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-021-09915-w
• Norhayati, M.N., Che Yusof, R., & Azman, M.Y. (2021). Prevalence of psychological impacts on healthcare providers during COVID-19 pandemic in Asia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179157
• Olson, K., Shanafelt, T., Southwick, S. (2020). Pandemic-driven posttraumatic growth for organizations and individuals. JAMA, 324(18), 29–30. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.20275
• Orrù, G., Marzetti, F., Conversano, C., Vagheggini, G., Miccoli, M., Ciacchini, R., ... Gemignani, A. (2021). Secondary traumatic stress and burnout in healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health, 18(1), 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010337
• Peng, X, Zhao, H., Yang, Y., Rao, Z., Hu D., & He, Q. (2021) Post-traumatic growth level and its influencing factors among frontline nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Psychiatry, 12, 632360. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.632360
• Ren, X., Huang, W., Pan, H., Huang, T., Wang, X., & Ma, Y. (2020). Mental health during the Covid-19 outbreak in China: A meta-analysis. Psychiatr Quarterly, 91, 1033–1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09796-5
• Saragih, I.D., Tonapa, S.I., Saragih, I.S., Advani, S., Batubara, S.O., Suarilah, I., & Lin, C. (2021). Global prevalence of mental health problems among healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 121, 104002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104002
• Smith, B.W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972.
• Tanrıverdi, Ö., & Tanrıverdi, S. (2021). The effect of COVID -19 on the mental health of health professionals and prevention of mental trauma. Health Care Acad J, 8(3), 245-248.
• Tedeschi, R.G., & Calhoun, L.G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455-471.
• Weathers, F.W., Litz, B.T., Keane, T.M., Palmieri, P.A., Marx, B.P., & Schnurr, P.P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Retrieved from https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/adult-sr/ptsdchecklist.asp
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Retrieved from https://covid19.who.int/
• Wu, T., Jia, X., Shi, H., Niu, J., Yin, X., Xie, J., & Wang, X. (2021) Prevalence of mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders 281, 91-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.117
• Yılmaz Karaman, İ.G., & Yastıbaş, C. (2021). What is the relationship of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms with sociodemographic and vocational variables in healthcare professionals who work in Covid-19 pandemia? Van Medical Journal, 28(2), 249-257. https://doi.org/10.5505/vtd.2021.55453
• Zhang, X.T., Shi, S.S., Qin, Y., & Li, R. (2021). The traumatic experience of clinical nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to post-traumatic growth. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 14, 2145–2151. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S307294