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Kanser hastalarında farmakogenetik uygulamaları ve farmakoekonomi

Year 2011, Volume: 68 Issue: 3, - , 01.09.2011

Abstract

İlaçların, kullanan kişiler için yararlı etkileri olduğu düşünülmektedir ancak bazen ilaç kullanımı kullanıcıda yan etkiler gösterebilmektedir. Bazı hastalarda aynı ilaç için beklenen sağaltım etkisi gözlenirken, bazı hastalarda ise yaşamı tehlikeye atacak kadar yan etki tespit edilmiştir. İlaç kullanımına bağlı olarak bireyler arasındaki bu etki değişkenliğinin etiyolojisi çok sebeplidir. Diyet, çevre, fizyolojik etkiler, cinsiyet, yaş ve sağlık durumu olası etkenler arasında yer almaktadır. Fakat bireyler arasında var olan genetik farklılıklar, ilaç alımı sonucunda oluşan etkiler, ilacın aktivitesi üzerine en büyük etkiye sahiptir. Bireylerin kullanımı sonucu ilaç tepkisinin değişkenliği bireydeki hedef genlerin ve metabolizma enzimlerinin genetik olarak belirlenen karakteristik özelliklerinin bir parçasıdır. Farmakogenetik bilim dalının amacı ise kişiye özgü genetik faktörlerin ilaç etkisi ve etkileşimi arasındaki bağlantısını araştırmaktır. Günümüze kadar farmakogenetik alanında elde edilen veriler ışığında “hepsi için uygun” one size fits all görüşünün yetersizliği gösterilmiştir. Her bireyin kendine özgü genetik kökeninden dolayı kanser sağaltımına yanıtların yorumlanmasında farmakogenomik kullanılır. Geleneksel yöntemlerle kanser sağaltımı vücuttaki hızla bölünen hücreleri hedef alır ancak vücuttaki tek bölünen hücreler kanser hücreleri değildir. Bu nedenle kişide kanser sağaltımları birçok yan etki göstermeye yatkındır. Özellikle birçok kanser tipinde hastaya çoklu ilaç stratejileri öngörülmektedir. Çoklu ilaç sağaltımlarının kullanımlarında daha fazla ilaç tepkisi, daha fazla maliyet ve daha fazla yan etki gözlemlenmektedir. Hastalar için kullanılacak olan farmakogenetik testler Amerikan Klinik Onkoloji Derneği American Society of Clinical Oncology - ASCO , Ulusal Kapsamlı Kanser Ağı National Comprehensive Cancer Network - NCCN ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Gıda ve İlaç İdaresi United States Food and Drug Administration - US FDA gibi önemli kuruluşlar tarafından da onaylanarak önerilmektedir. Sağlık alanında teknolojik gelişmenin sonucu sağlık harcamaları artmış, bunun yanısıra, sağlığa ayrılan bütçenin gittikçe sınırlandığı bir dönem başlamıştır. Sağlık politikalarına yön veren kamu yöneticileri için bu kısıtlı kaynağın kanıta dayalı ve kamu yararına kullanılması zorunluluğu doğmaktadır. Yeni sağaltım seçenekleri için etkinlik değerlendirilmesinde yol gösteren en önemli gelişme farmakogenomik testler olmaktadır. Bu testler ile hastaya uygun olan ilaç ve doz tercihi yapılarak hastaya etkisi olmayan ilaçlara harcanan bütçede ve oluşacak yan etkilerin sağaltımı için harcanan bütçede önemli küçülmeler sağlanmaktadır. Bu gelişmeler farmakoekonomi kapsamında tartışılmaktadır

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Pharmacogenetic applications andpharmacoeconomics in cancer patients

Year 2011, Volume: 68 Issue: 3, - , 01.09.2011

Abstract

Drugs are assumed to make drug users better, but sometimes they can harm with their side effects. For the same drug, some patients show expected therapeutic effect while the others exhibit life-threatening drug side effects. In this inter individual variability, the etiology is multifactorial. Diet, environment, physiological influences, gender, age, and health status are possible factors. But variation in the genetic differences between individuals will have a major impact on drug activity. Variable drug response could be in part to genetically determined characteristics of target genes or drug metabolizing enzymes. Pharmacogenetics looks for these genetic factors which are linked to drug effects. With our increasing know ledges in the pharmacogenomic area we can say that ‘‘one size fits all’’ view is not correct. In cancer treatment, each individual’s unique genetic origin of cancers because of pharmacogenomics in predicting responses to treatment is used. Traditional cancer treatment has targeted dividing cells in the body. But cancer cells are not the only dividing cells in the body, for these reason cancer therapies are liable to have many side-effects. Especially for many cancer types, approved multiple drug strategies are used. The more drug response rate from using combination therapy means as the more expense and adverse reactions. Pharmacogenetic tests whose primer advantage for patients are approved and suggested to clinicians by significant organizations such as American Society of Clinical Oncology National Comprehensive Cancer Network and United States Food and Drug Administration. Health expenditures increased as a result of technological development in the field of health, as well as, increasingly constrained budgets allocated to health has started a period. Deciding the policies of this limited resource for public health managers to use evidence-based and public interest obligation arises. For the activity that led to the evaluation of new treatment options are the most important development in pharmacogenomics tests. These tests were done with the patient the appropriate medication and dosage to the patient profile, with no impact on the budget spent on drugs for the treatment of side effects will occur and the significant downsizing is provided in the budget spent. These developments are discussed within the scope of pharmacoeconomics.

References

  • 1. House of Lords - Science and Technology Committee. Genomic Medicine. 2nd Report of Session 2008-09 - Volume I: Report. Londra: TSO (The Stationery Office), 2009.
  • 2. Huang RS, Ratain MJ. Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics of Anticancer Agents. CA Cancer J Clin, 2009; 59(1): 42-55.
  • 3. http://www.parliament.uk/documents/post/ postpn329.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 20.08.2010)
  • 4. Meyer UA. Pharmacogenetics–5 decades of therapeutic lessons from genetic diversity. Nat Rev Genet, 2004; 5(9): 669-76.
  • 5. Baskın Y. Tıpta teknolojik gelişimin neden olduğu kavram değişimleri: Kişiselleştirilmiş tıp. Türk Hij Den Biyol Derg, 2007; 64 (2): 54-9.
  • 6. Baysal K. Farmakogenomik: Genetiğin kişiselleştirilmiş ilaç tedavisinde kullanılması. İyi klinik uygulamalar, 2004; 9: 13-6.
  • 7. Grabinski JL. Pharmacogenomics of Anticancer Agents: Implications for Clinical Pharmacy Practice. J Pharm Prac, 2007; 20 (3): 246-51.
  • 8. Gardiner SJ, Begg EJ, Robinson BA. The effect of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency on outcomes with fluorouracil. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev, 2002; 21(1-2): 1-16.
  • 9. Ezzeldin H, Diasio R. Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency,a Pharmacogenetic Syndrome Associated with Potentially LifeThreatening Toxicity Following. 5-Fluorouracil Administration. Clin Colorectal Cancer, 2004; 4(3): 181-9.
  • 10. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ScienceResearch/ ResearchAreas/Pharmacogenetics/ucm083378.htm (erişim tarihi: 23.09.2010)
  • 11. Mercier C, Dupuis C, Blesius A, Fanciullino R, Yang CG, Padovani L ve ark. Early severe toxicities after capecitabine intake: possible implication of a cytidine deaminase extensive metabolizer profile. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2009; 63: 1177–80.
  • 12. Efferth T, Volm M. Pharmacogenetics for individualized cancer chemotherapy. Pharmacol & Ther, 2005; 107: 155-76.
  • 13. Soong R, Shah N, Salto-Tellez M, Tai BC, Soo RA, Han HC ve ark. Prognostic significance of thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and thymidine phosphorylase protein expression in colorectal cancer patients treated with or without 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Ann Oncol, 2008; 19: 915–9.
  • 14. Kweekel D, Guchelaar HJ, Gelderblom H. Clinical and pharmacogenetic factors associated with irinotecan toxicity, Cancer Treat Rev, 2008; 34(7): 656-69.
  • 15. Iyer L, Das S, Janisch L, Wen M, Ramírez J, Karrison T, et al. UGT1A1*28 polymorphism as a determinant of irinotecan disposition and toxicity. Pharmacogenomics J, 2002; 2(1): 43-7.
  • 16. Khanna R, Morton CL, Danks MK, Potter PM. Proficient metabolism of irinotecan by a human intestinal carboxylesterase. Cancer Res, 2000; 60: 4725–8.
  • 17. Ruzzo A, Graziano F, Loupakis F, Rulli E, Canestrari E, Santini D, et al. Pharmacogenetic profiling in patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with first-line FOLFOX-4 chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol, 2007; 25: 1247-54.
  • 18. Marsh S. Pharmacogenomics. Ann Oncol, 2007; 18 (Supplement 9): ix24–28. doi:10.1093/annonc/ mdm289.
  • 19. Krynetski EY, Tai HL, Yates CR, Fessing MY, Loennechen T, Schuetz JD,et al. Genetic polymorphism of thiopruine S-methyltransferase: clinical importance and molecular mechanisms. Pharmacogenetics, 1996; 6(4): 279-90.
  • 20. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/ label/2004/09053s024lbl.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 20.08.2010)
  • 21. Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet, 2005; 365(9472): 1687-717.
  • 22. Goetz MP, Rae JM, Suman VJ, Safgren SL, Ames MM, Visscher DW, et al. Pharmacogenetics of Tamoxifen Biotransformation Is Associated With Clinical Outcomes of Efficacy and Hot Flashes. J Clin Oncol, 2005; 23(36): 9312-8.
  • 23. Massarweh S, Osborne CK, Creighton CJ, Qin L, Tsimelzon A, Huang S, et al. Tamoxifen resistance in breast tumors is driven by growth factor receptor signaling with repression of classic estrogen receptor genomic function. Cancer Res, 2008; 68(3): 826-33.
  • 24. Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, Gurubhagavatula S, Okimoto RA, Brannigan BW, et al. Activating Mutations in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Underlying Responsiveness of Non– Small-Cell Lung Cancer to Gefitinib. N Engl J Med, 2004; 350(21): 2129-39.
  • 25. Fukuoka M, Yano S, Giaccone G, Tamura T, Nakagawa K, Douillard JY, et al. Multi-institutional randomized phase II trial of gefitinib for previously treated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (The IDEAL 1 Trial). J Clin Oncol, 2003; 21(12): 2237-46.
  • 26. Paez JG, Jänne PA, Lee JC, Tracy S, Greulich H, Gabriel S, et al. EGFR Mutations in Lung Cancer: Correlation with Clinical Response to Gefitinib Therapy. Science, 2004; 304(5676):1497-500.
  • 27. Heinemann V, Stintzing S, Kirchner T, Boeck S, Jung A. Clinical relevance of EGFR- and KRAS-status in colorectal cancer patients treated with monoclonal antibodies directed against the EGFR. Cancer Treat Rev, 2009; 35(3): 262-71.
  • 28. Van Krieken JH, Jung A, Kirchner T, Carneiro F, Seruca R, Bosman FT, et al. KRAS mutation testing for predicting response to anti-EGFR therapy for colorectal carcinoma: proposal for an European quality assurance program. Virchows Arch, 2008; 453(5): 417-31.
  • 29. Baskın Y, Çalıbaşı G, Kayacık N, Sarıoğlu S, Canda E, Yılmaz U. Pharmacogenomics of Anticancer Agents: Using Predictive Biomarkers to Select Patients with Colorectal Cancer for Treatment with Anti-EGFR Therapies. 5th International Conference Of Asian Pacific Organisation For Cancer Prevention. April,3-7, İstanbul-Turkey. 2010.
  • 30. Frattini M, Saletti P, Romagnani E, Martin V, Molinari F, Ghisletta M et al. PTEN loss of expression predicts cetuximab efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Br J Cancer, 2007; 97(8): 1139-45.
  • 31. Baskin Y. Kolorektal kanserlerde moleküler biyoloji ve klinik sonuçları. Aydın Onkoloji Günleri Klinik Onkolojide Güncel Tedaviler Sempozyumu, Kolorektal Kanser Kurs Programı, Lecture. Nisan, 9-12, Kuşadası-Türkiye.2009.
  • 32. Baskın Y, Çalıbaşı G, Kayacık N, Canda E, Sarıoğlu S, Yılmaz U. Kolorektal kanserlerde KRAS geni mutasyonlarının saptanmasında Mikroarray yönteminin kullanımı. KBUD 6. Ulusal Kongresi. Eylül, 22-25, İzmir-Türkiye.2010.
  • 33. Baskın Y, Çalıbaşı G, Akman T, Sarıoğlu S, Canda E, Sağol Ö, Ellidokuz H, Öztop İ, Yılmaz U. Kolorektal Karsinomlu Hastalarda Anti-EBFR Tedavisine Yanıtın Öngörülmesinde KRAS Mutasyon Testi: Farmakogenpmik Teranostik Bir Belirteç. VII. Ulusal Tıbbi Onkoloji Kongresi. Eylül, 22-26, AntalyaTürkiye. 2010.
  • 34. Baskın Y, Çalıbaşı G, Canda E, Sarıoğlu S, Yılmaz U. KRAS Mutation Screening In Colorectal Cancer: A Comparison Between ARMS PCR and DNA Sequencing (as a gold standard). 22.Ulusal Biyokimya Kongresi “Hastalıkta ve Sağlıkta Biyomoleküllerin Yeri ve İzlemi”. Ekim, 27-30, Eskişehir-Türkiye.2010.
  • 35. Allegra CJ, Jessup JM, Somerfield MR, Hamilton SR, Hammond EH, Hayes DF, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology Provisional Clinical Opinion: Testing for KRAS Gene Mutations in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma to Predict Response to Anti–Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Therapy. J Clin Oncol, 2009; 27: 2091-6.
  • 36. www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/ label/2009/125147s080lbl.pdf (erişim tarihi: 26.08.2010)
  • 37. Shastry BS. Genetic diversity and new therapeutic concepts. J Hum Genet, 2005; 50(7): 321–8.
  • 38. Kurzrock R, Markman M. Targeted cancer therapy. USA: Humana Press, 2008.
  • 39. Terasawa T, Dahabreh I, Trikalinos TA. BCR-ABL mutation testing to predict response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. PLoS Curr, 2010; 7; 2: RRN1204.
  • 40. Matthews DJ, Gerritsen ME. Targeting protein kinases for cancer therapy. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010.
  • 41. Heinrich M, Corless C, Liegl B, Fletcher CD, Raut C, Donsky R ve ark. Mechanisms of sunitinib malate (SU) resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts), 2007; 25(18): Abstr 10006.
  • 42. Xie HG, Frueh FW. Pharmacogenomics steps through personalised medicine. Personalized medicine, 2005; 2(4): 325-37.
  • 43. http://www.sanofi-aventis.ca/products/en/ fasturtec.pdf [Rasburicase (Fasturtec) Product Monograph.] (Erişim tarihi: 23.02.2011)
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yasemin Baskın This is me

Publication Date September 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 68 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Baskın, Y. (2011). Kanser hastalarında farmakogenetik uygulamaları ve farmakoekonomi. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, 68(3).
AMA Baskın Y. Kanser hastalarında farmakogenetik uygulamaları ve farmakoekonomi. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. September 2011;68(3).
Chicago Baskın, Yasemin. “Kanser hastalarında Farmakogenetik Uygulamaları Ve Farmakoekonomi”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 68, no. 3 (September 2011).
EndNote Baskın Y (September 1, 2011) Kanser hastalarında farmakogenetik uygulamaları ve farmakoekonomi. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 68 3
IEEE Y. Baskın, “Kanser hastalarında farmakogenetik uygulamaları ve farmakoekonomi”, Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg, vol. 68, no. 3, 2011.
ISNAD Baskın, Yasemin. “Kanser hastalarında Farmakogenetik Uygulamaları Ve Farmakoekonomi”. Türk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 68/3 (September 2011).
JAMA Baskın Y. Kanser hastalarında farmakogenetik uygulamaları ve farmakoekonomi. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2011;68.
MLA Baskın, Yasemin. “Kanser hastalarında Farmakogenetik Uygulamaları Ve Farmakoekonomi”. Türk Hijyen Ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi, vol. 68, no. 3, 2011.
Vancouver Baskın Y. Kanser hastalarında farmakogenetik uygulamaları ve farmakoekonomi. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2011;68(3).