Süs Balığı Satışı Yapılan Akvaryumlardan İzole Edilen Gram Negatif Bakterilerin Antimikrobiyal Direnç Profillerinin Araştırılması

Öz

Amaç: Süs balığı satışı yapılan iş yerlerinde bulunan akvaryumlarda çok sayıda balık bir aradadır ve çok sayıda mikroorganizma çoğalabilmektedir. Daha da önemlisi, satış yapılırken balıklar bir miktar su ile birlikte transfer edildiğinden mikroorganizmalar farklı akvaryumlara da aktarılmaktadırlar. Süs balıklarının üretilmesi esnasında balık hastalıklarının önlenmesi ya da tedavi edilmesi amacıyla akvaryumlara çeşitli antimikrobiyaller eklenebilmektedir. Bu da antimikrobiyal direnç gelişimine neden olabilmektedir. Çalışmamızın amacı; evcil hayvan satışı yapılan mağazalardaki süs balığı akvaryumlarından alınan su örneklerinde bulunan Gram negatif bakterilerin varlığı ve antimikrobiyal duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesidir.Yöntem: Trabzon ilinde hizmet vermekte olan beş evcil hayvan satış mağazasında bulunan 27 adet süs balığı akvaryumundan su örnekleri alındı. Bu örneklerin %5 Koyun Kanlı Agar ve Eosin-MethyleneBlue Agar besiyerlerine ekimleri yapıldı. Üreme olan plaklardan alınan koloniler, MALDI-TOF MS kullanılarak tanımlandı. Antimikrobiyal duyarlılık testleri KirbyBauer disk difüzyon yöntemi ile çalışıldı.Bulgular: Beş evcil hayvan satış mağazasından alınan 27 adet süs balığı akvaryum suyu örneğinde 31 adet Gram negatif bakteri tanımlandı. En sık %25,8 ile Citrobacter Resistance to imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem, which are commonly used antibiotics in clinical treatments, was determined in one isolate among the four Aeromonas hydrophila isolates. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin was seen in members of Enterobactericeae, Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. isolated in this study.Conclusion: Fish have an important role in zoonotic transmission. Antimicrobial resistant strains can cause serious infections which have limited therapeutic options. As a result, it should be considered that contact with aquarium water may be one of the important factors in the spread of resistant microorganisms. In our study, it is the most extensive study that has been conducted to investigate the presence of antimicrobial resistance in Gram negative bacteria isolated from aquarium water.Sonuç: Balıkların zoonotik bulaştırmadaki rolleri bilinmektedir. Özellikle antimikrobiyal dirençli suşlar, tedavi seçeneği sınırlanmış ciddi enfeksiyonlara neden olabilmektedir. Dolayısıyla izlemi konusunda hassas davranılması gereklidir. Sonuç olarak akvaryum suları ile temasın dirençli mikroorganizmaların yayılımında önemli faktörlerden biri olabileceği göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Çalışmamız, akvaryum sularından izole edilen “Gram negatif bakterilerde antimikrobiyal direnç varlığı” için geniş bir çalışma olduğunu düşünmekteyiz

Anahtar Kelimeler

• akvaryum, Gram negatif bakteriler, antimikrobiyal direnç

Investigation of Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Gram Negative Bacteria Isolated from Ornamental Fish Aquariums in Petshops

Abstract

Objective: In aquariums in shops which sell ornamental fish, a large number of fish are present together, and many microorganisms can grow in them. Moreover, since the fish which are sold are transferred with some water the microorganisms are transported to different aquariums as well. A variety of antimicrobials can be added to aquariums to prevent or treat fish diseases during the breeding of ornamental fish, and this can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study is to determine the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram negative bacteria isolated from water samples taken from ornamental fish aquariums in stores where pets are sold.Methods: Water samples were collected from 27 ornamental fish aquariums in five pet shops serving in Trabzon. These specimens were inoculated on 5% Sheep Blood Agar and Eosin-Methylene-Blue Agar media. Colonies from plaques were identified using MALDI-TOF MS. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: A total of 31 Gram negative bacteria were identified in the 27 samples of ornamental fish aquarium water taken from the five pet shops. Citrobacter freundii was detected most frequently with a rate of 25.8%. Resistance to imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem, which are commonly used antibiotics in clinical treatments, was determined in one isolate among the four Aeromonas hydrophila isolates. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin was seen in members of Enterobactericeae, Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. isolated in this study.Conclusion: Fish have an important role in zoonotic transmission. Antimicrobial resistant strains can cause serious infections which have limited therapeutic options. As a result, it should be considered that contact with aquarium water may be one of the important factors in the spread of resistant microorganisms. In our study, it is the most extensive study that has been conducted to investigate the presence of antimicrobial resistance in Gram negative bacteria isolated from aquarium water

Keywords

• aquarium, Gram negative, antimicrobial resistance

References

1. Seepersadsingh N, Adesiyun AA. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. in pet mammals, reptiles, fish aquarium water, and birds in Trinidad. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health, 2003; 50(10): 488-93.
2. Culpepper EE, Clayton LA, Hadfield CA, Arnold JE, Bourbon HM. Coliform bacteria monitoring in fish systems: current practices in public aquaria. J Aquat Anim Health, 2016; 28(2): 85-90.
3. Smith KF, Schmidt V, Rosen GE, Amaral-Zettler L. Microbial diversity and potential pathogens in ornamental fish aquarium water. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract, 2011; 14(3): 427-38.
4. Kušar D, Zajc U, Jenčič V, Ocepek M, Higgins J, Žolnir-Dovč M, et al. Mycobacteria in aquarium fish: results of a 3-year survey indicate caution required in handling pet-shop fish. J Fish Dis, 2016 Oct 17. doi: 10.1111/jfd.12558.
5. Trust TJ, Whitby JL. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria in water containing ornamental fishes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1976;10(4):598-603.
6. Anonymous. Methods for the antimicrobial dilution and disk susceptibility testing of infrequently isolated or fastidious bacteria, 2nd ed, M45-A2. Wayne, PA: CLSI, 2006. 7.Anonymous. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptebility Testing: Nineteenth Informational Supplement M100-S19. Wayne, PA: CLSI, 2009.
7. Sha Q, Forstner MR, Bonner TH, Hahn D. Salmonellae in fish feces analyzed by in situ hybridization and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. J Aquat Anim Health, 2013; 25(3): 184-90.
8. Boylan S. Zoonoses associated with fish. PLoS One, 2012; 7(9): e39971.

9. Musto J, Kirk M, Lightfoot D, Combs BG, Mwanri L. Multi-drug resistant Salmonella Java infections acquired from tropical fish aquariums, Australia, 2003-04. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep, 2006; 30(2): 222-7.
10. Gallani SU, Sebastião FA, Valladão GM, Boaratti AZ, Pilarski F. Pathogenesis of mixed infection by Spironucleus sp. and Citrobacter freundii in freshwater angelfish Pterophyllum scalare. Microb Pathog, 2016; 100: 119-123.
11. Yagoubat M, Ould El-Hadj-Khelil A, Malki A, Bakour S, Touati A, Rolain JM. Genetic characterisation of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the University Hospital Mohamed Boudiaf in Ouargla, southern Algeria. J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 2016; 8: 55-59.
12. Aravena-Román M, Inglis TJ, Henderson B, Riley TV, Chang BJ. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Aeromonas strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources to 26 antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2012; 56(2): 1110-2.