Research Article
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Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: Özel Sayı, 169 - 191, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1774119

Abstract

References

  • Afif. Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi. Calcutta: Bibliotheca Indica, 1891.
  • Ahmed, Aziz. Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Alam, Muzaffar. The Languages of Political Islam: India 1200–1800. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
  • Askari, Hasan. The Ṣūfī Saints of the Deccan. Hyderabad: Deccan Historical Society, 2010.
  • Baranī, Ziyaʾ al-Dīn. Fatawa-i Jahandari. ed. S. A. Rashid. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat, 2008 [orig. 1862].
  • Barbosa, Duarte. The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and Their Inhabitants. trans. M. L. Dames. 2 Volumes. London: Hakluyt Society, 1918.
  • Chandra, Satish. Dillī Saltanat kā Itihās. New Delhi: Rāṣṭrīya Prakāśan, 1992.
  • Daftary, Farhad. The Ismāʿīlīs: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2. Edition, 2007.
  • De, Sushil Kumar. Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Bengal. Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1942.
  • Dimock, Edward C. The Caitanya Caritamrta of Krsnadasa Kaviraja: A Translation and Commentary. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
  • Eaton, Richard M. The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
  • Eaton, Richard M. “Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States.” Journal of Islamic Studies 11/3 (2000): 283–319.
  • Elliot, Henry M., and John Dowson. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. 8 Volumes. London: Trübner & Co., 1867 (Reprint, Allahabad: Kitab Mahal, 1990).
  • Friedmann, Yohanan. Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
  • Ghoshal, U. N., “The Delhi Sultanate”. The History and Culture of the Indian People. ed. R.C. Majumdar. 6/547-661. Mumbai: Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, 2006.
  • Gibb, H. A. R. The Travels of Ibn Battuta A.D. 1325–1354. 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1929.
  • Habib, Irfan. Essays in Indian History: Towards a Marxist Perception. Delhi: Tulika, 2002.
  • Habib, Irfan. Medieval India: The Study of a Civilization. Delhi: National Book Trust, 2003. Habib, Mohammad. Madhyakālīn Bhārat. Delhi: Rajkamal Prakashan, 1969).
  • Hamidullah, Muhammad. Muslim Conduct of State. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1975.
  • Hasan, Farhat. State and Locality in Mughal India: Power Relations in Western India, c. 1572–1730. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Hasan, Nurul. Religion, State and Society in Medieval India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Ibn Battuta. The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354. trans. and ed. H. A. R. Gibb. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1929.
  • Jonarāja. Rājataranginī of Jonarāja. ed. Srikanth Kaul. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1967.
  • Koç, Bilal. “Delhi Türk Sultanlığı’nda Devlet Yönetimi Anlayışı (1206–1320)”. Çanakkale Araştırmaları Türk Yıllığı 29 (2020): 159–211. https://doi.org/10.17518/canakkalearastirmalari.789784
  • Koç, Bilal. Delhi Türk Sultanlığında Tuğluklar Dönemi Siyasi Tarihi (1320–1414). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2021.
  • Kortel, S. Haluk. Delhi Türk Sultanlığı’nda Teşkilat (1206–1414). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2008.
  • Kumar, Sunil. The Emergence of the Delhi Sultanate, 1192–1286. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2007.
  • Nizami, K. A. Religion and Politics in India during the Thirteenth Century. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1980.
  • Nizami, K. A. Some Aspects of Religion and Politics in India in the Thirteenth Century. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1983.
  • Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas. A History of Ṣūfīsm in India. 2 Volumes. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 2002.
  • Sarkar, Jadunath. The State in India: Past and Present. Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1961.
  • Yahya b. Ahmad. Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi. Calcutta: Asiatic Society, 1910.

Delhi Sultanlığı Döneminde Müslüman–Hindu İlişkileri: Sosyo-Politik Bir Analiz

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: Özel Sayı, 169 - 191, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1774119

Abstract

Bu makale, Delhi Sultanlığı (1206–1526) döneminde Müslüman–Hindu ilişkilerini hem Güney Asya tarih yazımı hem de Alan Çalışmaları bağlamında ele almakta ve özgün katkısını; sosyo-politik kuramın eleştirel kaynak okuması ile birleştirilerek durağan dinî kategoriler ötesinde topluluklar arası etkileşimlerin yeniden yorumlanması üzerinden sunmaktadır. Delhi Sultanlığı çağı, yalnızca bir fetih ya da kültürel uyum süreci olarak değil; siyasal uzlaşmalar, toplumsal hiyerarşiler, tapınak tahripleri, kültürel alışverişler ve kimlik müzakerelerinin iç içe geçtiği çok boyutlu bir dönem olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu dönem, Kuzey Hindistan’da kalıcı ilk Müslüman siyasal varlığı temsil etmiş; idari ve askerî kurumların yanı sıra gündelik toplumsal ilişkiler ve dinî unsurları merkezine alan kültürel pratikleri de dönüştürmüştür. Makale tarihsel-analitik bir yöntem benimsemekte olup kronikler, kitabeler, seyyah anlatıları ve ikincil literatürü konu edinerek zorlayıcı fetih anlatılarından kültürel sentez yorumlarına uzanan tarih yazımı tartışmalarını mukayeseli bir biçimde ele almaya çalışmaktadır. Ayrıca bu çalışma, Müslüman saray tarihçilerinin meşruiyet merkezli vurguları ile yerli Hindu kaynaklarının ideolojik iddialarının gölgesindeki kuramsal çerçevenin dikkatle okunmasını da zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bulgular, çatışma örüntülerinin çoğunlukla siyasal kararsızlık dönemlerinde arttığını; buna karşılık istikrarlı yönetim dönemlerinde birlikte yaşama ve kültürel etkileşim alanlarının genişlediğini göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, Delhi Sultanlığı yalnızca siyasal bir rejim değil, kimliklerin ve birlikte yaşam pratiklerinin şekillendiği kurucu bir “temas bölgesi” olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Öyle ki bu süreç, yalnızca ilgili dönemde İslam’ın Hint alt kıtasında kökleşmesini sağlamamış, aynı zamanda günümüz Hindistan’ının din temelli siyasal dinamiklerini doğrudan belirleyen kalıcı bir miras bırakmıştır.

References

  • Afif. Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi. Calcutta: Bibliotheca Indica, 1891.
  • Ahmed, Aziz. Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Alam, Muzaffar. The Languages of Political Islam: India 1200–1800. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
  • Askari, Hasan. The Ṣūfī Saints of the Deccan. Hyderabad: Deccan Historical Society, 2010.
  • Baranī, Ziyaʾ al-Dīn. Fatawa-i Jahandari. ed. S. A. Rashid. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat, 2008 [orig. 1862].
  • Barbosa, Duarte. The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and Their Inhabitants. trans. M. L. Dames. 2 Volumes. London: Hakluyt Society, 1918.
  • Chandra, Satish. Dillī Saltanat kā Itihās. New Delhi: Rāṣṭrīya Prakāśan, 1992.
  • Daftary, Farhad. The Ismāʿīlīs: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2. Edition, 2007.
  • De, Sushil Kumar. Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Bengal. Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1942.
  • Dimock, Edward C. The Caitanya Caritamrta of Krsnadasa Kaviraja: A Translation and Commentary. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
  • Eaton, Richard M. The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
  • Eaton, Richard M. “Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States.” Journal of Islamic Studies 11/3 (2000): 283–319.
  • Elliot, Henry M., and John Dowson. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. 8 Volumes. London: Trübner & Co., 1867 (Reprint, Allahabad: Kitab Mahal, 1990).
  • Friedmann, Yohanan. Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
  • Ghoshal, U. N., “The Delhi Sultanate”. The History and Culture of the Indian People. ed. R.C. Majumdar. 6/547-661. Mumbai: Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, 2006.
  • Gibb, H. A. R. The Travels of Ibn Battuta A.D. 1325–1354. 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1929.
  • Habib, Irfan. Essays in Indian History: Towards a Marxist Perception. Delhi: Tulika, 2002.
  • Habib, Irfan. Medieval India: The Study of a Civilization. Delhi: National Book Trust, 2003. Habib, Mohammad. Madhyakālīn Bhārat. Delhi: Rajkamal Prakashan, 1969).
  • Hamidullah, Muhammad. Muslim Conduct of State. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1975.
  • Hasan, Farhat. State and Locality in Mughal India: Power Relations in Western India, c. 1572–1730. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Hasan, Nurul. Religion, State and Society in Medieval India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Ibn Battuta. The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354. trans. and ed. H. A. R. Gibb. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1929.
  • Jonarāja. Rājataranginī of Jonarāja. ed. Srikanth Kaul. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1967.
  • Koç, Bilal. “Delhi Türk Sultanlığı’nda Devlet Yönetimi Anlayışı (1206–1320)”. Çanakkale Araştırmaları Türk Yıllığı 29 (2020): 159–211. https://doi.org/10.17518/canakkalearastirmalari.789784
  • Koç, Bilal. Delhi Türk Sultanlığında Tuğluklar Dönemi Siyasi Tarihi (1320–1414). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2021.
  • Kortel, S. Haluk. Delhi Türk Sultanlığı’nda Teşkilat (1206–1414). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2008.
  • Kumar, Sunil. The Emergence of the Delhi Sultanate, 1192–1286. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2007.
  • Nizami, K. A. Religion and Politics in India during the Thirteenth Century. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1980.
  • Nizami, K. A. Some Aspects of Religion and Politics in India in the Thirteenth Century. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1983.
  • Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas. A History of Ṣūfīsm in India. 2 Volumes. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 2002.
  • Sarkar, Jadunath. The State in India: Past and Present. Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1961.
  • Yahya b. Ahmad. Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi. Calcutta: Asiatic Society, 1910.

Muslim–Hindu Relations in the Delhi Sultanate: A Socio-Political Analysis

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: Özel Sayı, 169 - 191, 30.11.2025
https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1774119

Abstract

This article examines Muslim–Hindu relations during the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) both within the framework of South Asian historiography and Area Studies, offering its original contribution through a reinterpretation of intercommunal encounters that transcends static religious categories by combining socio-political theory with critical source analysis. The Delhi Sultanate is approached not merely as a period of conquest or cultural accommodation, but as a multifaceted era in which political negotiations, social hierarchies, temple desecrations, cultural exchanges, and identity negotiations were deeply intertwined. This era represented the first enduring Muslim political presence in northern India, transforming not only administrative and military institutions but also everyday social interactions and religiously infused cultural practices. The article employs a historical-analytical method, drawing on chronicles, inscriptions, travelers’ accounts, and secondary literature, while critically engaging with historiographical debates ranging from conquest-centered narratives to interpretations of cultural synthesis. It further underscores the necessity of a close reading of Muslim court historians’ legitimacy-focused accounts alongside the ideological framings of indigenous Hindu sources. Findings suggest that patterns of conflict intensified during periods of political instability, whereas phases of stable governance expanded opportunities for coexistence and cultural interaction. In conclusion, the Delhi Sultanate must be evaluated not solely as a political regime but as a formative “contact zone” in which identities and practices of coexistence were shaped. Indeed, this process not only ensured the entrenchment of Islam in the Indian subcontinent during the period in question, but also left behind a lasting legacy that continues to directly shape the religion-based political dynamics of contemporary India.

References

  • Afif. Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi. Calcutta: Bibliotheca Indica, 1891.
  • Ahmed, Aziz. Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Alam, Muzaffar. The Languages of Political Islam: India 1200–1800. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
  • Askari, Hasan. The Ṣūfī Saints of the Deccan. Hyderabad: Deccan Historical Society, 2010.
  • Baranī, Ziyaʾ al-Dīn. Fatawa-i Jahandari. ed. S. A. Rashid. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat, 2008 [orig. 1862].
  • Barbosa, Duarte. The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and Their Inhabitants. trans. M. L. Dames. 2 Volumes. London: Hakluyt Society, 1918.
  • Chandra, Satish. Dillī Saltanat kā Itihās. New Delhi: Rāṣṭrīya Prakāśan, 1992.
  • Daftary, Farhad. The Ismāʿīlīs: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2. Edition, 2007.
  • De, Sushil Kumar. Early History of the Vaisnava Faith and Movement in Bengal. Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1942.
  • Dimock, Edward C. The Caitanya Caritamrta of Krsnadasa Kaviraja: A Translation and Commentary. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
  • Eaton, Richard M. The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
  • Eaton, Richard M. “Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States.” Journal of Islamic Studies 11/3 (2000): 283–319.
  • Elliot, Henry M., and John Dowson. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. 8 Volumes. London: Trübner & Co., 1867 (Reprint, Allahabad: Kitab Mahal, 1990).
  • Friedmann, Yohanan. Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
  • Ghoshal, U. N., “The Delhi Sultanate”. The History and Culture of the Indian People. ed. R.C. Majumdar. 6/547-661. Mumbai: Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, 2006.
  • Gibb, H. A. R. The Travels of Ibn Battuta A.D. 1325–1354. 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1929.
  • Habib, Irfan. Essays in Indian History: Towards a Marxist Perception. Delhi: Tulika, 2002.
  • Habib, Irfan. Medieval India: The Study of a Civilization. Delhi: National Book Trust, 2003. Habib, Mohammad. Madhyakālīn Bhārat. Delhi: Rajkamal Prakashan, 1969).
  • Hamidullah, Muhammad. Muslim Conduct of State. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1975.
  • Hasan, Farhat. State and Locality in Mughal India: Power Relations in Western India, c. 1572–1730. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Hasan, Nurul. Religion, State and Society in Medieval India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Ibn Battuta. The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354. trans. and ed. H. A. R. Gibb. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1929.
  • Jonarāja. Rājataranginī of Jonarāja. ed. Srikanth Kaul. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1967.
  • Koç, Bilal. “Delhi Türk Sultanlığı’nda Devlet Yönetimi Anlayışı (1206–1320)”. Çanakkale Araştırmaları Türk Yıllığı 29 (2020): 159–211. https://doi.org/10.17518/canakkalearastirmalari.789784
  • Koç, Bilal. Delhi Türk Sultanlığında Tuğluklar Dönemi Siyasi Tarihi (1320–1414). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2021.
  • Kortel, S. Haluk. Delhi Türk Sultanlığı’nda Teşkilat (1206–1414). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2008.
  • Kumar, Sunil. The Emergence of the Delhi Sultanate, 1192–1286. Delhi: Permanent Black, 2007.
  • Nizami, K. A. Religion and Politics in India during the Thirteenth Century. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1980.
  • Nizami, K. A. Some Aspects of Religion and Politics in India in the Thirteenth Century. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli, 1983.
  • Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas. A History of Ṣūfīsm in India. 2 Volumes. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 2002.
  • Sarkar, Jadunath. The State in India: Past and Present. Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1961.
  • Yahya b. Ahmad. Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi. Calcutta: Asiatic Society, 1910.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects World Languages, Literature and Culture (Other), Comparative Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yalçin Kayalı 0000-0002-4917-3530

Publication Date November 30, 2025
Submission Date August 30, 2025
Acceptance Date October 14, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 12 Issue: Özel Sayı

Cite

ISNAD Kayalı, Yalçin. “Muslim–Hindu Relations in the Delhi Sultanate: A Socio-Political Analysis”. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi 12/Özel Sayı (November2025), 169-191. https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1774119.