<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="reviewer-report"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>geol. bull. turkey</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1016-9164</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2564-6745</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>TMMOB Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25288/tjb.1845293</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Geological Sciences and Engineering (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Yer Bilimleri ve Jeoloji Mühendisliği (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Geological Formation Environments of Rare Earth Elements: Examples from Around the World and Türkiye</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Nadir Toprak Elementlerinin Jeolojik Oluşum Ortamları: Dünya ve Türkiye’den Örnekler / Geological Formation Environments of Rare Earth Elements: Examples from Around the World and Türkiye</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1727-9939</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Çimen</surname>
                                    <given-names>Okay</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>MUNZUR UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4705-9301</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Dönmez</surname>
                                    <given-names>Cahit</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>MTA Uluslararası Madencilik A.Ş.</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260428">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>28</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>69</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>225</fpage>
                                        <lpage>256</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251219">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>19</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260224">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>24</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1947, Geological Bulletin of Turkey</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1947</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Geological Bulletin of Turkey</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Rare earth elements (REEs) are critical raw materials used in strategic fields such as defense, energy, electronics, lasers, and sensor technologies, and particularly in the production of permanent magnets including NdFeB and SmCo types. Since the early 2000s, the global supply of rare earth elements has become dominated by China for mining, beneficiation, and separation processes, as non-Chinese producers have lost competitiveness due to high capital requirements and the costs imposed by environmental regulations. This review addresses the geological formation environments, deposit types, and global reserve–resource distributions of REEs within an integrated framework.REE mineralization occurs within primary geological sources such as carbonatites, alkaline magmatic systems, and iron oxide copper–gold (IOCG) deposits, as well as in secondary sources including ion-adsorption clays, placers, and lateritic formations. Primary sources are generally enriched in light REEs and are characterized by high-cost production processes, whereas heavy REEs are predominantly obtained from secondary sources. Globally, REE reserves are estimated to be approximately 90–120 Mt, while potential resources are on the order of ~480 Mt, with China occupying a leading position in terms of both reserves and resources. In Europe, Greenland, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Germany, and Türkiye are among the regions with significant REE potential. In Türkiye, the principal REE areas defined at the deposit scale are the Eskişehir–Kızılcaören (Beylikova) and Malatya–Kuluncak districts. These districts are associated with alkaline magmatism and display enrichment particularly in Nd and Pr (beyond La and Ce), rendering them strategically important for NdFeB permanent magnet production. Recent studies conducted by Eti Maden indicate that the Eskişehir–Kızılcaören area hosts a large-scale resource of approximately 694 Mt with total REE grades of 1.5–1.8%. The Eskişehir–Kızılcaören area is related to the extensional tectonic regime of Western Anatolia, whereas the Malatya–Kuluncak area is associated with post-collisional alkaline magmatism of Late Cretaceous–Early Paleocene age developed within the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex. The presence of similar alkaline systems across Türkiye indicates significant potential for REE exploration and critical mineral strategies. This synthesis provides a comprehensive geological reference framework for the development of REE exploration strategies, the diversification of global supply chains, and evaluation of Türkiye’s REE potential.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Nadir toprak elementleri (NTE), başta NdFeB ve SmCo tipi kalıcı mıknatıslar olmak üzere savunma sanayi, enerji, elektronik, lazer ve sensör teknolojileri gibi stratejik alanlarda kullanılan kritik hammaddelerdir. 2000’li yıllardan itibaren küresel nadir toprak elementleri arzı, yüksek sermaye gereksinimleri ve çevresel düzenlemelerin getirdiği maliyetler nedeniyle Çin dışındaki üreticilerin rekabet gücünü yitirmesi sonucunda, madencilik, zenginleştirme ve ayırma süreçlerinde Çin’in baskın olduğu bir yapı kazanmıştır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, NTE’lerin jeolojik oluşum ortamları, yatak tipleri ve küresel rezerv-kaynak dağılımları bütüncül bir çerçevede ele alınmaktadır. NTE mineralizasyonları, karbonatitler, alkalen magmatik sistemler ve Demir Oksit Bakır Altın (DOBA) yatakları gibi birincil jeolojik kaynaklar ile iyon-adsorpsiyon killeri, plaserler ve lateritik oluşumlar gibi ikincil kaynaklar içerisinde gelişmektedir. Birincil kaynaklar genellikle hafif NTE’lerce zengin ve yüksek maliyetli üretim süreçlerine sahipken, ağır NTE’ler çoğunlukla ikincil kaynaklardan elde edilmektedir. Dünya genelinde NTE rezervlerinin yaklaşık 90-120 Mt, potansiyel kaynakların ise ~480 Mt düzeyinde olduğu kabul edilmekte olup, Çin hem rezerv hem de kaynak bazında lider konumdadır. Avrupa’da Grönland, İsveç, Finlandiya, Norveç, Almanya ve Türkiye önemli NTE potansiyeline sahip bölgeler arasında yer almaktadır. Türkiye’de yatak ölçeğinde tanımlanmış başlıca NTE alanları Eskişehir-Kızılcaören (Beylikova) ve Malatya-Kuluncak sahalarıdır. Bu sahalar, alkalen magmatizma ile ilişkili olup özellikle Nd ve Pr (La ve Ce dışında) bakımından zengin karakter sergilemekte ve NdFeB mıknatıs üretimi açısından stratejik öneme sahiptir. Eti Maden tarafından yapılan son çalışmalar, Eskişehir–Kızılcaören sahasında yaklaşık 694 Mt büyüklüğünde ve %1,5–1,8 toplam NTE tenörüne sahip büyük ölçekli bir kaynak bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Eskişehir–Kızılcaören sahası Batı Anadolu’daki açılmalı tektonik rejimle ilişkiliyken, Malatya–Kuluncak sahası Orta Anadolu Kristalen Kompleksi’nde gelişen Geç Kretase–Erken Paleosen yaşlı çarpışma sonrası alkalen magmatizmasıyla ilişkilidir. Türkiye genelinde benzer alkalen sistemlerin varlığı, NTE aramacılığı ve kritik mineral stratejileri açısından önemli bir potansiyel sunduğunu göstermektedir. Bu sentez, NTE arama stratejilerinin geliştirilmesine, küresel tedarik zincirlerinin çeşitlendirilmesine ve Türkiye’nin NTE potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesine yönelik çalışmalara bütüncül bir jeolojik referans çerçevesi sağlamaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Nadir toprak elementleri</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  kritik mineraller</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  birincil jeolojik kaynaklar</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ikincil jeoloji kaynakları</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  alkalen magmatizma</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  lateritleşme</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Rare earth elements</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  critical minerals</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  primary geological resources</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  secondary geological resources</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  alkaline magmatism</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  lateritization</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">Bulunmuyor</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                            <award-id>Bulunmuyor</award-id>
                                            </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ağrılı, H., Çubuk, Y., Kırbaş, H. &amp; Yılmaz, M. (2023). Sivas-Karaçayır Ar:201400220 (Er:3315254) Numaralı Iv. Grup Ruhsat Sahasına Ait Maden Jeolojisi ve Kaynak Tahmin Raporu (Rapor No: 14641), Maden Tetkik ve arama Genel Müdürlüğü. (In Turkish)</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Alpaslan, M. &amp; Boztuğ, D. (1997). The co-existence of the syncolg and post-colg plutons in the Yıldızeli Area (W-Sivas). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 6, 1-12.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Barakos, G., Mischo, H. &amp; Gutzmer, J. (2015). Status Quo and Future Evaluations of Global Rare Earth Mining (with Respect to Special Rare Earth Element-industry Criteria). Third International Future Mining Conference / Sydney, NSW, pp. 4-6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Boztuğ, D., Türksever, E., Heizler, M., Jonckheere, R. C. &amp; Tichomirowa, M. (2009). 207Pb-206Pb, 40Ar-39Ar and apatite fission-track geothermochronology revealing the emplacement, cooling and exhumation history of the Karacayır Syenite (N Sivas), East Central Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 18, 109-125. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-0806-4</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Boztuğ, D., Harlavan, Y., Arehart, G.B., Satır, M. &amp; Avci, N. (2007). K-Ar age, whole-rock and isotope geochemistry of A-type granitoids in the Divriği-Sivas region, easterncentral Anatolia, Turkey. Lithos, 97(1-2), 193-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.12.014</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Boztuğ, D. (1998). Post-collisional central Anatolian alkaline plutonism, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 7(3), 145-165.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Canbaz, O. &amp; Gökce, A. (2022). Davulalan A-type granitoid-associated Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, and REEs mineralization, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 196, Article 104665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104665</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Castor, S.B. (2008). The Mountain Pass Rare-Earth Carbonatite And Associated Ultrapotassic Rocks, California. The Canadian Mineralogist, 46(4), 779-806. https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.46.4.779</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chandler, R., Bhat, G., Mavrogenes, J., Knell, B., David, R. &amp; Leggo, T. (2024). The primary geology of the Paleoproterozoic Mt Weld Carbonatite Complex, Western Australia. Journal of Petrology, 65(2), Article egae007. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egae007</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chen, C., Wang, C. H., Wang, D. H., Qin, J. H., Lu, L., Dang, X. L., Fan, X. Y., Chen, X. R. &amp; Zhang, W. (2020). U-Pb dating and Hf isotope characteristics of zircons from ore-forming parent rocks in the Qingyuan ion-adsorbed REE deposit, Zhejiang Province, China. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 40, 58-72.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cocker, M. D. (2012). Lateritic, supergene rare earth element (REE) deposits. In book: 48th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals (pp.1-18) Chapter: 4. Arizona Geological Survey Special Paper 9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cook, N. J., Ciobanu, C. L., Wade, B. P., Gilbert, S. E. &amp; Alford, R. (2023). Mineralogy and Distribution of REE in Oxidised Ores of the Mount Weld Laterite Deposit, Western Australia. Minerals, 13(5), Article 656. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13050656</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cooper, A. F., Boztuğ, D., Palin, J. M., Martin, C. E. &amp; Numata, M. (2011). Petrology and petrogenesis of carbonatitic rocks in syenites from central Anatolia, Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 161, 811-828. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-010-0566-3</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cox, J. J. &amp; Fayram, T. (2013). NI 43-101 Technical Report on the Aksu Diamas Rare Earth Element Project, Isparta district, Turkey. AMK Mineral Inc. Toronto, Canada, 29 p.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çimen, O. (2025). Nadir Toprak Elementleri ekosistemi ve doğru sanılan yanlışlar. Bilim ve Gelecek Dergisi, 258. https://bilimvegelecek.com.tr/index.php/2025/10/01/nadir-toprak-elementleri-ekosistemi-ve-dogru-sanilan-yanlislar</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çimen, O., Ağrılı, H., Kuebler, C., Simonetti, A., Corcoran, L., Simonetti, S., Çolak, T., İnal, S. &amp; Dönmez, C. (2022). Geochemical, isotopic and U-Pb geochronological investigation of the Late Cretaceous Karaçayır carbonatite (Sivas, Turkey): Insights into mantle sources within a post-collisional tectonic setting. Ore Geology Reviews, 141, Article 104650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104650</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çimen, O., Corcoran, L., Kuebler, C., Simonetti, S. S. &amp; Simonetti, A. (2020). Geochemical, stable (O, C, and B) and radiogenic (Sr, Nd, Pb) isotopic data from the Eskişehir-Kızılcaören (NW Anatolia) and the Malatya-Kuluncak (E-central Anatolia) F-REE-Th deposits, Turkey: implications for nature of carbonate-hosted mineralization. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 29(5), 798-814. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-2001-7</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Deady, E., Lacinska, A., Goodenough, K. L., Shaw, R. &amp; Roberts, N. M. W. (2019). Volcanic Derived Placers as a Potential Resource of Rare Earth Elements: The Aksu Diamas Case Study, Turkey. Minerals, 9(4), Article 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9040208</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Deniz, K. (2022). Mica Types as Indication of Magma Nature, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Acta Geologica Sinica, 96(3), 844-857. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.14670</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ersoy, E. Y., Yavuz, H., Uysal, İ., Palmer, M. R. &amp; Müller, D. (2025a). The Petrology of Tuffisite in a Trachytic Diatreme from the Kızılcaören Alkaline Silicate–Carbonatite Complex, NW Anatolia. Minerals, 15(8), Article 867. https://doi.org/10.3390/min15080867</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ersoy, E. Y., Chakrabarty, A., Müller, D., Uysal, İ., Candan, O., Köksal, S. &amp; Yıldırım, A. (2025b). Mineralogy and petrology of the late cretaceous rinkite-bearing Başören nepheline-sodalite syenite, Central Türkiye. Lithos, 508-509, Article 108103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2025.108103</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">EuRare Brochure. (2018). https://www.eurare.org/docs/EURAREbrochure_vfinal.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">European Commission, (2020). Study on the EU&#039;s list of Critical Raw Materials. https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/CRM_2020_Report_Final.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fan, H. R., Yang, K. F., Hu, F. F., Liu, S. &amp; Wang, K. Y. (2016). The giant Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit, China: Controversy and ore genesis. Geoscience Frontiers, 7(3), 335-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2015.11.005</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Goodenough, K. M., Schilling, J., Jonsson, E., Kalvig, P., Charles, N., Tuduri, J., Deady, É. A., Sadeghi, M., Schiellerup, H., Müller, A., Bertrand, G., Arvanitidis, N., Eliopoulos, D. G., Shaw, R. A., Thrane, K. &amp; Keulen, N. (2016). Europe&#039;s rare earth resource potential: an overview of metallogenic provinces and their geodynamic setting. Ore Geology Reviews, 72(Part 1), 838–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.09.019</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Goodenough, K., Wall, F. &amp; Merriman, D. (2018). The Rare Earth Elements: Demand, Global Resources, and Challenges for Resourcing Future Generations. Natural Resources Research, 27, 201-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-017-9336-5</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Guo, W., Zhao, Z., Wang, C., Chen, X., Dang, X., Zhang, W. &amp; Zhao, C. (2024). Micro-Topographic Controls on Rare Earth Element Accumulation and Fractionation in Weathering Profiles: Case Study of Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Element Deposit in Hedi, Zhejiang Province, China. Minerals, 14(11), Article 1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14111178</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Guyonnet, D., Planchon, M., Rollat, A., Escalon, V., Tuduri, J., Charles, N., Vaxelaire, S., Dubois, D. &amp; Fargier, H. (2015). Material Flow Analysis Applied to Rare Earth Elements in Europe. Journal of Cleaner Production, 107, 215-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.123</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gültekin, A.H., Örgün, Y. &amp; Suner, F. (2003). Geology, mineralogy and fluid inclusion data of the Kizilcaoren fluorite- barite- REE deposit, Eskisehir, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21(4), 365-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00019-6</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Güneş, H., Obuz, H. E., Akçay, H., Kara, Ç. &amp; Erdem, A. (2023). Production of rare-earth oxides from Eskişehir-Beylikova complex ores. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 170, 87-97. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1180222</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hanilçi, N. (2013). Geological and geochemical evolution of the Bolkardaǧı bauxite deposits, Karaman, Turkey: Transformation from shale to bauxite. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 133, 118-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.04.004</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Helvacı, C. (1984). Apatite-Rich Iron Deposits of the Avnik (Bingöl) Region, Southeastern Turkey. Economic Geology, 79(2), 354-371. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.79.2.354</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İnan, N. &amp; İnan, S. (1999). New findings on the age and depositional conditions from the Tokus Formation (Sivas, Turkiye). Geological Bullettin of Turkey, 42(1), 119-130. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/4ea0d5b0cf49525_ek.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jordens, A., Cheng, Y. P. &amp; Waters, K. E. (2013). A review of the beneficiation of rare earth element bearing minerals. Minerals Engineering, 41, 97-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2012.10.017</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kadioglu, Y. K., Dilek, Y. &amp; Foland, K. A. (2006). Slab break-off and syncollisional origin of the Late Cretaceous magmatism in the Central Anatolian crystalline complex. Geological Society of America, 409, 381-415. https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2409(19)</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaplan, H. (1977). Rare earth elements and thorium complex deposit of Kizilcaören village, Sivrihisar-Eskişehir, Turkey. Bulletin of Geological Engineering, 2, 69-76.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kraeff, A. &amp; Pasquare, G. (1966). Igneous Nephelıne-Bearıng Rocks of Çukurköy (Northern Part of Province of Kayseri, Turkey). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 66, 121-125.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kursunoglu, S., Hussaini, S., Top, S., Ichlas, Z. T., Gokcen, H. S., Ozsarac, S. &amp; Kaya, M. (2021). Production of mixed rare earth oxide powder from a thorium containing complex Bastnaesite ore. Powder Technology, 379, 641–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2020.10.086</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Leo, G. W., Marvin, R. F. &amp; Mehnert, H. H. (1974). Geological framework of Kuluncak–Sofular area, east-central Turkey, and K-Ar ages of igneous rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 85(11), 1785-1788. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85%3C1785:GFOTKA%3E2.0.CO;2</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Li, Y., Wu, L.G., Yu, Y., Yang, L., Selby, D., &amp; Li, X.H. (2025). Paleozoic carbonatites controlled rare-earth-elements mineralization at Bayan Obo. Science Advances, 11(17) Article eads9481. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ads9481.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liu, S. L., Fan, H. R., Liu, X., Meng, J., Butcher, A.R., Yann, L., Yang, K. F. &amp; Li, X. C. (2023). Global Rare Earth Elements Projects: New Developments and Supply Chains. Ore Geology Reviews, 157, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105428</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lottermoser, B. G. (1990). Rare-earth element mineralisation within the Mt. Weld carbonatite laterite, Western Australia. Lithos, 24(2), 151-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(90)90022-S</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MİA, (2025). Nadir Toprak Elementleri ve Türkiye: Jeopolitik Satrançta Yeni Dinamikler ve Aktörler. Milli İstihbarat Akademisi. Türkiye. ss.: 25.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MTA, (1986). Kızılcaören Köyü (Sivrihisar, Eskişehir) Civarındaki Kompleks Cevher Yatağına Ait (Fluorit+Barit+Nadir Toprak Elementleri) Maden Jeolojisi Sonuç Raporu. MTA Genel Müdürlüğü Maden Etüt ve Arama Daire Başkanlığı (in Turkish).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nikiforov, A. V., Öztürk, H., Altuncu, S. &amp; Lebedev, V. A. (2014). Kizilcaören Ore-bearing Complex with Carbonatites (Northwestern Anatolia, Turkey): Formation Time and Mineralogy of Rocks. Geology of Ore Deposits, 56, 35-60. https://doi.org/10.1134/S107570151401005X</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Okay, A. I. &amp; Tüysüz, O. (1999). Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey. In Durand, B., Jolivet, L., Horváth, F. &amp; Séranne, M. (Eds.), The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary extension within the Alpine orogen&quot;, Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 156, 475-515. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.22</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özaksoy, V. ve Gökten, E. (1996). The stratigraphy and tectonics of Özvatan-Felahiye (Kayseri). Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 39(1), 31-42. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/31af583573227f0_ek.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özgenç, İ. &amp; İlbeyli, N. (2009). Geochemical constraints on petrogenesis of Late Cretaceous alkaline magmatism in east-central Anatolia (Hasancelebi–Basören, Malatya), Turkey. Mineralogy and Petrology, 95, 71-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-008-0027-0</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özmen, Ö. &amp; Koç, Ş. (2006). Farklı Renkteki Fluoritlerin Nadir Toprak Elementleri (NTE) Konsantrasyonu Kaman, Kırşehir, Türkiye. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 229-237.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Öztürk, H., Hanilçi, N., Altuncu, S. &amp; Kasapçı, C. (2019). Rare earth element (REE) resources of Turkey: An overview of their characteristics and origin. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 159, 129-143. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.471205</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pulat, O., Kırtıl, M., Ünlüer, A. T., Karakaş, M., Küçük, M., Ulutaş, A. M., Akgöz, M., Ateş, H., Omaç, M. B. &amp; Türkan, Ö. (2025). Geochemical and geophysical relationship of the potassium-rich fenite zone in surface and subsurface investigations of the giant Kuluncak (Malatya) Nb-U-REE-Zr-Li mineralization. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 178, 149-181. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1812181</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pulat, O., Karakaş, M. &amp; Yastı, M. A. (2022). Relationship of ore properties and alteration of the Büyük Kuluncak (Malatya) Nb - U -NTE - Zr - Li deposit. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 167, 127-148. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.973626</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Qasim, M., Khan, S. D., Sisson, V., Greer, P., Xia, L., Okyay, U. &amp; Franco, N. (2024). Identifying Rare Earth Elements Using a Tripod and Drone-Mounted Hyperspectral Camera: A Case Study of the Mountain Pass Birthday Stock and Sulphide Queen Mine Pit, California. Remote Sensing, 16(17), Article 3353. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173353</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sarıfakıoğlu, E., Özen, H. &amp; Hall, C. (2009). Petrogenesis of extension-related alkaline volcanism in Karaburhan (Sivrihisar–Eskisehir), NW Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 35(6), 502-515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.03.002</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">She, H. D., Fan, H. R., Chen, B., Yang, K. F., Li, X. C. &amp; Wang, Q. W. (2025). The occurrence and distribution of thorium in the giant Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe polymetallic deposit, China. Ore Geology Reviews, 186, Article 106883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106883</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schuiling, R. D. (1961). Formation of pegmatitic carbonatite in a syenite-marble contact, Nature, 192, 1280. https://doi.org/10.1038/1921280a0</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Solmaz, O.M. (1983). Çukur (Kayseri) bölgesi siyenitik kompleksinin petrolojik etüdü [Unpublished Ph.D. thesis]. Istanbul Technical University (Istanbul), 82 p.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stumpfl, E. F. &amp; Kırıkoğlu, M. S. (1986). Fluorite–barite–rare earth deposit at Kızılcaören, Turkey. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, 78, 193-200.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Şaşmaz, A. &amp; Yavuz, F. (2007). REE geochemistry and fluid-inclusion studies of fluorite deposits from the Yaylagözü area (Yıldızeli-Sivas) in Central Turkey. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, 183(2), 215-226. https://doi.org/10.1127/0077-7757/2007/0077</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tavlı, F., Gücer M.A., Çimen, O., Akal, C., Ersoy, E.M., Uysal, İ., Ağrılı, H., Dönmez, C. &amp; Çolak, T. (2024). Geochemical and Geochronological Characteristics of the Davulalan Pluton (Sivas, Türkiye) from the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex. Çan, T., Tekin, S., Pınarcı, E., Kadakçı Koca, T., Koçkar, M. K., Olgun, Ş., Güler, C., Sarı, E. &amp; Tiringa, D. (Eds.), 76th Geological Congress of Turkey with international participation, Abstracts book (p.: 183). April 15-19, 2024, Ankara, Turkey.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Uras, Y., Yalçın, C., İlbeyli, N. &amp; Tapınç, B. G. (2020). Hayriye (Felahiye-Kayseri) Floritlerinin Nadir Toprak Element (NTE) Jeokimyası. Nigde Omer Halisdemir University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 9(1), 461-471 (in Turkish with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.604350</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ünlüer, A. T., Budakoğlu, M., Doner, Z. &amp; Abdelnasser, A. (2023). The evolution of the REE-bearing Özvatan nepheline syenite-carbonatite complex, Central Turkey: Mineralogical, geochemical, and stable isotopic approaches. Minerals, 13(6), Article 667. https://doi.org/10.3390/min13050667</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ünlüler, A.T., Doner, Z., Ünal, A., Kamaci, Ö., Kaya, M., Öztürk, S. &amp; Kumral, M. (2024). The first finding of a highly evolved Mg-rich carbonatite intrusion in NW Anatolia (Arıklı-Çanakkale). Geochemistry, 84(4), Article 126124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2024.126124</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Walters, A, Lusty, P &amp; Hill, A. (2011). Rare earth elements: mineral profile series [online], British Geological Survey, commodity profiles. https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/12583/1/Rare_Earth_Elements_profile.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wu, C., Yuan, Z. &amp; Bai, G. 1996. Rare-earth Deposits in China. In Jones, A. P., Wall, F., Williams, C.T. (Eds.), Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (pp. 281-310). Chapman and Hall, London.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yeşilören Görmüş, N., Gürtekin, G., Erdem, A. &amp; Gülmez, A. (2021). Kızılcaören (Sivrihisar) bölgesi nadir toprak element (NTE) içeren minerallerin mineral serbestleşme analiz (MLA) yöntemi kullanılarak tayini. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 7(2), 251-264. https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.907212</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldırım, E., Yıldırım, N., Dönmez, C. &amp; Günay, K. (2021). Geology of the Yeşilyurt gold deposit: an example of low-angle normal fault related mineralization, Eastern Anatolia-Turkey. MTA Dergisi, 164, 267-285 (in Turkish with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.797729</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yılmaz, M. Ç., Gücer M. A., Çimen, O., Akal, C., Ersoy, E.M., Uysal, İ., Ağrılı, H., Dönmez, C. &amp; Çolak, T. (2024). Whole Rock Geochemical and Zircon U-Pb Age Characteristics of Rare Earth Elements-Enriched Hayriye Pluton (Kayseri, Türkiye). Çan, T., Tekin, S., Pınarcı, E., Kadakçı Koca, T., Koçkar, M. K., Olgun, Ş., Güler, C., Sarı, E. &amp; Tiringa, D. (Eds.), 76th Geological Congress of Turkey with international Participation, Abstracts Book (p.: 184), April 15-19, 2024, Ankara, Turkey.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhou, B., Li, Z. &amp; Chen, C. (2017). Global Potential of Rare Earth Resources and Rare Earth Demand from Clean Technologies. Minerals, 7, Article 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/min7110203</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhu, X., Zhang, B., Ma, G., Pan, Z., Hu, Z. &amp; Zhang, B. (2022). Mineralization of ion-adsorption type rare earth deposits in Western Yunnan, China. Ore Geology Reviews, 148, Article 104984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.104984</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhukova, I.A., Stepanov, A.S., Jiang, S.Y., Murphy, D., Mavrogenes, J., Allen, C., Chen, W. &amp; Bottrill, R. (2021). Complex REE systematics of carbonatites and weathering products from uniquely rich Mount Weld REE deposit, Western Australia. Ore Geology Reviews, 139(B), Article 104539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104539</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
