<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article         dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>tjcl</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2149-8296</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>DNT Ortadoğu Yayıncılık A.Ş.</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18663/tjcl.54874</article-id>
                                                                                                                                                                                            <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Koku fizyolojisi ve koku testleri: Derleme</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kandemir</surname>
                                    <given-names>Süheyla</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Bayar Muluk</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nuray</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20161019">
                    <day>10</day>
                    <month>19</month>
                    <year>2016</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                                <fpage>48</fpage>
                                        <lpage>53</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20160601">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>01</month>
                        <year>2016</year>
                    </date>
                                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2010, Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2010</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Bu derleme yazısında, koku fizyolojisi ve koku testleri ele alınmıştır. Koku, maddelerin havaya sürekli yaymış oldukları uçucu, kimyasalmoleküllerdir. Koku duyusunun besin maddelerinin tanınmasında, zararlı kimyasal maddelerin etkilerinden kaçınmada, istekli yemek yemede ve sinir sistemi fonksiyonlarının düzenlenmesinde rolü vardır. Koku bozuklukları iletimsel, sensörinöral ya da mikst tipte olmaktadır. Koku fonksiyonunu değerlendirmek çok kolay değildir. Bu değerlendirme birçok parametre ile yapılmaktadır. Uygulanan testler psikofizik testler ve elektrofizyolojik testler olarak ikiye ayrılır. Psikofizik testler koku kaybının klinik değerlendirmesi için kullanılırken, elektrofizyolojik testler öncelikli olarak araştırma amaçlı kullanılmaktadır. Koku duyusu bozuklukları, genellikle diğer duyu bozuklukları gibi objektif testler ile değerlendirilmemekte; ve klinisyenler tarafından da ihmal edilmektedir. Bu nedenle bu konunun ilgilendirdiği bölümler olan KBB, Nöroloji ve Aile Hekimlerinin muayenesi sırasında koku gibi duyusal sisteme farkındalık arttırılması amaçlanmıştır.Anahtar kelimeler: Koku, olfaktör sistem, koku fizyolojisi, koku testleri</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                    
                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kandemir S. Multipl Sklerozlu hastalarda koku duyusunun değerlendirilmesi. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Kulak Burun Boğaz Anabilim dalı, Uzmanlık tezi, Kırıkkale, 2015.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Deems D, Doty R, Hummel T, Kratskin I. Olfactory function and disorders. Head and Neck Surgery-Otolaryngology, Second Edition, edited by Byron J.Bailey. Lippincott-Raven Publisher, Philadelphia 1998; 25: 317-31.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Incesulu A. Koku ve tat. In: Koç C (Ed.) Kulak Burun Boğaz Hastalıkları ve Baş Boyun Cerrahisi. Güneş Kitabevi, Ankara, 2004; 463-77.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Leopold D. Physiology of Olfaction. In Cummings CW, Fredrickson JM, Harker LA, Crause CJ, Richardson MA, Schuller DE. Otolaryngology Head &amp; Neck Surgery 3 th Edition. Mosby-Year Book, Inc.1998; 2: 770-99.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lledo P, Gheusi G, Vincent J. Information processing in the mammalian olfactory system. Physiol Rev 2005; 85: 281-317.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">SweazeY RD. Olfaction and taste. Fundomental Neuroscience. Churchill Livingstone Inc. 1997; 321-7.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wrobel BB, Leopold DA. Clinical assessment of patients with smell and taste disorders. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2004; 37:1127-42.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Leopold D. Otolaryngology Head &amp; Neck Surgery.Volume Two. Third Edition. Ed. Charles W.Cummings. Mosby year book, Inc. 1993: 770-98.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ileri F. Burun ve Paranazal sinüs hastalıklarında öykü ve muayene. Çelik O (Editör). Kulak burun boğaz hastalıkları ve baş boyun cerrahisinde. İstanbul: Turgut Yayıncılık; 2002.s. 339-56.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ballenger JJ. (Çeviri: İnallı S) Burun ve paranazal sinüslerin klinik anatomi ve fizyolojisi. Editör: Ballenger JJ. Snow JB. Otolaringoloji Bas ve Boyun Cerrahisi. Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, 2000: 3-18.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ovale K W, Nahırney P C. Netter Temel Histoloji. Güneş Tıp Kitapevi 2009; 333-6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shepherd G. The olfactory system. Neurobiology (3rd ed) New York Oxford University press 1994; 252-66.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Leopold DA. Koku fizyolojisi. Cummings Otolaringoloji Baş Boyun Cerrahisi, Cummings CW (ed), (Ceviri: Koc C), Dördüncü Baskı, Ankara, Guneş Tıp Kitabevleri. 2007: 865-97.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hadley K, Orlandi RR, Fong KJ. Basic anatomy physiology of olfaction and taste. Otolaryngol Clin N Am 2004; 37: 1115-26.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nathan RA, Eccles R, Howarth PH, Steinsvag SK, Togias A. Objective monitoring of nasal patency and nasal physiology in rhinitis. J Allergy Clin İmmunol 2005;115: 442-59.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Probst R, Grevers G, Iro H. Basic Physiology and Immunology of the Nose. In: Basic Otolaryngology. Stutgart. New York. Thime; 2006; 10-3.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Drake L A. Scott Brown’s Otolaryngology, 6.th.ed. Oxford, Buttervorth Heinemann; 1997.p.1/6/1-16.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karasalihoğlu AR. Kulak burun boğaz hastalıkları ve baş boyun cerrahisi. 3. baskı. Ankara: Güneş Kitabevi, 2002: 97-114.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Guyton AC. Olfactory physiology. Text Book of Medical Physıology. Guyton AC, Hall CE (ed). 10’s edn. W.B. Saunders company. 2001: 616-9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pallanch JF, Mccaffrey TM, Kern EB. Evaluation of Nasal Breathing Function with Objective Airway Testing In: Cummings CW (Ed). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery, 3rd edition. Missouri: Mosby – Year Book Inc.; 1988. p.799-832.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Small DM, Gerber JC, Mak YE. Differential neural responses evoked by orthonasal compared with retronasal odorant perception in humans. Neuron 2005; 47: 593-605.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Briner HR, Simmen D. Smell diskettes as screening test of olfaction. Rhinology 1999; 37: 145-8.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kobayashi M, Reiter ER, Dinardo LJ, Costanzo RM. A new clinical olfactory function test: cross-cultural influence. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 133: 331-6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Doty RL, Shaman P, Kimmelman CP, Dann MS. University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a rapid quantitative olfactory function test for the clinic. Laryngoscope 1984; 94: 176-8.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cameron EL. Measures of human olfactory perception during pregnancy. Chem Senses 2007; 32: 775-82.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Doty RL, Marcus A, Lee WW, Development of the 12-item Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CC-SIT). Laryngoscope 1996; 106: 353-6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Saito S, Ayabe-Kanamura S, Takashima Y, Gotow N, Naıto N, Nozawa T, et al. Development of a smell identification test using a novel stick-type odor presentation kit. Chem Senses 2006; 31: 379-91.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kobayashi M, Nishida K, Nakamura S, OishiM, Shıozaki T, Majima Y, et al. Suitability of the odor stick identification test for the Japanese in patients suffering from olfactory disturbance. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 2004; 553: 74-9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kobal G, Hummel T, Sekınger B, Barz S, Roscher S, Wolf S, &quot;Sniffin&#039; sticks&quot;: screening of olfactory performance. Rhinology 1996; 34: 222-6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf SR, Pauli E, Kobal G. &#039;Sniffin&#039; sticks&#039;: olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chem Senses 1997; 22: 39-52.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eıbensteın, A, Fioretti Ab, Lena C, Rosati N, Amabile G, Fusetti M, Modern psychophysical tests to assess olfactory function. Neurol Sci 2005; 26: 147-55.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hummel T, Knecht M, Kobal G, Electro-olfactogram in man. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1996; 22: 653.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Doty Rl, Deems DA. Olfactory function and dysfunction. Head and Neck Surgery-Otolaryngology, Bailey BJ, Calhoun KH, Healy GB, Pillsbury HC, Johnson JT, Jaclkler RK, Tardy EM eds. Lippincot Williams&amp;Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2001; 247-60.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Leopold DA, Hummel T, Schwob JE, Hong SC, Knecht M, Kobal G, Anterior distribution of human olfactory epithelium. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 417-21.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zusho H. Olfactometry in Japan. Rhinology 1983; 21: 281-5.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Furukawa M, Kamide M, Miwa T, Umeda R. Significance of intravenous olfaction test using thiamine propyldisulfide (Alinamin) in olfactometry. Auris Nasus Larynx 1988; 15: 25-31.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kern RC. Chronic sinusitis and anosmia: pathologic changes in the olfactory mucosa. Laryngoscope 2000; 110: 1071-7.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
