Research Article
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Psychiatric symptoms in covid-19 inpatients and 2-month follow-up: an exploration of the relationship with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and D-dimer

Year 2024, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 579 - 586, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1518710

Abstract

Aim: COVID-19 is linked to mental health challenges. In this study, we assessed anxiety, depression, sleep quality, and their
correlation with inflammatory markers in COVID-19 inpatients.
Material and Methods: In this prospective clinical study, COVID-19 inpatients evaluated twice, 2 months apart. During the initial evaluation, participants completed the Sociodemographic Data Form, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Additionally, relevant clinical information and laboratory results were extracted from the hospital automation system. In the second assessment, HADS and PSQI were again administered.
Results: In the psychiatric diagnosis group (In the group with a past psychiatric diagnosis such as depression, anxiety disorders and sleep disorders) (n=26), platelet (PLT) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) values were significantly higher than in others (z= -2.090, p=0.037; z=-2.561, p=0.010). Patients' HADS-Anxiety scores positively correlated with PSQI scores (r = 0.230, p = 0.015). HADS-Anxiety (p = 0.853), HADS-Depression (p = 0.562), and PSQI (p = 0.737) scores showed no significant change from the initial evaluation at the 2nd-month endpoint. Hospitalization duration correlated positively with neutrophil- to-lymphocyte ratio NLR (p = 0.016, r = 0.229), PLR (p = 0.008, r = 0.251), Ferritin (p < 0.001, r = 0.368), D-Dimer (p = 0.003, r = 0.285), and CRP values (p < 0.001, r = 0.330), while negatively with lymphocyte count (p = 0.004, r = -0.273).
Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of monitoring psychiatric symptoms, such as anxiety, depression and sleep problems, during COVID-19 process and its relation with inflammatory parameters. The results addresses the controversy surrounding psychological symptoms linked to inflammation, and may contribute to the literature.

References

  • Türkili, S., et al., Asistan hekimlerde korona virüs salgını nedeniyle yaşanılan zorluklar, kaygı düzeyi ve tükenmişlik sendromunun incelenmesi. Anatolian Clinic the Journal of Medical Sciences, 2022. 27(2): p. 103-114.
  • Kong X, Z.K., Tang M, Kong F, Zhou J, Diao L, Shouxin W, Piqi J, Tong S, Yuchao D. , Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. medRxiv 2020.
  • Kayahan M, S.G., Dahili ve cerrahi kliniklerde yatan hastalarda anksiyete-depresyon düzeyleri ve stresle başa çıkma tarzları arasındaki ilişki. . Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2007: p. 8:113-120.
  • EKöroğlu, S., Ö., Konsültasyon Liyezon Psikiyatrisi., in Psikiyatri Temel Kitabı. In: C Güleç. 1998, Hekimler Yayın Birliği; : : Ankara. . p. p. s. 789-99.
  • FE., L., Inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and depression. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2012: p. 2012;18(36):5920-.
  • Liu CS, A.A., Herrmann N, Gallagher D, Lanctôt KL. . Evidence for Inflammation-Associated Depression. Curr Top Behav Neurosci, 2017: p. 2017;31:3-30.
  • Erdoğan Kaya, A. and M. Kaya, The Relationship of NLR and PLR with Early Prognosis in Alcohol Use Disorder. Kocaeli Medical Journal, 2023. 12(1): p. 61-66.
  • Eskin, F., et al., A new index for predicting malignant causes in patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction: the hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score. European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences, 2023. 27(6).
  • Tutan, D., A.E. Kaya, and B. Eser, The relationship between neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, platelet lymphocyte ratio, and depression in dialysis patients. Medicine, 2023. 102(37): p. e35197.
  • Semiz M, Y.O., Canan F, et al. . Elevated neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Danub 2014: p. 2014;26(3):220-225.
  • Velasco, Á., et al., Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio: A potential new peripheral biomarker of suicidal behavior. Eur Psychiatry, 2020. 63(1): p. e14.
  • Kayhan, F., et al., Relationships of neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratios with the severity of major depression. Psychiatry Res, 2017. 247: p. 332-335.
  • Cepeda MS, S.P., Makadia R. , Depression Is Associated With High Levels of C-Reactive Protein and Low Levels of Fractional Exhaled NitricOxide: Results From the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. . J Clin Psychiatry Res, 2016: p. 2016;77(12):1666-1671.
  • Loftis JM, H.P., The phenomenology and treatment of interferon- induced depression. J Affect Disord 2004: p. .2004;82(2):175-90.
  • Zigmond AS, S.P., The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1983: p. 67; 361-370.
  • KÜLTÜR, D.Ö.A.D.T.G.D.L.K.D.S., Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon Ölçeğinin Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 1997: p. 8(4):280-287.
  • Buysse, D.J., et al., The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res, 1989. 28(2): p. 193-213.
  • Ağargün MY, K.H., Anlar Ö. , Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksinin Geçerliliği ve Güvenirliği . Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi., 1996: p. 2: 107-115.
  • Rajkumar, R.P., COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 2020. 52: p. 102066.
  • Bandelow, B. and S. Michaelis, Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 2015. 17(3): p. 327-335.
  • Markkula, N. and J. Suvisaari, Prevalence, risk factors and prognosis of depressive disorders. Duodecim, 2017. 133(3): p. 275-82.
  • Bennett, F.C. and A.V. Molofsky, The immune system and psychiatric disease: a basic science perspective. Clin Exp Immunol, 2019. 197(3): p. 294-307.
  • Mazza, M.G., et al., Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and platelet/ lymphocyte ratio in mood disorders: A meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2018. 84(Pt A): p. 229-236.
  • Chan, A.S. and A. Rout, Use of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratios in COVID-19. Journal of clinical medicine research, 2020. 12(7): p. 448-453.
  • El-Hazmi MA, W., Normal reference values for hematological parameters, red cell indices, HB A2 and HB F from early childhood through adolescence in Saudis. . ASAnn Saudi Med, 2001: p. 2001;21:165-169.

Covid-19 sebebiyle yatışı olan hastaların psikiyatrik belirtiler açısından 2 aylık takibi ve psikiyatrik belirtilerin nötrofil-lenfosit oranı (NLR), trombosit-lenfosit oranı (PLR) ve D-dimer ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 579 - 586, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1518710

Abstract

Amaç: COVID-19 zihinsel sağlık sorunlarıyla ilişkilidir. Bu çalışmada, COVID-19 sebebiyle yatan hastalarda anksiyete,
depresyon, uyku kalitesi ve bunların inflamatuar belirteçlerle ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu prospektif klinik çalışmada, COVID-19 nedeniyle yatan hastalar 2 ay arayla iki kez değerlendirildi. İlk değerlendirme sırasında katılımcılar Sosyodemografik Veri Formu, Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon Ölçeği (HADÖ) ve Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksini (PUKİ) doldurdular. Ayrıca hastane otomasyon sisteminden ilgili klinik bilgiler ve laboratuvar sonuçları saptandı. İkinci değerlendirmede hastalara yeniden HADÖ ve PUKİ uygulandı.
Bulgular: Psikiyatrik tanı grubunda (Depresyon, kaygı bozuklukları ve uyku bozuklukları gibi geçmişte psikiyatrik tanı almış grupta) (n=26) trombosit (PLT) ve trombosit-lenfosit oranı (PLR) değerleri diğerlerine göre anlamlı derecede yüksekti (z= -2,090, p=0,037; z=-2,561, p =0,010). Hastaların HADÖ-Anksiyete puanları PUKİ puanları ile pozitif yönde ilişkiliydi (r = 0,230, p = 0,015). Hastaların HADÖ-Anksiyete (p = 0,853), HADÖ-Depresyon (p = 0,562) ve PUKİ (p = 0,737) puanları, 2. ay sonrasında ilk değerlendirmeye göre anlamlı bir değişiklik göstermedi. Hastanede kalış süresi, nötrofil-lenfosit oranı NLR (p = 0,016, r = 0,229), PLR (p = 0,008, r = 0,251), Ferritin (p < 0,001, r = 0,368), D-Dimer (p = 0,003, r=0,285) ve CRP değerleriyle (p<0,001, r=0,330) pozitif, lenfosit sayısı ile negatif (p=0,004, r=-0,273) korelasyon gösterdi.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, COVID-19 sürecinde anksiyete, depresyon ve uyku sorunları gibi psikiyatrik belirtilerin takibinin önemini ve bu hastalıkların inflamatuar parametrelerle ilişkisini vurgulamaktadır. Sonuçların, inflamasyonla ilişkili psikolojik semptomları ele alması sebebiyle literatüre katkı sağladığı düşünülmektedir.

Ethical Statement

This study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethical Committee for Clinical Research of Sakarya University. (Date and Decision #2020/136)

Thanks

We would like to express our special thanks to esteemed Prof. Dr. Esra YAZICI and Prof. Dr. Ahmet Bülent YAZICI for their support.

References

  • Türkili, S., et al., Asistan hekimlerde korona virüs salgını nedeniyle yaşanılan zorluklar, kaygı düzeyi ve tükenmişlik sendromunun incelenmesi. Anatolian Clinic the Journal of Medical Sciences, 2022. 27(2): p. 103-114.
  • Kong X, Z.K., Tang M, Kong F, Zhou J, Diao L, Shouxin W, Piqi J, Tong S, Yuchao D. , Prevalence and Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. medRxiv 2020.
  • Kayahan M, S.G., Dahili ve cerrahi kliniklerde yatan hastalarda anksiyete-depresyon düzeyleri ve stresle başa çıkma tarzları arasındaki ilişki. . Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi 2007: p. 8:113-120.
  • EKöroğlu, S., Ö., Konsültasyon Liyezon Psikiyatrisi., in Psikiyatri Temel Kitabı. In: C Güleç. 1998, Hekimler Yayın Birliği; : : Ankara. . p. p. s. 789-99.
  • FE., L., Inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and depression. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2012: p. 2012;18(36):5920-.
  • Liu CS, A.A., Herrmann N, Gallagher D, Lanctôt KL. . Evidence for Inflammation-Associated Depression. Curr Top Behav Neurosci, 2017: p. 2017;31:3-30.
  • Erdoğan Kaya, A. and M. Kaya, The Relationship of NLR and PLR with Early Prognosis in Alcohol Use Disorder. Kocaeli Medical Journal, 2023. 12(1): p. 61-66.
  • Eskin, F., et al., A new index for predicting malignant causes in patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction: the hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score. European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences, 2023. 27(6).
  • Tutan, D., A.E. Kaya, and B. Eser, The relationship between neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, platelet lymphocyte ratio, and depression in dialysis patients. Medicine, 2023. 102(37): p. e35197.
  • Semiz M, Y.O., Canan F, et al. . Elevated neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Danub 2014: p. 2014;26(3):220-225.
  • Velasco, Á., et al., Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio: A potential new peripheral biomarker of suicidal behavior. Eur Psychiatry, 2020. 63(1): p. e14.
  • Kayhan, F., et al., Relationships of neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratios with the severity of major depression. Psychiatry Res, 2017. 247: p. 332-335.
  • Cepeda MS, S.P., Makadia R. , Depression Is Associated With High Levels of C-Reactive Protein and Low Levels of Fractional Exhaled NitricOxide: Results From the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. . J Clin Psychiatry Res, 2016: p. 2016;77(12):1666-1671.
  • Loftis JM, H.P., The phenomenology and treatment of interferon- induced depression. J Affect Disord 2004: p. .2004;82(2):175-90.
  • Zigmond AS, S.P., The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1983: p. 67; 361-370.
  • KÜLTÜR, D.Ö.A.D.T.G.D.L.K.D.S., Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon Ölçeğinin Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 1997: p. 8(4):280-287.
  • Buysse, D.J., et al., The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res, 1989. 28(2): p. 193-213.
  • Ağargün MY, K.H., Anlar Ö. , Pittsburgh Uyku Kalitesi İndeksinin Geçerliliği ve Güvenirliği . Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi., 1996: p. 2: 107-115.
  • Rajkumar, R.P., COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 2020. 52: p. 102066.
  • Bandelow, B. and S. Michaelis, Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 2015. 17(3): p. 327-335.
  • Markkula, N. and J. Suvisaari, Prevalence, risk factors and prognosis of depressive disorders. Duodecim, 2017. 133(3): p. 275-82.
  • Bennett, F.C. and A.V. Molofsky, The immune system and psychiatric disease: a basic science perspective. Clin Exp Immunol, 2019. 197(3): p. 294-307.
  • Mazza, M.G., et al., Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and platelet/ lymphocyte ratio in mood disorders: A meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2018. 84(Pt A): p. 229-236.
  • Chan, A.S. and A. Rout, Use of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratios in COVID-19. Journal of clinical medicine research, 2020. 12(7): p. 448-453.
  • El-Hazmi MA, W., Normal reference values for hematological parameters, red cell indices, HB A2 and HB F from early childhood through adolescence in Saudis. . ASAnn Saudi Med, 2001: p. 2001;21:165-169.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Infectious Diseases, Psychiatry
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Çağlar Turan 0000-0003-4115-608X

Ayşe Erdoğan Kaya 0000-0002-6780-9301

Yavuz Selim Oğur 0000-0002-5258-8913

Ebru Türker Mercandağı 0000-0001-5433-7184

Tuna Eker 0000-0002-0622-0923

Nurullah Yavaş 0000-0001-8110-5303

Oğuz Karabay 0000-0003-1514-1685

Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date July 18, 2024
Acceptance Date December 6, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 15 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Turan, Ç., Erdoğan Kaya, A., Oğur, Y. S., Türker Mercandağı, E., et al. (2024). Psychiatric symptoms in covid-19 inpatients and 2-month follow-up: an exploration of the relationship with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and D-dimer. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, 15(4), 579-586. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1518710
AMA Turan Ç, Erdoğan Kaya A, Oğur YS, Türker Mercandağı E, Eker T, Yavaş N, Karabay O. Psychiatric symptoms in covid-19 inpatients and 2-month follow-up: an exploration of the relationship with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and D-dimer. TJCL. December 2024;15(4):579-586. doi:10.18663/tjcl.1518710
Chicago Turan, Çağlar, Ayşe Erdoğan Kaya, Yavuz Selim Oğur, Ebru Türker Mercandağı, Tuna Eker, Nurullah Yavaş, and Oğuz Karabay. “Psychiatric Symptoms in Covid-19 Inpatients and 2-Month Follow-Up: An Exploration of the Relationship With Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), and D-Dimer”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 15, no. 4 (December 2024): 579-86. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1518710.
EndNote Turan Ç, Erdoğan Kaya A, Oğur YS, Türker Mercandağı E, Eker T, Yavaş N, Karabay O (December 1, 2024) Psychiatric symptoms in covid-19 inpatients and 2-month follow-up: an exploration of the relationship with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and D-dimer. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 15 4 579–586.
IEEE Ç. Turan, A. Erdoğan Kaya, Y. S. Oğur, E. Türker Mercandağı, T. Eker, N. Yavaş, and O. Karabay, “Psychiatric symptoms in covid-19 inpatients and 2-month follow-up: an exploration of the relationship with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and D-dimer”, TJCL, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 579–586, 2024, doi: 10.18663/tjcl.1518710.
ISNAD Turan, Çağlar et al. “Psychiatric Symptoms in Covid-19 Inpatients and 2-Month Follow-Up: An Exploration of the Relationship With Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), and D-Dimer”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 15/4 (December 2024), 579-586. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1518710.
JAMA Turan Ç, Erdoğan Kaya A, Oğur YS, Türker Mercandağı E, Eker T, Yavaş N, Karabay O. Psychiatric symptoms in covid-19 inpatients and 2-month follow-up: an exploration of the relationship with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and D-dimer. TJCL. 2024;15:579–586.
MLA Turan, Çağlar et al. “Psychiatric Symptoms in Covid-19 Inpatients and 2-Month Follow-Up: An Exploration of the Relationship With Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), and D-Dimer”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, vol. 15, no. 4, 2024, pp. 579-86, doi:10.18663/tjcl.1518710.
Vancouver Turan Ç, Erdoğan Kaya A, Oğur YS, Türker Mercandağı E, Eker T, Yavaş N, Karabay O. Psychiatric symptoms in covid-19 inpatients and 2-month follow-up: an exploration of the relationship with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and D-dimer. TJCL. 2024;15(4):579-86.


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