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Elektronik Nikotin İletim Sistemleri-Elektronik Sigaralar: Hayatımıza Giren Yeni Bir Halk Sağlığı Tehlikesi

Year 2018, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 318 - 321, 12.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.465770

Abstract

Elektronik sigara, nikotin dolgulu kartuş içeren ve içindeki sıvıyı batarya ile buharlaştıran bir mekanizmaya sahip olup, sigara içmeye benzer bir kullanım gerektirmektedir. Elektronik sigara ile yanıcı sigara arasında hem tasarım, hem nikotin salınımı açısından benzerlik vardır. Elde edilen buhar, aromatik maddeleri ve çeşitli seviyelerde nikotin ve diğer toksik elementleri içeren bir buhar olarak teneffüs edilir. E-sigaralar, yanıcı tütün ürünlerinden daha az toksik olsa da, E-sigaranın sigara bırakma cihazı olarak etkinliğini destekleyen kanıtlar bulunmamaktadır. E sigaranın sağlık üzerine olumsuz etkiler yapmasına ve sigara bırakma açısından anlamlı bir başarı sağlamamasına rağmen, bu ürünlerin zaman içerisinde kullanım sıklığı artmakta ve dahası bu ürünler bir tür sigara
bırakma yöntemi olarak ön plana çıkarılmaktadır. E-sigaraların sigara bıraktırmada yardımcı olarak ve zarar azaltma yöntemi de dâhil olmak üzere, potansiyel yararı kanıta dayalı olarak net bir şekilde gösterilememiştir. Bunun ötesinde mevcut veriler, E-sigaraların öncelikle ergenler ve genç yetişkinler tarafından kullanıldığını ve E-sigaraların lise öğrencileri arasında en çok kullanılan tütün ürünü olduğunu ve yanıcı sigaraların kullanımını aştığını göstermektedir. Bir diğer önemli nokta, E-sigara kullanımının halk arasında diğer yanıcı tütün ürünlerinin kullanımını da normalleştirme gibi bir algıya neden olabileceğidir. Birinci basamak sağlık çalışanları, sigaranın bırakılması ve danışmanlık hizmetlerinin sunumu açısından kilit noktada yer almaktadırlar. E-sigara, tütün endüstrisinin pazardaki yeni stratejileri arasında yer almaktadır. Başta birinci basamak çalışanları olmak üzere, tüm sağlık hizmet sunucularının konuya ilişkin bilgi ve tutumunun iyileştirilmesi, bu yeni pazarlama stratejisine karşı mücadelede önemli olacaktır. Bu iyileştirme sayesinde, toplumun bu konudaki farkındalığının artırılması ve yanlışların düzeltilmesinde önemli yol kat edilebilir. 

References

  • 1. Ng M, Freeman MK, Fleming TD, Robinson M, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Thomson B,et al. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 Countries,1980-2012. J Am Med As. 2014;31: 183–92.
  • 2. GATS-Global adult tobacco survey. Comparison Fact Sheet Turkey, 2008 and 2012. http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/ survey/gats/gats Turkey 2008v2012 comparison fact sheet.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 10 Nisan 2018).
  • 3. World Health Organization. MPOWER: WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; p:19, 2008. http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/en/, Erişim tarihi: 10 Nisan 2018.
  • 4. Jha P. Avoidable global cancer deaths and total deaths from smoking. Nature Reviews Cancer 2009; 9: 655–664. 5. Hughes JR, Keely J, Naud S. Shape of the relapse curve and long-term abstinence among untreated smokers. Addiction. 2004;99: 29–38.
  • 6. Schlam TR, Baker TB. Interventions for tobacco smoking. Ann Rev Clin Psych. 2013;9: 675–702.
  • 7. Piné-Abata H, McNeill A, Raw M, Bitton A, Rigotti N, Murray R. A survey of tobacco dependence treatment guidelines in 121 countries. Addiction. 2013;108:1476–1484.
  • 8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . National Adult Tobacco Survey. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014; (63);1-6
  • 9. Drummond, MB; Upson, D Electronic cigarettes. Potential harms and benefits. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2014. 11 (2): 236–242.
  • 10. Etter, J. F.; Bullen, C.; Flouris, A. D.; Laugesen, M.; Eissenberg, T. "Electronic nicotine delivery systems: a research agenda". Tobacco control. 2011. 20 (3): 243–248.
  • 11. Franck, C.; Budlovsky, T.; Windle, S. B.; Filion, K. B.; Eisenberg, M. J. "Electronic Cigarettes in North America: History, Use, and Implications for Smoking Cessation". Circulation. 2014. 129 (19): 1945–1952.
  • 12. M., Z.; Siegel, M . Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control: a step forward or a repeat of past mistakes? Journal of Public Health Policy 32 2011 (1): 16–31.
  • 13. Tanrıöver Ö. Aile Hekimlerinin Elektronik Sigara İle İlgili Farkındalık Düzeyleri, Zarar Algıları Ve Bu Konuda Klinik Uygulamalarını Etkileyen Faktörler. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Halk Sağlığı Anabilim Dalı, 2016.
  • 14. Choi, K., & Forster, J. (2013). Characteristics associated with awareness, perceptions, and use of electronic nicotine delivery systems among young US Midwestern adults. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 556–561.
  • 15. Littlefield, A. K., Gottlieb, J. C., Cohen, L. M., & Trotter, D. R. M. (2015). Electronic cigarette use among college students: Links to gender, race/ethnicity, smoking, and heavy drinking. Journal of American College Health, 63, 523–529.
  • 16. Pearson, J. L., Richardson, A., Niaura, R. S., Vallone, D.M., &Abrams, D. B. (2012). E-cigarette awareness, use, and harm perception in US adults. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1758–1766.
  • 17. Wills,T.A., Knight,R.,Williams,R. J., Pagano, I., & Sargent, J.D.(2015). Risk factors for exclusive e-cigarette use and dual ecigaretteuse and tobacco use in adolescents. Pediatrics, 135,e43–e51.
  • 18. Frost-Pineda K, Appleton S, Fisher M, Fox K, Gaworski CL(2010). Does dual use jeopardize the potential role of smokeless tobacco in harm reduction? Nicotine Tob Res.12: 1055-1067.
  • 19. Dean E. Schraufnagel, F Blasi, M. Bradley Drummond, David C. L. Lam, Ehsan Latif, et al. "Electronic Cigarettes. A Position Statement of the Forum of International Respiratory Societies", American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2014; 190(6):611-618.
  • 20. Brandon TH, Goniewicz ML, Hanna NH, et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: a policy statement from the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33: 952-963.
  • 21. Caputi TL. Industry watch: heat-not-burn tobacco products are about to reach their boiling point. Tob Control. 2017;26: 609-610.

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems-Electronic Cigarettes: A New Challenge for Public Health

Year 2018, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 318 - 321, 12.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.465770

Abstract

The
electronic cigarette has a mechanism that contains nicotine-filled cartridges
and vaporizes it with internal batteries and has a similar use to smoking.
There is a similarity between the electronic cigarettes and the combustible
cigarettes in terms of both design and nicotine release. The resulting vapor is
inhaled which contains aromatic substances and various levels of nicotine and
other toxic elements. Although E-cigarettes are less toxic than combustible
tobacco cigarettes, there is no evidence to support the effectiveness of
e-cigarette as a smoking cessation device. Despite the fact that e-cigarette
has adverse effects on health and there is no significant evidence of success
in terms of smoking cessation, the frequency of use of these products increases
over time and moreover these products are put forward as a kind of smoking cessation
method. However, potential benefits of e-cigarettes including to help quit
smoking and to reduce harm, have not been clearly demonstrated on the basis of
evidence. Furthermore, the available data indicate that e-cigarettes are
primarily used by adolescents and young adults, and that e-cigarettes are the
most widely used tobacco product among high school students and exceed the use
of combustible cigarettes. Another important point is that the use of
e-cigarettes may cause a perception of normalization of the use of other
combustible tobacco products. Primary health care providers are key to the
smoking cessation and providing counseling services. E-cigarette is one of the
new marketing strategies of the tobacco industry.  Improving the knowledge and attitudes of all
healthcare providers, particularly primary health care providers, will be
important in the fight against this new marketing strategy. With this
improvement, it is possible to increase the awareness of the population on this
issue and to correct the misconceptions.

References

  • 1. Ng M, Freeman MK, Fleming TD, Robinson M, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Thomson B,et al. Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 Countries,1980-2012. J Am Med As. 2014;31: 183–92.
  • 2. GATS-Global adult tobacco survey. Comparison Fact Sheet Turkey, 2008 and 2012. http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/ survey/gats/gats Turkey 2008v2012 comparison fact sheet.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 10 Nisan 2018).
  • 3. World Health Organization. MPOWER: WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; p:19, 2008. http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/en/, Erişim tarihi: 10 Nisan 2018.
  • 4. Jha P. Avoidable global cancer deaths and total deaths from smoking. Nature Reviews Cancer 2009; 9: 655–664. 5. Hughes JR, Keely J, Naud S. Shape of the relapse curve and long-term abstinence among untreated smokers. Addiction. 2004;99: 29–38.
  • 6. Schlam TR, Baker TB. Interventions for tobacco smoking. Ann Rev Clin Psych. 2013;9: 675–702.
  • 7. Piné-Abata H, McNeill A, Raw M, Bitton A, Rigotti N, Murray R. A survey of tobacco dependence treatment guidelines in 121 countries. Addiction. 2013;108:1476–1484.
  • 8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . National Adult Tobacco Survey. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014; (63);1-6
  • 9. Drummond, MB; Upson, D Electronic cigarettes. Potential harms and benefits. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2014. 11 (2): 236–242.
  • 10. Etter, J. F.; Bullen, C.; Flouris, A. D.; Laugesen, M.; Eissenberg, T. "Electronic nicotine delivery systems: a research agenda". Tobacco control. 2011. 20 (3): 243–248.
  • 11. Franck, C.; Budlovsky, T.; Windle, S. B.; Filion, K. B.; Eisenberg, M. J. "Electronic Cigarettes in North America: History, Use, and Implications for Smoking Cessation". Circulation. 2014. 129 (19): 1945–1952.
  • 12. M., Z.; Siegel, M . Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control: a step forward or a repeat of past mistakes? Journal of Public Health Policy 32 2011 (1): 16–31.
  • 13. Tanrıöver Ö. Aile Hekimlerinin Elektronik Sigara İle İlgili Farkındalık Düzeyleri, Zarar Algıları Ve Bu Konuda Klinik Uygulamalarını Etkileyen Faktörler. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Halk Sağlığı Anabilim Dalı, 2016.
  • 14. Choi, K., & Forster, J. (2013). Characteristics associated with awareness, perceptions, and use of electronic nicotine delivery systems among young US Midwestern adults. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 556–561.
  • 15. Littlefield, A. K., Gottlieb, J. C., Cohen, L. M., & Trotter, D. R. M. (2015). Electronic cigarette use among college students: Links to gender, race/ethnicity, smoking, and heavy drinking. Journal of American College Health, 63, 523–529.
  • 16. Pearson, J. L., Richardson, A., Niaura, R. S., Vallone, D.M., &Abrams, D. B. (2012). E-cigarette awareness, use, and harm perception in US adults. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1758–1766.
  • 17. Wills,T.A., Knight,R.,Williams,R. J., Pagano, I., & Sargent, J.D.(2015). Risk factors for exclusive e-cigarette use and dual ecigaretteuse and tobacco use in adolescents. Pediatrics, 135,e43–e51.
  • 18. Frost-Pineda K, Appleton S, Fisher M, Fox K, Gaworski CL(2010). Does dual use jeopardize the potential role of smokeless tobacco in harm reduction? Nicotine Tob Res.12: 1055-1067.
  • 19. Dean E. Schraufnagel, F Blasi, M. Bradley Drummond, David C. L. Lam, Ehsan Latif, et al. "Electronic Cigarettes. A Position Statement of the Forum of International Respiratory Societies", American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2014; 190(6):611-618.
  • 20. Brandon TH, Goniewicz ML, Hanna NH, et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: a policy statement from the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33: 952-963.
  • 21. Caputi TL. Industry watch: heat-not-burn tobacco products are about to reach their boiling point. Tob Control. 2017;26: 609-610.
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section Review
Authors

Özlem Tanrıöver This is me

Publication Date October 12, 2018
Submission Date April 13, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 12 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver Tanrıöver Ö. Elektronik Nikotin İletim Sistemleri-Elektronik Sigaralar: Hayatımıza Giren Yeni Bir Halk Sağlığı Tehlikesi. TJFMPC. 2018;12(4):318-21.

English or Turkish manuscripts from authors with new knowledge to contribute to understanding and improving health and primary care are welcome.