Review
BibTex RIS Cite

The Effect of Ageing on the Female and Male Reproductive Systems: A Current Perspective on the Literature

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 35 - 48, 15.07.2024

Abstract

Today, advanced maternal age and paternal age have become major public health problems. Several variables, such as delayed marriage, increased life expectancy, and increased success with assisted reproductive technologies, have contributed to a significant increase in both maternal and paternal age in developed countries over the last decade. In addition, maternal and paternal age have been shown to influence reproductive and fertility outcomes such as the success rate of in vitro fertilisation (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and the rate of preterm birth. Ageing is a period characterised by a progression in physiological changes and a decline in the function of organisms during adulthood. Ageing of the reproductive system jeopardises fertility. Ageing of the female reproductive system is a natural process in which a woman's fertility declines as she progresses through the stages of puberty, fertility, and the transition to menopause. Research shows that women over the age of 35 are at increased risk of infertility, pregnancy problems, spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations, and postpartum problems. The male reproductive system ages more slowly than the female reproductive system, and the age-related decline in male fertility is an important hallmark of male reproductive ageing. Many factors, including testicular function, reproductive hormones, sperm parameters, sperm DNA integrity, telomere length, chromosome structure, and epigenetic factors, are negatively affected by male reproductive ageing. Therefore, it is crucial to inform infertile couples about the alarming correlations between age and the increased ageing of reproductive organs so that they can be effectively guided through their reproductive years. This review will focus on the physiologic, histologic, cellular, and molecular changes of ageing in the reproductive system of the ovary and testis in men and women.

References

  • Referans1 Cedars MI. Introduction: Childhood implications of parental aging. Fertil. Steril. 2015;103:1379-80.
  • Referans2 Szamatowicz M. Assisted reproductive technology in reproductive medicine - possibilities and limitations. Ginekol Pol. 2016;87:820-823.
  • Referans3 Poon LC, Shennan A, Hyett JA, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre-eclampsia: a pragmatic guide for first-trimester screening and prevention. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019;145:1–33.
  • Referans4 Faddy MJ, Gosden RG, Gougeon A, et al. Accelerated disappearance of ovarian follicles in mid-life: implications for forecasting menopause, Human Reproduction. 1992;7:1342–1346.
  • Referans5 Broekmans FJ, Kwee J, Hendriks DJ, et al. A systematic review of tests predicting ovarian reserve and IVF outcome, Human Reproduction Update. 2006;12:685–718.
  • Referans6 Stein A. A woman’s age, childbearing, and childrearing. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121:327–42. Referans7 Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Female age related fertility decline. Fertil Steril. 2014;101:633–4.
  • Referans8 Schwartz D, Mayaux MJ. Female fecundity as a function of age: results of artificial insemination in 2193 nulliparous women with azoospermic husbands. Federation CECOS. N Engl J Med. 1982;306:404-6. Referans9 Rothman KJ, Wise LA, Sorensen HT, et al. Volitional determinants and age-related decline in fecundability: a general population prospective cohort study in Denmark. Fertil Steril. 2013;99: 1958–64.
  • Referans10 Smith K, Buyalos R. The profound impact of patient age on pregnancy outcome after early detection of fetal cardiac activity. Fertil Steril. 1996;65:35–40.
  • Referans11 Balasch J, Gratacos E. Delayed childbearing: effects on fertility and the outcome of pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2012;24:187-93.
  • Referans12 Hassold T, Chiu D. Maternal age-specific rates o numerical chromosomal abnormalities with specific reference to trisomy. Hum Genet. 1985;70:11-7.
  • Referans13 Battaglia DE, Goodwin P, Klein NA, Soules MR. Fertilization and early embryology: Influence of maternal age on meiotic spindle assembly in oocytes from naturally cycling women. Hum Reprod. 1996;11:2217–22.
  • Referans14 Hook E. Rates of chromosomal abnormalities at different maternal ages. Obstet Gynecol. 1981;58:282-5.
  • Referans15 Lean SC, Derricott H, Jones RL, Heazell AEP. Advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0186287.
  • Referans16 Laopaiboon M, Lumbiganon P, Intarut N, et al. Advanced maternal age and pregnancy outcomes: a multicountry assessment. BJOG. 2014; 121:49–56.

Yaşlanmanın Kadın ve Erkek Üreme Sistemi Üzerine Etkisi: Literatüre Güncel Bir Bakış

Year 2024, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 35 - 48, 15.07.2024

Abstract

Günümüzde, ileri anne yaşı ve baba yaşı önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu haline gelmiştir. Evliliğin ertelenmesi, yaşam beklentisinin artması ve yardımcı üreme teknolojileriyle artan başarı gibi çeşitli değişkenler gelişmiş ülkelerde son on yılda önemli ölçüde hem annelik hem de babalık yaşının artmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca anne ve baba yaşının, in vitro fertilizasyon (IVF), intrasitoplazmik sperm enjeksiyonu (ICSI) başarı oranı ve erken doğum oranı gibi üreme ve doğurganlık sonuçlarını etkilediği gösterilmiştir. Yaşlanma, fizyolojik değişikliklerde ilerleme ve yetişkinlik döneminde organizmaların işlevlerinde azalma ile karakterize bir dönemdir. Üreme sisteminin yaşlanması fertiliteyi tehlikeye atmaktadır. Kadın üreme sisteminin yaşlanması bir kadının ergenlik, doğurganlık, menopoza geçiş ve menopoz aşamalarında ilerledikçe doğurganlığının azaldığı doğal bir süreçtir. Araştırmalar 35 yaşın üzerindeki kadınlarda infertilite, gebelik sorunları, kendiliğinden düşük, doğumsal malformasyonlar ve doğum sonrası sorunların görülme riskinde artış olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Erkek üreme sistemi kadın üreme sistemine göre daha yavaş yaşlanmaktadır ve erkek fertilitesinde yaşa bağlı azalma da erkek üreme yaşlanmasının önemli ayırt edici bir özelliğidir. Testis fonksiyonu, üreme hormonları, sperm parametreleri, sperm DNA bütünlüğü, telomer uzunluğu, kromozom yapısı ve epigenetik faktörler dahil olmak üzere birçok faktör erkek üreme sisteminin yaşlanmasından olumsuz olarak etkilenmektedir. Bu nedenle, infertil çiftleri yaş ile üreme organlarının yaşlanmasındaki artış arasındaki endişe verici korelasyonlar hakkında bilgilendirmek, üreme yıllarında etkili bir şekilde yönlendirilebilmeleri için çok önemlidir. Bu derlemede kadın ve erkekte üreme sisteminde yaşlanmanın ovaryum ve testis üzerindeki fizyolojik, histolojik, hücresel ve moleküler değişikliklerine odaklanacaktır.

Ethical Statement

Bu derleme etik kurul onayı gerektirmemektedir.

Supporting Institution

YOK

Thanks

YOK

References

  • Referans1 Cedars MI. Introduction: Childhood implications of parental aging. Fertil. Steril. 2015;103:1379-80.
  • Referans2 Szamatowicz M. Assisted reproductive technology in reproductive medicine - possibilities and limitations. Ginekol Pol. 2016;87:820-823.
  • Referans3 Poon LC, Shennan A, Hyett JA, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre-eclampsia: a pragmatic guide for first-trimester screening and prevention. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019;145:1–33.
  • Referans4 Faddy MJ, Gosden RG, Gougeon A, et al. Accelerated disappearance of ovarian follicles in mid-life: implications for forecasting menopause, Human Reproduction. 1992;7:1342–1346.
  • Referans5 Broekmans FJ, Kwee J, Hendriks DJ, et al. A systematic review of tests predicting ovarian reserve and IVF outcome, Human Reproduction Update. 2006;12:685–718.
  • Referans6 Stein A. A woman’s age, childbearing, and childrearing. Am J Epidemiol. 1985;121:327–42. Referans7 Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Female age related fertility decline. Fertil Steril. 2014;101:633–4.
  • Referans8 Schwartz D, Mayaux MJ. Female fecundity as a function of age: results of artificial insemination in 2193 nulliparous women with azoospermic husbands. Federation CECOS. N Engl J Med. 1982;306:404-6. Referans9 Rothman KJ, Wise LA, Sorensen HT, et al. Volitional determinants and age-related decline in fecundability: a general population prospective cohort study in Denmark. Fertil Steril. 2013;99: 1958–64.
  • Referans10 Smith K, Buyalos R. The profound impact of patient age on pregnancy outcome after early detection of fetal cardiac activity. Fertil Steril. 1996;65:35–40.
  • Referans11 Balasch J, Gratacos E. Delayed childbearing: effects on fertility and the outcome of pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2012;24:187-93.
  • Referans12 Hassold T, Chiu D. Maternal age-specific rates o numerical chromosomal abnormalities with specific reference to trisomy. Hum Genet. 1985;70:11-7.
  • Referans13 Battaglia DE, Goodwin P, Klein NA, Soules MR. Fertilization and early embryology: Influence of maternal age on meiotic spindle assembly in oocytes from naturally cycling women. Hum Reprod. 1996;11:2217–22.
  • Referans14 Hook E. Rates of chromosomal abnormalities at different maternal ages. Obstet Gynecol. 1981;58:282-5.
  • Referans15 Lean SC, Derricott H, Jones RL, Heazell AEP. Advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0186287.
  • Referans16 Laopaiboon M, Lumbiganon P, Intarut N, et al. Advanced maternal age and pregnancy outcomes: a multicountry assessment. BJOG. 2014; 121:49–56.
There are 14 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Health (Other)
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Oya Korkmaz 0000-0003-2923-5869

Damla Gündüz 0000-0003-4838-6574

Publication Date July 15, 2024
Submission Date June 19, 2024
Acceptance Date July 10, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Korkmaz, O., & Gündüz, D. (2024). Yaşlanmanın Kadın ve Erkek Üreme Sistemi Üzerine Etkisi: Literatüre Güncel Bir Bakış. Turkish Journal of Healthy Aging Medicine, 1(2), 35-48.