tojdac

The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication

2146-5193

Deniz YENGİN

10.7456/tojdac.1614849

Architecture (Other)

Mimarlık (Diğer)

SUDDEN TRANSITION FROM PHYSICAL TO DIGITAL: COLOR LEARNING IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION DURING THE COVID 19 PANDEMIC

FİZİKSELDEN DİJİTALE ANİ GEÇİŞ: COVID-19 PANDEMİSİ SIRASINDA MİMARLIK EĞİTİMİNDE RENK ÖĞRENİMİ

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3770-420X

Soyupak

İlayda

MARMARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ

04 01 2025

15 2 377 393 01 07 2025 03 15 2025

2011

The Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication

COVID-19 pandemic enforced all disciplines to sudden change in their education methods. As having a practice-based education methodology, architecture education necessitated creative ways to overcome this critique change. This qualitative study searches for the ways to deliver a physical concept, color, within a non-physical setting, and explores the effectiveness of color studies in distance architectural education in COVID-19 Pandemic period. This study specifically focuses on how asynchronous distance education affected the color knowledge and learning in architecture education. In this study, the effectiveness of the color course in terms of architecture and design education is evaluated according to its impact on gaining knowledge about basics of color theory, understanding color and material combinations and emotional associations on those combinations, gaining skills in shaping individuals’ interior space experience, covering the potential of various color practices. This study is an action research and assignment outputs, self-assessments of participating students’ work, visuals of the submissions, and observations made by the researcher are the main data sources of this study. The study revealed the importance of using various communication methods to fully capture the concept of color in architectural education and pointed out the positive aspects of hybrid education.

COVID-19 Pandemisi tüm disiplinleri eğitim yöntemlerinde ani bir değişime zorladı. Uygulamaya dayalı bir eğitim metodolojisine sahip olan mimarlık eğitimi, bu kritik değişimin üstesinden gelmek için yaratıcı yollar gerektirmiştir. Bu nitel çalışma, fiziksel bir kavram olan rengi fiziksel olmayan bir ortamda sunmanın yollarını aramakta ve COVID-19 Pandemisi döneminde uzaktan mimarlık eğitiminde renk çalışmalarının etkinliğini araştırmaktadır. Bu çalışma özellikle asenkron uzaktan eğitimin mimarlık eğitiminde renk bilgisi ve öğrenimini nasıl etkilediğine odaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, renk dersinin mimarlık ve tasarım eğitimi açısından etkinliği, renk teorisinin temelleri hakkında bilgi edinme, renk ve malzeme kombinasyonlarını ve bu kombinasyonlardaki duygusal ilişkilendirmeleri anlama, bireylerin iç mekan deneyimini şekillendirmede beceri kazanma ve çeşitli renk uygulamalarının taşıdığı potansiyeli kavrama üzerindeki etkisine göre değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışma bir eylem araştırmasıdır ve ödev çıktıları, katılımcı öğrencilerin çalışmalarının öz değerlendirmeleri, sunumların görselleri ve araştırmacı tarafından yapılan gözlemler bu çalışmanın ana veri kaynaklarını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma, mimarlık eğitiminde renk kavramını tam olarak yakalamak için çeşitli iletişim yöntemlerinin kullanılmasının önemini ortaya koymuş ve hibrit eğitimin olumlu yönlerine işaret etmiştir.

Architecture Education Distance learning Color course Color communication

Mimarlık Eğitim Uzaktan eğitim Renk eğitimi Renklerle iletişim

Adedoyin, O. B., & Soykan, E. (2023). COVID-19 pandemic and online learning: the challenges and opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments , 31(2), 863-875. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180

Agoston, G. A. (2013). Color Theory and Its Application in Art and Design (Vol. 19). Springer.

Akçay Kavakoğlu, A. G., Domingo-Callabuig, D., & Bilen, Ö. (2022). Architectural design communication (ADC) in online education during COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of Turkish and Spanish universities . Open House International 47(2): 361-384. Open House International, 47(2), 361-384. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-07-2021-0144

Alburgawi, S. A., & Al-Gamdi, M. A. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on architecture design studio pedagogy in Saudi Arabia. Open House International, 47(4), 594-604. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-12-2020-0178

Alfiras, M., Bojiah, J., & Yassin, A. A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and the changing paradigms of higher education: A Gulf university perspective. Asian EFL Journal, 27(5), 339-347.

Allu-Kangkum, E. L. (tarih yok). COVID-19 and sustainable architectural education: challenges and perceptions on online learning. IJRDO-journal of Educational Research , 6(2), 7-12.

Amro, D. K. (2022). The Impact of COVID‐19 Lockdown on Design Students’ Performance Case Study in the UAE . International Journal of Art & Design Education , 41(1), 108-124. https://doi.org/10.1111/jade.12378

Asensio, P., & Kliczkowski, H. (2002). Legorreta+ Legorreta. A Asppan,SL.

Boake, T. M. (2013). Understanding Steel Design: An Architectural Design Manual. Walter de Gruyter.

Brzezicki, M. (2020). Strengths and weaknesses of architectural education on-line classes conducted during COVID-19. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 18(4), 381-386.

Carlos, J., & Cesar, D. (2018). Reflections and experiences on the teaching of colour in the architecture and urbanism course in the University of São Paulo. Journal of the International Colour Association(22), 15-22.

Cesar, J. C. (2018). Chromatic harmony in architecture and the Munsell color system. Color Research and Application, 43(6), 865-871. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22283

Ceylan, S., Şahin, P., Seçmen, S., Somer, M. E., & Süher, K. H. (2021). An evaluation of online architectural design studios during COVID-19 outbreak. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research , 15(1), 203-218. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-10-2020-0230

Csillag, P., Lucia, A., & Hirschler, R. (2018). Overview of colour education in Brazilian Universities: a focus on design courses in the state of São Paulo. Journal of the International Colour Association(22), 4-14.

Daniel, S. J. (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects , 49(1), 91-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09464-3

Efron, S. E., & Ravid, R. (2019). Action Research in Education: A Practical Guide. Guilford Publications.

Ekman, P. (1973). Universal facial expressions in emotion. . Studia Psychologica, 15(2), 140-147.

Elliot, J. (1991). Action Research for Educational Change. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

Erkök , F., Eren, Ç., Uz Sönmez , F., & Aydınlı, S. (2006). A paradigm shift in the first year design education. ITU A/Z , 2(1), 62-78. https://doi.org/https://www.az.itu.edu.tr/

Fallatah, S. A.-1.-2. (2020). Senior interior design students’ perceptions about distance learning in the shadow of COVID-19. Journal Of Public Health Research , 9(1), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1914

Ferring , M. (2014). Color and architecture in 1970s Sweden. Color Research and Application , 39(5), 492-498. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.21839

Fewella, L. N. (2023). Impact of COVID-19 on distance learning practical design courses. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 33, 1703-1726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-023-09806-0 Gao, X. P., Xin, J. H., Sato, T., Hansuebsai, A., Scalzo, M., Kajiwara, K., . . . Billger, M. (2007). Analysis of cross‐cultural color emotion. Color Research & Application , 32(3), 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.20321

Gill, A. S., Irwin, D. S., Ng, R. Y., Towey, D., Wang, T., & Zhang, Y. (2020). The future of teaching post-COVID-19: Microlearning in product design education. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering ( (s. 780-785). IEEE. Doi: 10.1109/TALE48869.2020.9368322

Given, L. M. (2008). The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. Sage publications.

Glasner, B., & Schmidt, P. (. (2010). Chroma: Design, Architecture and Art in Color. DE GRUYTER.

Glasser, D. (2000). Reflections on architectural education. Journal of Architectural Education, 53(4), 250-252. https://doi.org/10.1162/104648800564662

Gou, A., & Wang, J. (2017). A comparison between wishes and status: Gray is not the preference for residents while the city shows neutral colors. Color Research and Application, 42(5), 650-663.

Grover, R., & Wright, A. (2023). Shutting the studio: the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on architectural education in the United Kingdom . International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 33(3), 1173-1197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-022-09765-y

Gunawardena, C. N., & McIsaac, M. S. (2013). Distance education. Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology (s. 361-401). içinde Routledge.

Hassanpour, B. (2023). Transformational contribution of technology to studio culture: experience of an online first-year architecture design studio during the COVID-19 pandemic . Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research , 17(2), 393-408. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-12-2021-0328

Horiguchi, S., & Iwamatsu, K. (2018). From Munsell color system to a new color psychology system. Color Research & Application, 43(6), 827-839. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22286

Iranmanesh, A., & Onur, Z. (2021). Mandatory virtual design studio for all: Exploring the transformations of architectural education amidst the global pandemic . International Journal of Art & Design Education, 40(1), 251-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/jade.12350

Itten, J. (1970). The Elements Of Color. (Van Hagen E, translator; F. Birren, editor). John Wiley & Sons.

Janssens, J., & Mikellides, B. (1998). Color Research in Architectural Education — A Cross-Cultural Explorative Study. Color Research and Application, 23(5), 328-334. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6378(199810)23:5%3C328::AID-COL9%3E3.0.CO;2-Y

Jover, L. N., & Alba, C. L. (2002). Perception and Phenomenology of Light and Colour in the Architecture of Luis Barragán. M. A. Ródenas-López, j. Calvo-López, & M. Salcedo-Galera (Dü.), Architectural Graphics. EGA 2022.Springer Series in Design and Innovation. içinde 23, s. 333-341. Cham: Springer.

Karadağ, A., & İncedere, L. (2020). Kentsel belleği̇n sürdürülebi̇li̇rli̇ği̇ açısından İzmi̇r’deki̇ endüstri̇ mi̇ras alanlarının önemi̇: Alsancak li̇man ardi bölgesi̇ örneği̇. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 29(1), 57-71.

Kaya, N., & Crosby, M. (2006). Color associations with different building types: An experimental study on American college students. Color Research and Application, 31(1), 67-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.20174

Kobayashi, S. (1981). The aim and method of the color image scale. Color Research & Application , 6(2), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.5080060210

Kowaltowski, D. C., Gomes da Silva, V., de O Neves, L., Deliberador, M. S., Zara, O. O., Colleto, G. M., & Victorio, E. R. (2020). Action research and architectural sustainable design education: A case study in Brazil. International Journal Of Technology and Design Education, 30, 815-836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-019-09525-5

Kuehni, R. G. (2012). Color: An Introduction To Practice And Principles. John Wiley & Sons.

Lee, K., Yang, Y., & Zheng, Z. (2020). Research on color harmony of building façades. Color Research and Application, 45(1), 105-119. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22448

Lotfabadi, P., & Mousavi, S. A. (2022). Adaptation of architectural education pedagogy in addressing COVID-19 pandemic . Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 5(4), 1094-1105. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.1150608

Manav, B. (2017). Color-emotion associations, designing color schemes for urban environment-architectural settings. Color Research and Application, 42(5), 631-640. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22123

Manav, B. (2007). Color-emotion associations and color preferences: A case study for residences. Color Research and Application , 32(2), 144-150. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.20294

Martosenjoyo, T. (2021). Architecture education during the covid-19 pandemic. Education Quarterly Reviews, 4(4), preprint.

Meerwein, G., Rodeck, B., & Mahnke, F. (2007). Color-communication in architectural space. De Gruyter.

Megahed, N., & Hassan, A. (2022). A blended learning strategy: reimagining the post-Covid-19 architectural education. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 16(1), 184-202. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-04-2021-0081

Nigam, S., & Kapoor, V. (2021). Perspective of interior design students towards online classes amid COVID-19 pandemic in India. The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-Learning, 9(2), 275-284.

Norton, L. (2018). Action research in teaching and learning: A practical guide to conducting pedagogical research in universities. Routledge.

Plutchik, R. (2001). The nature of emotions: Human emotions have deep evolutionary roots, a fact that may explain their complexity and provide tools for clinical practice . American Scientist, 89(4), 344-350.

Rasmussen, S. E. (1964). Experiencing architecture. MIT Press.

Robinson, D. L. (2008). Brain function, emotional experience and personality. Netherlands Journal of Psychology , 64, 152-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03076418

Schön, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner: Toward a new design for teaching and learning in the professions . Jossey-Bass.

Serra, J. (2013a). Three color strategies in architectural composition. Color Research and Application, 38(4), 238-250. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.21717

Serra, J. (2013b). The versatility of color in contemporary architecture. Color Research and Application, 38(4), 344-355. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.21734

Serra, J., & Codoner, A. (2014). Color composition in postmodern western architecture. Color Research and Application, 39(4), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.21814

Smart, J. C. (1997). On some criticisms of a physicalist theory of colors. A. Byrne, & D. R. Hilbert içinde, Readings on Color: The philosophy of color (Vol. 1). MIT Press.

Stringer, E. T. (2008). Action research in education. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Unver, R. (2002). Color education in architecture. 9th Congress of the International Colour Association. 4421, s. 1000-1003. Rochester, NY: SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.464645

Ural, S., Akbay, S., & Altay, B. (2002). Progression of color decision making in introductory design education . Color Research and Application , 42(6), 849-860. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22129

Yuan, J., Xie, Y., & Brooks, K. (2022). Explore industrial design pedagogy under the pandemic in the US. in Lockton, D., Lenzi, S., Hekkert, P., Oak, A., Sádaba, J., Lloyd, P. (eds.) DRS2022:Research Papers (s. 1-13). Bilbao, Spain: DRS. https://doi.org/10.21606/drs.2022.456