<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>toleho</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Journal of Tourism Leisure and Hospitality</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2687-3737</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Anadolu University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.48119/toleho.1155749</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Tourism (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Turizm (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                                                            <article-title>Sport events and Covid-19: Trail runners’ attitudes and intentions during the pandemic</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9549-196X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Satı</surname>
                                    <given-names>Aypar</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>IZMIR UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS, SCHOOL OF APPLIED MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, GASTRONOMY AND CULINARY ARTS</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8476-9156</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kurt</surname>
                                    <given-names>Settar Uğur</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, TOURISM MANAGEMENT (DR)</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3967-0875</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Özgen</surname>
                                    <given-names>Necmiye Nida</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY, INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, TOURISM MANAGEMENT (DR)</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20221231">
                    <day>12</day>
                    <month>31</month>
                    <year>2022</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>4</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>4</fpage>
                                        <lpage>4</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20220804">
                        <day>08</day>
                        <month>04</month>
                        <year>2022</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20221014">
                        <day>10</day>
                        <month>14</month>
                        <year>2022</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2019, Journal of Tourism Leisure and Hospitality</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of Tourism Leisure and Hospitality</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                                        <abstract><p>COVID-19 has affected sport events, marathons, and trail-running events. Thus, it has become essential to understand the attitudes and intentions of runners, regarding their participation in the races. Therefore, this study aims to examine the changes in runners’ attitudes relating to their decision whether to participate in races, and changes in their habits because of the pandemic. Employing a qualitative research design, data were collected from 12 interviewees in Ephesus Ultra Marathon Trail Race, and by using participatory observation method. The results revealed that the participants’ motivations for participating in race events during the pandemic were socialization, healthy living, realizing their goals, and maintaining friendships. Despite the risks, the participants did not hesitate to participate in events for their belief in athlete immunity, confidence in individual precautions, their respect for the rules and the absence of fear. However, the decrease in the number of activities was found to create dissatisfaction, as it limited socialization.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>running events</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ultra trails</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  event studies</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  sport tourism</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  COVID-19</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                                                    </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abraham, V., Bremser, K., Carreno, M., Crowley-Cyr, L., &amp; Moreno, M. (2020). Exploring the consequences of COVID-19 on tourist behaviors: Perceived travel risk, animosity and intentions to travel. Tourism Review.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Allen, M. (2017). The sage encyclopedia of communication research methods (Vols. 1-4). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aro, A. R., Vartti, A. M., Schreck, M., Turtiainen, P., &amp; Uutela, A. (2009). Willingness to take travel-related health risks—A study among Finnish tourists in Asia during the avian influenza outbreak. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16(1), 68-73.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ateljevic, I. (2020). Transforming the (tourism) world for good and (re) generating the potential ‘new normal’. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 467-475.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bauer, R. A. (1960). Consumer behavior as risk taking. In Proceedings of the 43rd National Conference of the American Marketing Association. Chicago, Illinois, American Marketing Association. June 15-17.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Beaton, A. A., Funk, D. C., Ridinger, L., &amp; Jordan, J. (2011). Sport involvement: A conceptual and empirical analysis. Sport Management Review, 14(2), 126–140.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Beck, U. (1992). Risk Society: Towards a new modernity, Sage Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitative research, message for the social sciences. 4th Edition, Allin and Bacon, Boston, 15-35.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Boguszewicz-Kreft, M., Kuczamer-Kłopotowska, S., &amp; Kozłowski, A. (2022). The role and importance of perceived risk in medical tourism. Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Plos one, 17(1), e0262137.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Carmody, S., Murray, A., &amp; Borodina, M. (2020). When can professional sport recommence safely during the COVID-19 pandemic? Risk assessment and factors to consider. British Journal of Sport Medicine. 54, 946-948.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Choo, H. K., Choo, Y. (Clara), &amp; Kang, H. M. (2016). Do sport tourists’ perceived risks affect their involvement and intention to (re)visit? An empirical study for risk-reduction strategies. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 17(1), 19–36.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cleland, J. (2019). Sport fandom in the risk society: Analyzing perceptions and experiences of risk, security and terrorism at elite sport events. Sociology of Sport Journal, 36(2), 144-151.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cooper, J. A., &amp; Alderman, D. H. (2020). Cancelling March Madness exposes opportunities for a more sustainable sports tourism economy. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 525-535.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Creswell, J. W., &amp; Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory Into Practice, 39(3), 124-130.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Creswell, J.W. (2013) Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th Edition, SAGE Publications, Inc., London.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cunliffe, S.K. (2006), “Best Education Network Think Tank V keynote address: risk management for tourism: origins and needs”, Tourism Review International, Vol. 10 Nos 1/2, pp. 27-38.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Daniels, T., &amp; Tichaawa, T. M. (2021). Rethinking sport tourism events in a post-COVID-19 South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 10(4), 1241-1256.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Davis, L. (2020). The adaptation of the live PDC darts event during the COVID-19 lockdown. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-7.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">DeJong, A. F., Fish, P. N., &amp; Hertel, J. (2021). Running behaviors, motivations, and injury risk during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of 1147 runners. PloS one, 16(2), e0246300.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dubinsky, Y. (2022). Country image, cultural diplomacy, and sports during the COVID19 pandemic: Brand America and Super Bowl LV. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 1-17.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Elshaer, I. A., Azazz, A. M., Mahmoud, S. W., &amp; Ghanem, M. (2022). Perceived Risk of Job Instability and Unethical Organizational Behaviour Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Family Financial Pressure and Distributive Injustice in the Tourism Industry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2886.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Espiner, N., Degarege, G., Stewart, E. J., &amp; Espiner, S. (2022). From backyards to the backcountry: Exploring outdoor recreation coping strategies and experiences during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 100497.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Faulkner, B. (2001). Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tourism Management, 22(2), 135-147.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism Management, 29(3), 403-428.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Getz, D., &amp; McConnell, A. (2014). Comparing trail runners and mountain bikers: Motivation, involvement, portfolios, and event-tourist careers. Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, 15(1), 69–100.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Grix, J., Brannagan, P. M., Grimes, H., &amp; Neville, R. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on sport. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 13(1), 1-12.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hedenborg, S., Fredman, P., Hansen, A. S., &amp; Wolf-Watz, D. (2022). Outdoorification of sports and recreation: A leisure transformation under the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden. Annals of Leisure Research, 1-19.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hinch, T., &amp; Kono, S. (2018). Ultramarathon runners’ perception of place: A photo-based analysis. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 22(2), 109-130.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hoang, V. T., Al-Tawfiq, J. A., &amp; Gautret, P. (2020). The Tokyo Olympic Games and the risk of COVID-19. Current Tropical Medicine Reports, 7(4), 126-132.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hsieh, H. F., &amp; Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Işık, C., Sırakaya-Türk, E., &amp; Ongan, S. (2020). Testing the efficacy of the economic policy uncertainty index on tourism demand in USMCA: Theory and evidence. Tourism Economics, 26(8), 1344-1357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816619888346</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jackson, M. (2019). Utilizing attribution theory to develop new insights into tourism experiences. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 38, 176-183.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Johann, M., Mishra, S., Malhotra, G., &amp; Tiwari, S. R. (2022). Participation in active sport tourism: impact assessment of destination involvement and perceived risk. Journal of Sport &amp; Tourism, 26(2), 101-123.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kozak, M. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Keshkar, S., Dickson, G., Ahonen, A., Swart, K., Addesa, F., Epstein, A., ... &amp; Murray, D. (2021). The effects of Coronavirus pandemic on the sports industry: An update. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 9(1).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">LaGree, D., Wilbur, D. and Cameron, G.T. (2019). A strategic approach to sports crisis management. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 20(3), 407-429.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Langarita, R., &amp; Cazcarro, I. (2022). The socio-economic impact of sports tourism events in rural areas and losses from COVID19: A case study in Spain. Applied Economics, 1-15.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lebrun, A. M., Su, C. J., &amp; Bouchet, P. (2021). A more sustainable management of domestic tourists in protected natural parks: A new trend in sport tourism after the COVID-19 pandemic?. Sustainability, 13(14), 7750.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">LeCompte, M. D., &amp; Goetz, J. P. (1982). Problems of reliability and validity in ethnographic research. Review of Educational Research, 52(1), 31-60.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Liu, A., &amp; Pratt, S. (2017). Tourism&#039;s vulnerability and resilience to terrorism. Tourism Management, 60, 404-417.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">López-García, S., Muriel-Isidro, J., Ruibal-Lista, B., Maneiro, R., Amatria-Jiménez, M., &amp; Moral-García, J. E. (2021). Trail-running, skyrunning and mountain running: Organizational structures of modalities. Preprints, 2021010308.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ludvigsen, J. A. L., &amp; Hayton, J. W. (2020). Toward COVID-19 secure events: Considerations for organizing the safe resumption of major sporting events. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-11.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ludvigsen, J. A. L., &amp; Parnell, D. (2021). Redesigning the games? The 2020 Olympic Games, playbooks and new sport event risk management tools. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-13.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Maditinos, Z., Vassiliadis, C., Tzavlopoulos, Y., &amp; Vassiliadis, S. A. (2021). Sport events and the COVID-19 pandemic: Assessing runners&#039; intentions for future participation in running events-Evidence from Greece. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), 276-287.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Malliaropoulos, N., Mertyri, D., &amp; Tsaklis, P. (2015). Prevalence of injury in ultra-trail running. Human Movement, 16(2), 52-59.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Martins, D. J. D. Q., Moraes, L. C. L., &amp; Marchi Júnior, W. (2021). COVID-19 impacts on school sport events: An alternative through E-sport. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-5.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mayring, P. (2004). Qualitative content analysis. A Companion to Qualitative Research, 1(2), 159-176.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">McCloskey, B., Zumla, A., Ippolito, G., Blumberg, L., Arbon, P., Cicero, A., ... &amp; Borodina, M. (2020). Mass gathering events and reducing further global spread of COVID-19: A political and public health dilemma. The Lancet, 395(10230), 1096-1099.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">McKercher, B., &amp; Pine, R. (2005). Privation as a stimulus to travel demand?. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 19(2-3), 107-116.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Miles, L., &amp; Shipway, R. (2020). Exploring the COVID-19 pandemic as a catalyst for stimulating future research agendas for managing crises and disasters at international sport events. Event Management, 24(4), 537-552.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mirehie, M., &amp; Cho, I. (2021). Exploring the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sport tourism. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mitchell, V. W. (1999). Consumer perceived risk: Conceptualisations and models. European Journal of Marketing.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nauright, J., Zipp, S., &amp; Kim, Y. H. (2020). The sports world in the era of COVID-19. Sport in Society, 23(11), 1703-1706.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Page, S., Yeoman, I., Munro, C., Connell, J., &amp; Walker, L. (2006). A case study of best practice—Visit Scotland&#039;s prepared response to an influenza pandemic. Tourism Management, 27(3), 361-393.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Parnell, D., Widdop, P., Bond, A., &amp; Wilson, R. (2020). COVID-19, networks and sport. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-7.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Perić, M., &amp; Slavić, N. (2019). Event sport tourism business models: The case of trail running. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 9(2), 164-184.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Perić, M., Dragičević, D., &amp; Škorić, S. (2019). Determinants of active sport event tourists’ expenditure-The case of mountain bikers and trail runners. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 23(1), 19–39.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Perrin-Malterre, C. (2018). Tourism diversification process around trail running in the Pays of Allevard (Isère). Journal of Sport and Tourism, 22(1), 67-82.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Prayag, G. (2018). Symbiotic relationship or not? Understanding resilience and crisis management in tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 25, 133-135.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Prayag, G., Spector, S., Orchiston, C., &amp; Chowdhury, M. (2020). Psychological resilience, organizational resilience and life satisfaction in tourism firms: Insights from the Canterbury earthquakes. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(10), 1216-1233.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Reisinger, Y., &amp; Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 212-225.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ritchie, B.W. (2004). Chaos, crises and disasters: A strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 25(6), 669-683.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Roselius, T. (1971). Consumer rankings of risk reduction methods. Journal of Marketing, 35(1), 56-61.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rozmiarek, M., León-Guereño, P., Tapia-Serrano, M. Á., Thuany, M., Gomes, T. N., Płoszaj, K., ... &amp; Malchrowicz-Mośko, E. (2022). Motivation and Eco-Attitudes among Night Runners during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 14(3), 1512.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Santana, G. (2004). Crisis management and tourism: Beyond the rhetoric. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 15(4), 299-321.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sato, S., Oshimi, D., Bizen, Y., &amp; Saito, R. (2020). The COVID-19 outbreak and public perceptions of sport events in Japan. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref67">
                        <label>67</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Scheer, V., Valero, D., Villiger, E., Rosemann, T., &amp; Knechtle, B. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on endurance and ultra-endurance running. Medicina, 57(1), 52.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref68">
                        <label>68</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Seabra, C., Abrantes, J. L., &amp; Kastenholz, E. (2014). The influence of terrorism risk perception on purchase involvement and safety concern of international travellers. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(9-10), 874-903.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref69">
                        <label>69</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Seraphin, H. (2020). COVID-19: An opportunity to review existing grounded theories in event studies. Journal of Convention &amp; Event Tourism, 22(1), 3-35.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref70">
                        <label>70</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sharifpour, M., Walters, G., Ritchie, B. W., &amp; Winter, C. (2014). Investigating the role of prior knowledge in tourist decision making: A structural equation model of risk perceptions and information search. Journal of Travel Research, 53(3), 307-322.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref71">
                        <label>71</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sheptak, R. D., &amp; Menaker, B. E. (2020). When sport event work stopped: Exposure of sport event labor precarity by the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Sport Communication, 13(3), 427-435.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref72">
                        <label>72</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shipway, R., &amp; Jones, I. (2007). Running away from home: Understanding visitor experiences and behaviour at sport tourism events. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(5), 373-383.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref73">
                        <label>73</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Skinner, J., &amp; Smith, A. C. (2021). Sport and COVID-19: Impacts and challenges for the future (Volume 1). European Sport Management Quarterly, 21(3), 323-332.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref74">
                        <label>74</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sönmez, S. F., &amp; Graefe, A. R. (1998a). Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perceptions of risk and safety. Journal of Travel Research, 37(2), 171-177.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref75">
                        <label>75</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sönmez, S. F., &amp; Graefe, A. R. (1998b). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 112–144.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref76">
                        <label>76</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Strauss, A., &amp; Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. London: Sage Publications, Inc.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref77">
                        <label>77</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Swarbrooke, J., &amp; Horner, S. (2007). Consumer behaviour in tourism. London: Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref78">
                        <label>78</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Swart, K., &amp; Maralack, D. (2020). COVID-19 and the cancellation of the 2020 Two Oceans Marathon, Cape Town, South Africa. Sport in Society, 23(11), 1736-1752.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref79">
                        <label>79</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Taylor, T. &amp; Toohey, K. (2007). Perceptions of terrorism threats at the 2004 Olympic Games: Implications for sport events. Journal of Sport Tourism, 12(2), 99-114.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref80">
                        <label>80</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Tomino, A. C., &amp; Perić, M. (2022). Sport-Tourism running events in the post-COVID-19 world: Any sign of change?. Academica Turistica-Tourism and Innovation Journal, 15(1).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref81">
                        <label>81</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Toohey, K., Taylor, T. &amp; Lee, C. (2003). The FIFA World Cup 2002: The effects of terrorism on sport tourists. Journal of Sport Tourism, 8(3), 186-196.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref82">
                        <label>82</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Toohey, K. &amp; Taylor, T. (2008). Mega events, fear, and risk: Terrorism at the Olympic Games. Journal of Sport Management, 22(4), 451-469.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref83">
                        <label>83</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Nations (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on sport, physical activity and well-being and its effects on social development. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/2020/05/covid-19-sport/ (Accessed: 23.07.2022).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref84">
                        <label>84</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Urbaneja, J. S., Julião, R. P., Mendes, R. M. N., Dorado, V., &amp; Farías-Torbidoni, E. I. (2020). Impacto de la COVID-19 en la práctica deportiva de personas participantes en eventos deportivos de carrera a pie y ciclismo en España y Portugal (The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity on people who participate on running and cycling sporting events. Retos, (39), 743-749.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref85">
                        <label>85</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Van Herck, K., Castelli, F., Zuckerman, J., Nothdurft, H., Van Damme, P., Dahlgren, A. L., ... &amp; Steffen, R. (2004). Knowledge, attitudes and practices in travel-related infectious diseases: The European airport survey. Journal of Travel Medicine, 11(1), 3-8.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref86">
                        <label>86</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Viljoen, C. T., Sewry, N., Schwellnus, M. P., van Rensburg, D. C. J., Swanevelder, S., &amp; Jordaan, E. (2021). Independent risk factors predicting gradual onset injury in 2824 trail running race entrants: SAFER XVIII Study. Wilderness &amp; Environmental Medicine.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref87">
                        <label>87</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Weber, R. P. (1990). Basic content analysis. London: Sage Publications, Inc.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref88">
                        <label>88</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Weed, M. (2020). The role of the interface of sport and tourism in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Sport &amp; Tourism, 24(2), 79-92.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref89">
                        <label>89</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Westmattelmann, D., Grotenhermen, J. G., Sprenger, M., &amp; Schewe, G. (2020). The show must go on-Virtualisation of sport events during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Information Systems, 30(2), 119-136.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref90">
                        <label>90</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yang, E. C. L., &amp; Nair, V. (2014). Tourism at risk: A review of risk and perceived risk in tourism. Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism (APJIHT), 3(2), 1-21.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref91">
                        <label>91</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref92">
                        <label>92</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
