The Turkish Adaptation of the Stress-Related Growth Scale Short Form: A Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2022, Volume: 12 Issue: 64, 53 - 67, 31.03.2022

Sema Yazıcı-kabadayı Kemal Öztemel

https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1095997

Abstract

The present study aimed to adapt the Stress-Related Growth Scale Short Form into Turkish and to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish form. The research was performed with three separate study groups consisting of a total of 631 university students. Linguistic equivalence studies of the scale have shown that the original and Turkish forms are equivalent. Item analyzes and confirmatory factor analysis findings showed that the original factor structure of the scale with 15 items and one dimension was confirmed in Turkish university students, and the fit values of the model were within acceptable limits. In criterion validity, significant correlations were found between the Stress-Related Growth Scale Short Form and other variables. Research findings have shown that the Stress-Related Growth Scale Short Form was a valid and reliable measurement instrument.

Keywords

Stress-Related Growth, Adaptation, Validity, Reliability

References

• Abouserie, R. (1994). Sources and levels of stress in relation to locus of control and self esteem in university students. Educational Psychology, 14(3), 323-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341940140306
• Aldwin, C. M. (2007). Stress, coping, and development: An integrative perspective. Guilford Press.
• Aydin, R., & Kabukçuoğlu, K. (2020). The factor structure of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in cancer patients in Turkey. Health & Social Care in the Community, 28(5), 1603-1610. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12985
• Baltacı, A. (2018). Nitel araştırmalarda örnekleme yöntemleri ve örnek hacmi sorunsalı üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme [A conceptual review of sampling methods and sample size problems in qualitative research]. Journal of Bitlis Eren University Institute of Social Sciences, 7(1), 231-274. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/497090
• Baltaş, Z., & Baltaş, A. (2013). Stres ve başa çıkma yolları. Remzi Kitabevi.
• Bayram, N., & Bilgel, N. (2008). The prevalence and socio-demographic correlations of depression, anxiety and stress among a group of university students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(8), 667-672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0345-x
• Butcher, J. N., Mineka, S., & Hooley, J. M. (2013). Anormal psikoloji [Abnormal psychology] (O. Gündüz, Trans.). Kaknüs Yayıncılık.
• Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2010). The posttraumatic growth model: Sociocultural considerations. In T. Weiss & R. Berger (Eds.), Posttraumatic growth and culturally competent practice: Lessons learned from around the globe (pp. 1–14). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
• Cassidy, T., Giles, M., & McLaughlin, M. (2014). Benefit finding and resilience in child caregivers. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19(3), 606-618. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12059
• Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2003). The depression anxiety stress scales (Dass): normative data and latent structure in a large non‐clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42(2), 111-131. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466503321903544
• Dicle, A. N., & Ersanlı, K. (2015). Başa çıkma tutumlarını değerlendirme ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlama geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Turkish standardization and the validity and reliability studies of the COPE]. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(16), 111-126. https://toad.halileksi.net/sites/default/files/pdf/basa-cikma-tutumlarini-degerlendirme-olcegi-toad_0.pdf
• Dimsdale, J. E. (2008). Psychological stress and cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 51(13), 1237-1246. https://10.1016/j.jacc.2007.12.024
• Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of the Brief Resilience Scale into Turkish: A validity and reliability study]. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
• Dolbier, C. L., Jaggars, S. S., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2010). Stress‐related growth: Pre‐intervention correlates and change following a resilience intervention. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 26(2), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1275
• Dürü, Ç. (2006). Travma sonrası stres belirtileri ve travma sonrası büyümenin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi ve bir model önerisi (Exploring posttraumatic stress symptoms and posttraumatic growth with respect to some variables and proposing a model) [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Hacettepe University, Ankara.
• Erkuş, A. & Selvi, H. (2019). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme III (Measurement and scale development in psychology III). Pegem Akademi.
• Garbarino, S., Cuomo, G., Chiorri, C., & Magnavita, N. (2013). Association of work-related stress with mental health problems in a special police force unit. BMJ Open, 3(7), e002791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ bmjopen-2013-002791
• Geldard, K. & Geldard, D. (2013). Ergenler ve gençlerle psikolojik danışma-proaktif yaklaşım (Counseling with adolescents and youth - proactive approach) (M. Pişkin, Trans.). Nobel Yayıncılık. (Original work published 2010).
• Gonda, X., & Tarazi, F. I. (2021). Well-being, resilience and post-traumatic growth in the era of Covid-19 pandemic. European Neuropsychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.08.266
• Güneş, H. (2001). Gender differences in distress levels, coping strategies, stress related growth and factors associated with psychological distress and perceived growth following the 1999 Marmara earthquake [Unpublished master's dissertation]. Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
• Hammen, C. (2005). Stress and depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 293-319. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938
• Hettler, T. R., & Cohen, L. H. (1996). Stress-related growth among adult church members. Unpublished raw data.
• Houston, B. K. (1987). Stress and coping. In C. R. Snyder, & C. E. Ford (Eds.), The Plenum series on stress and coping. Coping with negative life events: Clinical and social psychological perspectives. Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9865- 4_14.
• Işık, Ş. (2009). Bilişsel Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları [Adaptation of Cognitive Appraisal Scale: Studies on its reliability and validity]. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 7(1), 127-141. https://toad.halileksi.net/sites/default/files/pdf/bilissel-degerlendirme-olceg-toad.pdf
• Kağan, M., Güleç, M., Boysan, M., & Çavuş, H. (2012). Hierarchical factor structure of the Turkish version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in a normal population. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 11(5), 617-624. https://doi.org/10.5455/pmb.1323620200
• Kalaitzaki, A. E., Tamiolaki, A., & Rovithis, M. (2020). The healthcare professionals amidst COVID-19 pandemic: A perspective of resilience and posttraumatic growth. Asian journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102172
• Karaırmak, Ö., & Siviş, R. (2008). Modernizmden postmodernizme geçiş ve pozitif psikoloji [From modernism to postmodernism: Positive psychology]. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 3(30), 102-115. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/200105
• Kline, T. J. B. (2005). Psychological testing: A practical approach to design and evaluation. Sage Publications Inc. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483385693
• Lagraauw, H. M., Kuiper, J., & Bot, I. (2015). Acute and chronic psychological stress as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: Insights gained from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 50, 18-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.007
• Masoudi, M., Ahmadian, H., Akbari, M., & Jalilian, N. (2020). The correlation of perceived stress and insomnia severity in postmenopausal women. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 24(2), e103493. https://doi.org/10.5812/jkums.103493
• Öner, N. (1987). Kültürlerarası ölçek uyarlamasında bir yöntembilim modeli [A methodology model in cross-cultural scale adaptation]. Psikoloji Dergisi, 6(21), 80-83.
• Özdamar, K. (2016). Ölçek ve Test Geliştirme Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi [Scale and test development structural equation modeling]. Nisan Kitabevi.
• Park, C. L. (1998). Stress‐related growth and thriving through coping: The roles of personality and cognitive processes. Journal of Social Issues, 54(2), 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01218.x
• Park, C. L., & Fenster, J. R. (2004). Stress-related growth: Predictors of occurrence and correlates with psychological adjustment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(2), 195-215. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.2.195.31019
• Park, C. L., & Helgeson, V. S. (2006). Introduction to the special section: growth following highly stressful life events--current status and future directions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 791-796. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.791
• Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress‐related growth. Journal of Personality, 64(1), 71-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00815.x
• Pesen, A., & Mayda, A. S. (2020). Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin depresyon, anksiyete, stres düzeyleri ve ilişkili faktörler [Depression, anxiety, stress levels and related factors of faculty of medicine students]. Sakarya Medical Journal, 10(2), 240-252. https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.673120
• Pitt, A., Oprescu, F., Tapia, G., & Gray, M. (2018). An exploratory study of students’ weekly stress levels and sources of stress during the semester. Active Learning in Higher Education, 19(1), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1469787417731194
• Reddy, K. J., Menon, K. R., & Thattil, A. (2018). Academic stress and its sources among university students. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 11(1), 531-537. https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1404
• Regehr, C., Glancy, D., & Pitts, A. (2013). Interventions to reduce stress in university students: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 148(1), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.026
• Rehman, U., Shahnawaz, M. G., Khan, N. H., Kharshiing, K. D., Khursheed, M., Gupta, K., ... & Uniyal, R. (2021). Depression, anxiety and stress among Indians in times of Covid-19 lockdown. Community Mental Health Journal, 57(1), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00664-x
• Rudland, J. R., Golding, C., & Wilkinson, T. J. (2020). The stress paradox: how stress can be good for learning. Medical Education, 54(1), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.13830
• Salim, J., Wadey, R., & Diss, C. (2016). Examining hardiness, coping and stress-related growth following sport injury. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(2), 154-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2015.1086448
• Seçer, İ. (2015). Psikolojik Test Geliştirme ve Uyarlama Süreci [Psychological test development and adaptation process: SPSS and LISREL applications]. Anı Publishing.
• Selye, H. (1956). What is stress. Metabolism, 5(5), 525-530. https://www.pacdeff.com/pdfs/What%20is%20Stress.pdf
• Sobol, S., & Ben‐Shlomo, S. (2019). Stress‐related mental health and growth among first‐time grandparents: The moderating role of family support. Stress and Health, 35(4), 503-515. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2883
• Solcova, I., & Tavel, P. (2017). Stress-related growth in two challenging conditions. Journal of Human Performance in Extreme Environments, 13(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.7771/2327-2937.1099
• Ssenyonga, J., Owens, V., & Olema, D. K. (2013). Posttraumatic growth, resilience, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among refugees. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82, 144-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.238
• Steptoe, A., & Kivimäki, M. (2012). Stress and cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 9(6), 360-370. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2012.45
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.
• Tennen, H., & Affleck, G. (2002). Benefit-finding and benefit-reminding. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 584–597). Oxford University Press.
• Thawabieh, A. M., & Qaisy, L. M. (2012). Assessing stress among university students. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 2(2), 110-116. https://www.aijcrnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_2_February_2012/13.pdf
• Tomiyama, A. J. (2019). Stress and obesity. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 703-718. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936
• Waters, L., Allen, K. A., & Arslan, G. (2021). Stress-related growth in adolescents returning to school after Covid-19 school closure. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643443
• Yıldırım, İ. (1991). Stres ve stresle başa çıkmada gevşeme teknikleri (Relaxation techniques for coping with stress and stress). Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 6(6), 175-189. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/88348
• Zhao, L., Xu, J., Liang, F., Li, A., Zhang, Y., & Sun, J. (2015). Effect of chronic psychological stress on liver metastasis of colon cancer in mice. PloS One, 10(10), e0139978. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139978