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Yabancı Turistlerin Unutulmaz Turizm Deneyimleri Üzerine Netnografik Bir İnceleme: Gelibolu Yarımadası Örneği

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 67 - 90, 29.07.2020

Abstract

Bu araştırma ile savaş alanı turizmi kapsamında Gelibolu Yarımadasını ziyaret eden yabancı turistlerin seyahat deneyimlerini unutulmaz kılan unsurların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda nitel bir araştırma metodolojisi kullanılmıştır. Gelibolu yarımadasını ziyaret etmiş olan yabancı turistlerin Trip Advisor’da paylaşmış olduğu yorumlar içerik analizine tabi tutulmuş ve bu kapsamda elde edilen veriler MAXQDA programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları temelinde ziyaretçilerin unutulmaz turizm deneyimini şekillendiren unsurların duygusal ve bilişsel olmak üzere iki kategoride ve yedi alt boyutta değerlendirilmiştir. Ancak savaş alanı turizminin diğer alanlardan farklılaşan özellikleri ile paralel şekilde söz konusu alt boyutlarda da bir farklılaşma mevcuttur. Araştırma kapsamında bir turizm deneyimini unutulmaz kılan unsurlar Duygusal Unsurlar– Dokunaklı ve Etkileyici Duygular (Kayıp Hissi, Gurur ve Duygusallık alt boyutları ile) ile Bilişsel Unsurlar – Anlamlılık, Bilgi, Tur Rehberi, Katılım, Yenilik ve Yerel Kültür olarak ifade edilmektedir.

Supporting Institution

Trakya Üniversitesi BAP

Project Number

2019/08

References

  • Akehurst, G. (2009). User generated content: the use of blogs for tourism organisations and tourism consumers. Service business, 3(1), 5
  • Ap, J., & Wong, K. K. (2001). Case study on tour guiding: Professionalism, issues and problems. Tourism management, 22(5), 551-563.
  • Barreda, A., & Bilgihan, A. (2013). An analysis of user‐generated content for hotel experiences. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology.
  • Buonincontri, P., Morvillo, A., Okumus, F., & van Niekerk, M. (2017). Managing the experience co-creation process in tourism destinations: Empirical findings from Naples. Tourism Management, 62, 264-277.
  • Birna, A., Hyde, K. F., & Farmaki, A. (2013). Dark tourism revisited: a supply/demand conceptualisation. International Journal of Culture, tourism and hospitality Research. Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism management, 21(1), 97-116.
  • Cheal, F., & Griffin, T. (2013). Pilgrims and patriots: Australian tourist experiences at Gallipoli. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research.
  • Chandralal, L., Rindfleish, J., & Valenzuela, F. (2015). An application of travel blog narratives to explore memorable tourism experiences. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(6), 680-693.
  • Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative sociology, 13(1), 3-21.
  • Chandralal, L., & Valenzuela, F. R. (2015). Memorable tourism experiences: Scale development. Contemporary Management Research, 11(3).
  • Chen, H., & Rahman, I. (2018). Cultural tourism: An analysis of engagement, cultural contact, memorable tourism experience and destination loyalty. Tourism Management Perspectives, 26, 153-163.
  • Cornelisse, Miranda (2014), “Memorable Tourist Experiences in Authentic Vicos, Peru”, Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, 6 (1), 104-127.
  • Coudounaris, D. N., & Sthapit, E. (2017). Antecedents of memorable tourism experience related to behavioral intentions. Psychology & Marketing, 34(12), 1084-1093.
  • Cruz, B. P. A. (2012). The netnography in the consumers’ boycott studies: The Brazilian company Arezzo case. Revista de Administração do Gestor, 4(2), 65-87.
  • Çakar, K. (2020). Investigation of the Motivations and Experiences of Tourists Visiting the Gallipoli Peninsula as a Dark Tourism Destination. European Journal of Tourism Research, 24, 1-30.
  • Demir, S., & Ülker-Demirel, E. (2019). Bir Deneyimi Unutulmaz Kılan Unsurlar Nedir? Unutulmaz Turizm Deneyimi Üzerine Kavramsal Bir Değerlendirme. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), 661-682.
  • Duman, T., & Mattila, A. S. (2005). The role of affective factors on perceived cruise vacation value. Tourism management, 26(3), 311-323.
  • Dunkley, R., Morgan, N., & Westwood, S. (2011). Visiting the trenches: Exploring meanings and motivations in battlefield tourism. Tourism management, 32(4), 860-868.
  • G.J. Ashworth (2002) Holocaust Tourism: The Experience of Kraków-Kazimierz, 11:4, 363-367
  • Hoch, S. J., & Deighton, J. (1989). Managing what consumers learn from experience. Journal of marketing, 53(2), 1-20.
  • Holbrook, M. B., & Hirschman, E. C. (1982). The experiential aspects of consumption: Consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal of consumer research, 9(2), 132-140.
  • Hyde, K. F., & Harman, S. (2011). Motives for a secular pilgrimage to the Gallipoli battlefields. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1343-1351.
  • Iles, J. (2008), ‘‘Encounters in the fields – tourism to the battlefields of the Western Front’’, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 138-154.
  • Kim, Jong-Hyeong (2009), Development of a Scale to Measure Memorable Tourism Experiences, (Indiana University, Faculty of the University Graduate School), United States.
  • Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. R., & Tung, V. W. S. (2010). The effect of memorable experience on behavioral intentions in tourism: A structural equation modeling approach. Tourism Analysis, 15(6), 637-648.
  • Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. B., & McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 12-25.
  • Kim, J. H. (2013). A cross-cultural comparison of memorable tourism experiences of American and Taiwanese college students. Anatolia, 24(3), 337-351.
  • Kim, J. H. (2014). The antecedents of memorable tourism experiences: The development of a scale to measure the destination attributes associated with memorable experiences. Tourism management, 44, 34-45.
  • Kuo, N. T., Chang, K. C., Cheng, Y. S., & Lin, J. C. (2016). Effects of tour guide interpretation and tourist satisfaction on destination loyalty in Taiwan’s Kinmen Battlefield Tourism: perceived playfulness and perceived flow as moderators. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(sup1), 103-122.
  • Lee, Y. J. (2016). The relationships amongst emotional experience, cognition, and behavioural intention in battlefield tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(6), 697-715.
  • Lennon, J. J., & Foley, M. (1999). Interpretation of the unimaginable: The US Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, and “dark tourism”. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 46-50.
  • Lennon, J. J., & Foley, M. (2000). Dark tourism. Cengage Learning EMEA.
  • Lloyd, D. W. (2014). Battlefield tourism: Pilgrimage and the commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919-1939. A&C Black.
  • Lu, W., & Stepchenkova, S. (2015). User-generated content as a research mode in tourism and hospitality applications: Topics, methods, and software. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 24(2), 119-154.
  • Oh, H., Fiore, A. M., & Jeoung, M. (2007). Measuring experience economy concepts: Tourism applications. Journal of travel research, 46(2), 119-132.
  • Otto, Julie E., and J. R. Brent Ritchie. (1996). “The Service Experience in Tourism.” Tourism Management, 17 (3): 165-74.
  • Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1998). Welcome to the experience economy. Harvard business review, 76, 97-105.
  • Podoshen, J. S. (2013). Dark tourism motivations: Simulation, emotional contagion and topographic comparison. Tourism management, 35, 263-271.
  • Sims, R. (2009). Food, place and authenticity: local food and the sustainable tourism experience. Journal of sustainable tourism, 17(3), 321-336.
  • Kozinets, R. V. (1998). On netnography: Initial reflections on consumer research investigations of cyberculture. ACR North American Advances, 25, 366-371.
  • Kozinets, R. V. (2002). The field behind the screen: Using netnography for marketing research in online communities. Journal of marketing research, 39(1), 61-72.
  • Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: The marketer’s secret weapon. white paper, 1-13.
  • Kuo, N. T., Chang, K. C., Cheng, Y. S., & Lin, J. C. (2016). Effects of tour guide interpretation and tourist satisfaction on destination loyalty in Taiwan’s Kinmen Battlefield Tourism: perceived playfulness and perceived flow as moderators. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(sup1), 103-122.
  • Lee, Y. J. (2016). The relationships amongst emotional experience, cognition, and behavioural intention in battlefield tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(6), 697-715.
  • Mannell, R. C., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1987). Psychological nature of leisure and tourism experience. Annals of tourism research, 14(3), 314-331.
  • Miles, S. (2014). Battlefield sites as dark tourism attractions: An analysis of experience. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 9(2), 134-147.
  • Servidio, R., & Ruffolo, I. (2016). Exploring the relationship between emotions and memorable tourism experiences through narratives. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 151-160.
  • Sthapit, E. (2018). A netnographic examination of tourists’ memorable hotel experiences. Anatolia, 29(1), 108-128.
  • Sthapit, E., Coudounaris, D. N., & Björk, P. (2019). Extending the memorable tourism experience construct: an investigation of memories of local food experiences. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 19(4-5), 333-353.
  • Stone, P., & Sharpley, R. (2008). Consuming dark tourism: A thanatological perspective. Annals of tourism Research, 35(2), 574-595.
  • Sharpley, R., & Stone, P. R. (Eds.). (2009). The darker side of travel: The theory and practice of dark tourism. Channel view publications.
  • T.C. Turizm Bakanlığı Yatırım ve İşletmeler Genel Müdürlüğü, https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-9854/sinir-giris-cikis-istatistikleri.html (12.05.2020).
  • Tripadvisor, https://tripadvisor.mediaroom.com/us-about-us
  • Wang, N. (1999). Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience. Annals of tourism research, 26(2), 349-370.
  • Winter, C. (2009). Tourism, social memory and the Great War. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(4), 607-626.
  • Zhang, H., Wu, Y., & Buhalis, D. (2018). A model of perceived image, memorable tourism experiences and revisit intention. Journal of destination marketing & management, 8, 326-336.

A Netnographic Study on Memorable Tourism Experiences of Foreign Tourists: The Case of Gallipoli Peninsula

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 67 - 90, 29.07.2020

Abstract

The aim of this research is to identify the elements that make the travel experiences of foreign tourists unforgettable visited the Gallipoli Peninsula within the scope of the battlefield tourism. In this context, a qualitative research methodology was used. The comments shared by foreign tourists who visited the Gallipoli peninsula on Trip Advisor were subjected to content analysis, and the data obtained in this context were analyzed with the MAXQDA. Based on the findings of the research, it is seen that the factors that shape the unforgettable tourism experience of the visitors are evaluated in two categories as emotional and cognitive, and seven sub-dimensions. However, there is a differentiation in these sub-dimensions in parallel with the characteristics of battlefield tourism that differ from other areas. The elements that make a tourism experience unforgettable within the research scope are Emotional Domain- Moving Emotions (with Feel of Loss, Being Proud and Emotionality sub-dimensions), and Cognitive Domains - Meaningfulness, Knowledge, Tour Guide, Involvement, Novelty, and Local Culture.

Project Number

2019/08

References

  • Akehurst, G. (2009). User generated content: the use of blogs for tourism organisations and tourism consumers. Service business, 3(1), 5
  • Ap, J., & Wong, K. K. (2001). Case study on tour guiding: Professionalism, issues and problems. Tourism management, 22(5), 551-563.
  • Barreda, A., & Bilgihan, A. (2013). An analysis of user‐generated content for hotel experiences. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology.
  • Buonincontri, P., Morvillo, A., Okumus, F., & van Niekerk, M. (2017). Managing the experience co-creation process in tourism destinations: Empirical findings from Naples. Tourism Management, 62, 264-277.
  • Birna, A., Hyde, K. F., & Farmaki, A. (2013). Dark tourism revisited: a supply/demand conceptualisation. International Journal of Culture, tourism and hospitality Research. Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism management, 21(1), 97-116.
  • Cheal, F., & Griffin, T. (2013). Pilgrims and patriots: Australian tourist experiences at Gallipoli. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research.
  • Chandralal, L., Rindfleish, J., & Valenzuela, F. (2015). An application of travel blog narratives to explore memorable tourism experiences. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(6), 680-693.
  • Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative sociology, 13(1), 3-21.
  • Chandralal, L., & Valenzuela, F. R. (2015). Memorable tourism experiences: Scale development. Contemporary Management Research, 11(3).
  • Chen, H., & Rahman, I. (2018). Cultural tourism: An analysis of engagement, cultural contact, memorable tourism experience and destination loyalty. Tourism Management Perspectives, 26, 153-163.
  • Cornelisse, Miranda (2014), “Memorable Tourist Experiences in Authentic Vicos, Peru”, Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, 6 (1), 104-127.
  • Coudounaris, D. N., & Sthapit, E. (2017). Antecedents of memorable tourism experience related to behavioral intentions. Psychology & Marketing, 34(12), 1084-1093.
  • Cruz, B. P. A. (2012). The netnography in the consumers’ boycott studies: The Brazilian company Arezzo case. Revista de Administração do Gestor, 4(2), 65-87.
  • Çakar, K. (2020). Investigation of the Motivations and Experiences of Tourists Visiting the Gallipoli Peninsula as a Dark Tourism Destination. European Journal of Tourism Research, 24, 1-30.
  • Demir, S., & Ülker-Demirel, E. (2019). Bir Deneyimi Unutulmaz Kılan Unsurlar Nedir? Unutulmaz Turizm Deneyimi Üzerine Kavramsal Bir Değerlendirme. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), 661-682.
  • Duman, T., & Mattila, A. S. (2005). The role of affective factors on perceived cruise vacation value. Tourism management, 26(3), 311-323.
  • Dunkley, R., Morgan, N., & Westwood, S. (2011). Visiting the trenches: Exploring meanings and motivations in battlefield tourism. Tourism management, 32(4), 860-868.
  • G.J. Ashworth (2002) Holocaust Tourism: The Experience of Kraków-Kazimierz, 11:4, 363-367
  • Hoch, S. J., & Deighton, J. (1989). Managing what consumers learn from experience. Journal of marketing, 53(2), 1-20.
  • Holbrook, M. B., & Hirschman, E. C. (1982). The experiential aspects of consumption: Consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal of consumer research, 9(2), 132-140.
  • Hyde, K. F., & Harman, S. (2011). Motives for a secular pilgrimage to the Gallipoli battlefields. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1343-1351.
  • Iles, J. (2008), ‘‘Encounters in the fields – tourism to the battlefields of the Western Front’’, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 138-154.
  • Kim, Jong-Hyeong (2009), Development of a Scale to Measure Memorable Tourism Experiences, (Indiana University, Faculty of the University Graduate School), United States.
  • Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. R., & Tung, V. W. S. (2010). The effect of memorable experience on behavioral intentions in tourism: A structural equation modeling approach. Tourism Analysis, 15(6), 637-648.
  • Kim, J. H., Ritchie, J. B., & McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 12-25.
  • Kim, J. H. (2013). A cross-cultural comparison of memorable tourism experiences of American and Taiwanese college students. Anatolia, 24(3), 337-351.
  • Kim, J. H. (2014). The antecedents of memorable tourism experiences: The development of a scale to measure the destination attributes associated with memorable experiences. Tourism management, 44, 34-45.
  • Kuo, N. T., Chang, K. C., Cheng, Y. S., & Lin, J. C. (2016). Effects of tour guide interpretation and tourist satisfaction on destination loyalty in Taiwan’s Kinmen Battlefield Tourism: perceived playfulness and perceived flow as moderators. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(sup1), 103-122.
  • Lee, Y. J. (2016). The relationships amongst emotional experience, cognition, and behavioural intention in battlefield tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(6), 697-715.
  • Lennon, J. J., & Foley, M. (1999). Interpretation of the unimaginable: The US Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, and “dark tourism”. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 46-50.
  • Lennon, J. J., & Foley, M. (2000). Dark tourism. Cengage Learning EMEA.
  • Lloyd, D. W. (2014). Battlefield tourism: Pilgrimage and the commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919-1939. A&C Black.
  • Lu, W., & Stepchenkova, S. (2015). User-generated content as a research mode in tourism and hospitality applications: Topics, methods, and software. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 24(2), 119-154.
  • Oh, H., Fiore, A. M., & Jeoung, M. (2007). Measuring experience economy concepts: Tourism applications. Journal of travel research, 46(2), 119-132.
  • Otto, Julie E., and J. R. Brent Ritchie. (1996). “The Service Experience in Tourism.” Tourism Management, 17 (3): 165-74.
  • Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1998). Welcome to the experience economy. Harvard business review, 76, 97-105.
  • Podoshen, J. S. (2013). Dark tourism motivations: Simulation, emotional contagion and topographic comparison. Tourism management, 35, 263-271.
  • Sims, R. (2009). Food, place and authenticity: local food and the sustainable tourism experience. Journal of sustainable tourism, 17(3), 321-336.
  • Kozinets, R. V. (1998). On netnography: Initial reflections on consumer research investigations of cyberculture. ACR North American Advances, 25, 366-371.
  • Kozinets, R. V. (2002). The field behind the screen: Using netnography for marketing research in online communities. Journal of marketing research, 39(1), 61-72.
  • Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: The marketer’s secret weapon. white paper, 1-13.
  • Kuo, N. T., Chang, K. C., Cheng, Y. S., & Lin, J. C. (2016). Effects of tour guide interpretation and tourist satisfaction on destination loyalty in Taiwan’s Kinmen Battlefield Tourism: perceived playfulness and perceived flow as moderators. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(sup1), 103-122.
  • Lee, Y. J. (2016). The relationships amongst emotional experience, cognition, and behavioural intention in battlefield tourism. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(6), 697-715.
  • Mannell, R. C., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1987). Psychological nature of leisure and tourism experience. Annals of tourism research, 14(3), 314-331.
  • Miles, S. (2014). Battlefield sites as dark tourism attractions: An analysis of experience. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 9(2), 134-147.
  • Servidio, R., & Ruffolo, I. (2016). Exploring the relationship between emotions and memorable tourism experiences through narratives. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 151-160.
  • Sthapit, E. (2018). A netnographic examination of tourists’ memorable hotel experiences. Anatolia, 29(1), 108-128.
  • Sthapit, E., Coudounaris, D. N., & Björk, P. (2019). Extending the memorable tourism experience construct: an investigation of memories of local food experiences. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 19(4-5), 333-353.
  • Stone, P., & Sharpley, R. (2008). Consuming dark tourism: A thanatological perspective. Annals of tourism Research, 35(2), 574-595.
  • Sharpley, R., & Stone, P. R. (Eds.). (2009). The darker side of travel: The theory and practice of dark tourism. Channel view publications.
  • T.C. Turizm Bakanlığı Yatırım ve İşletmeler Genel Müdürlüğü, https://yigm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-9854/sinir-giris-cikis-istatistikleri.html (12.05.2020).
  • Tripadvisor, https://tripadvisor.mediaroom.com/us-about-us
  • Wang, N. (1999). Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience. Annals of tourism research, 26(2), 349-370.
  • Winter, C. (2009). Tourism, social memory and the Great War. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(4), 607-626.
  • Zhang, H., Wu, Y., & Buhalis, D. (2018). A model of perceived image, memorable tourism experiences and revisit intention. Journal of destination marketing & management, 8, 326-336.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Elif Ülker Demirel

Project Number 2019/08
Publication Date July 29, 2020
Submission Date May 31, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ülker Demirel, E. (2020). Yabancı Turistlerin Unutulmaz Turizm Deneyimleri Üzerine Netnografik Bir İnceleme: Gelibolu Yarımadası Örneği. Trakya Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi E-Dergi, 9(1), 67-90.

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