Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the questionnaire of olfactory disorders

Year 2020, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 26 - 32, 20.03.2020

Belgin Tutar Ziya Saltürk Güler Berkiten Ayşe Enise Göker Melis Ece Arkan Muhammet Enis Ekincioğlu Semih Karaketir Ercan Kulak Yavuz Uyar

Abstract

Objectives: This study aims to test the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders QOD . Patients and Methods: This prospective study was conducted between June 2018 and January 2019. Patients who presented to Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital outpatient clinic with a diagnosis of chronic sinusitis and/or septum deviation completed the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center smell test. Forty patients 24 males, 16 females; mean age 42.3±13.7 years; range, 18 to 71 years with olfactory disorders anosmia, hyposmia completed the QOD at the time of diagnosis and one day prior to surgery. Forty volunteers control group 22 males, 18 females; mean age 38.3±13.4 years; range, 18 to 65 years without nasal pathology, olfactory dysfunction or a history of head trauma also completed the QOD. The results of the two tests were then compared. Results: The QOD-parosmia QOD-P , QOD-statements of QoL QOD-LQ , and QOD-visual analog scale QOD-VAS values were significantly higher in the study group p<0.001 . There was no statistically significant change in the QOD-P, QOD-LQ, QOD-sincerity, and QOD-VAS values of the patients with anosmia and hyposmia at the time of diagnosis compared with those one day prior to surgery. In all patients, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the QOD-P, QOD-LQ, and QOD-VAS was 0.719, 0.892, and 0.984, respectively, with relatively high internal consistency. Conclusion: We conclude that the Turkish version of the QOD is a reliable and valid instrument, particularly in patients with parosmia

Keywords

Olfactory disorder, olfactory dysfunction, olfactory test, reliability, validity.

References

• Wysocki CJ, Gilbert AN. National Geographic Smell Survey. Effects of age are heterogenous. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989;561:12-28.
• Miwa T, Furukawa M, Tsukatani T, Costanzo RM, DiNardo LJ, Reiter ER. Impact of olfactory impairment on quality of life and disability. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;127:497-503.
• Yilmaz Y, Karakas Z, Uzun B, Sen C, Comoglu S, Orhan KS, et al. Olfactory dysfunction and quality of life in patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017;274:3417-21.
• Oladokun D, Baumgart A, Baumann I, Bulut OC. Quality of life gain after septorhinoplasty: an analysis of health utility and cost utility values associated with septorhinoplasty. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2018;42:1618-24.
• Yang Z, Li W, Tu X, Tang W, Messing S, Duan L, et al. Validation and psychometric properties of Chinese version of SF-36 in patients with hypertension, coronary heart diseases, chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer. Int J Clin Pract 2012;66:991-8.
• Frasnelli J, Hummel T. Olfactory dysfunction and daily life. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2005;262:231-5.
• Yang D, Wang J, Ni D, Liu J, Wang X. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the questionnaire of olfactory disorders (QOD) when used with patients having olfactory dysfunction. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016;273:3255-61.
• Choi WR, Jeong HY, Kim JH. Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2018;8:1481-5.
• Hoover KC. Smell with inspiration: the evolutionary significance of olfaction. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010;143:63-74.
• Temmel AF, Quint C, Schickinger-Fischer B, Klimek L, Stoller E, Hummel T. Characteristics of olfactory disorders in relation to major causes of olfactory loss. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;128:635-41.
• Brämerson A, Nordin S, Bende M. Clinical experience with patients with olfactory complaints, and their quality of life. Acta Otolaryngol 2007;127:167-74.
• Kłosiński M, Tomaszewski KA, Tomaszewska IM, Kłosiński P, Skrzat J, Walocha JA. Validation of the Polish language version of the SF-36 Health Survey in patients suffering from lumbar spinal stenosis. Ann Agric Environ Med 2014;21:866-70.
• Nordin S, Murphy C, Davidson TM, Quiñonez C, Jalowayski AA, Ellison DW. Prevalence and assessment of qualitative olfactory dysfunction in different age groups. Laryngoscope 1996;106:739-44.
• Smeets MAM, Veldhuizen MG, Galle S, Gouweloos J, de Haan AJA, Vernooij J, et al. Sense of smell disorder and health-related quality of life. Rehabil Psychol 2009;54:404-12.
• Hummel T, Lötsch J. Prognostic factors of olfactory dysfunction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010;136:347-51.
• Landis BN, Frasnelli J, Croy I, Hummel T. Evaluating the clinical usefulness of structured questions in parosmia assessment. Laryngoscope 2010;120:1707-13.
• Cain WS, Gent JF, Goodspeed RB, Leonard G. Evaluation of olfactory dysfunction in the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center. Laryngoscope 1988;98:83-8.
• Veyseller B, Ozucer B, Karaaltin AB, Yildirim Y, Degirmenci N, Aksoy F, et al. Connecticut (CCCRC) Olfactory Test: Normative Values in 426 Healthy Volunteers. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014;66:31-4.
• Neuland C, Bitter T, Marschner H, Gudziol H, Guntinas-Lichius O. Health-related and specific olfaction-related quality of life in patients with chronic functional anosmia or severe hyposmia. Laryngoscope 2011;121:867-72.