Research Article
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Immediate Effects of Vocal Warm-Up on the Acoustic and Aerodynamic Parameters of Speech-Language Pathology Students

Year 2024, Volume: 34 Issue: 3, 77 - 83, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/Tr-ENT.2024.1454224

Abstract

Objective: Although vocal warm-up is vital for singers and other professional voice users, no consensus has been reached regarding its underlying physiological effects, especially for the non-singing community. Accommodating speech and language pathology (SLP) students, this research aimed to investigate the effects of vocal warm-up on the acoustic and aerodynamic parameters of voice.

Material and Methods: A quasi-experimental, pre-test–post-test research design was used. A total of 28 SLP students performed a 20-minute session of vocal warm-up based on breathing, stretching, phonation, and resonance exercises. Data analysis consisted of instrumental analysis in which the Multidimensional Voice Programme (MDVP) and Phonatory Aerodynamic System (PAS) were used to measure acoustic and aerodynamic parameters before and after vocal warm-up.

Results: A significant decrease in jitter and shimmer values was detected after the vocal warm-up period. Additionally, significantly higher values were found in the subglottal pressure estimate.

Conclusion: Following vocal warm-up, acoustic and aerodynamic parameters improved to normal values. The findings indicate that vocal warmups improve the objective voice quality.

References

  • Schneider SL, Sataloff RT. Voice therapy for the professional voice. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2007;40(5):1133-49. google scholar
  • Hazlett DE, Duffy OM, Moorhead SA. Review of the impact of voice training on the vocal quality of professional voice users: Implications for vocal health and recommendations for further research. J Voice 2011;25(2):181-91. google scholar
  • Gottliebson RO, Lee L, Weinrich B, Sanders J. Voice problems of future speech-language pathologists. J Voice 2007;21(6):699-704. google scholar
  • Van Lierde KM, D’Haeseleer E, Wuyts FL, De Ley S, Geldof R, De Vuyst J, et al. The objective vocal quality, vocal risk factors, vocal complaints, and corporal pain in Dutch female students training to be speech-language pathologists during the 4 years of study. J Voice 2010;24(5):592-8. google scholar
  • Loucks TMJ, Duff D, Wong JH, Finley-Detweiler R. The vocal athlete and endotracheal intubation: A management protocol. J Voice 1998;12(3):349-59. google scholar
  • Stemple JC, Glaze LE, Klaben BG. Clinical Voice Pathology: Theory and Management. 3rd ed. Delmar Cengage Learning; 2000. google scholar
  • Milbrath RL, Solomon NP. Do vocal warm-up exercises alleviate vocal fatigue? J Speech, Lang Hear Res 2003;46(2):422-36. google scholar
  • Kang J, Xue C, Chou A, Scholp A, Gong T, Zhang Y, et al. Comparing the exposure-response relationships of physiological and traditional vocal warm-ups on aerodynamic and acoustic parameters in untrained singers. J Voice 2019;33(4):420-8. google scholar
  • Manjunatha U, Nayak PS, Bhat JS. Can straw phonation be considered as vocal warm up among speech language pathologists? J Voice 2022;36(5):735.e1-6. google scholar
  • Savareh S, Moradi N, Yazdi MJS, Soltani M, Latifi M. Immediate effects of semi-occluded vocal tract exercises as a vocal warm-up in singers. J Voice 2023;37(6): 875-80. google scholar
  • Van Lierde KM, D’haeseleer E, Baudonck N, Claeys S, De Bodt M, Behlau M. The impact of vocal warm-up exercises on the objective vocal quality in female students training to be speech language pathologists. J Voice 2011;25(3):e115-21. google scholar
  • Castillo-Allendes A, Cantor-Cutiva LC, Hunter EJ. Acoustic effects of vocal warm-up: a 7-week longitudinal case study. J Voice 2021;(1):1-8. google scholar
  • Amir O, Amir N, Michaeli O. Evaluating the influence of warmup on singing voice quality using acoustic measures. J Voice 2005;19(2):252-60. google scholar
  • Mezzedimi C, Spinosi MC, Massaro T, Ferretti F, Cambi J. Singing voice: acoustic parameters after vocal warm-up and cool-down. Logop Phoniatr Vocology 2020;45(2):57-65. google scholar
  • Laukkanen AM, Horacek J, HavKk R. Case-study magnetic resonance imaging and acoustic investigation of the effects of vocal warm-up on two voice professionals. Logop Phoniatr Vocology 2012;37(2):75-82. google scholar
  • Guzman M, Angulo M, Munoz D, Mayerhoff R. Effect on long-term average spectrum of pop singers’ vocal warm-up with vocal function exercises. Int J Speech Lang Pathol 2013;15(2):127-35. google scholar
  • Cardoso NSV, Lucena JA, Gomes A de OC. Immediate effect of a resonance tube on the vocal range profile of choristers. J Voice 2020;34(5):667-74. google scholar
  • Barr S. Singing warm-ups: Physiology, psychology, or placebo? Logop Phoniatr Vocology 2009;34(3):142-4. google scholar
  • Portillo MP, Rojas S, Guzman M, Quezada C. Comparison of effects produced by physiological versus traditional vocal warm-up in contemporary commercial music singers. J Voice 2018;32(2):200-8. google scholar
  • Moorcroft L, Kenny DT. Singer and listener perception of vocal warm-up. J Voice 2013;27(2):258.e1-3. google scholar
  • McHenry M, Johnson J, Foshea B. The effect of specific versus combined warm-up strategies on the voice. J Voice 2009;23(5):572-6. google scholar
  • Paes SM, Zambon F, Yamasaki R, Simberg S, Behlau M. Immediate effects of the Finnish resonance tube method on behavioral dysphonia. J Voice 2013;27(6):717-22. google scholar
  • Ragsdale FW, Marchman JO, Bretl MM, Diaz J, Rosow DE, Anis M, et al. Quantifying subjective and objective measures of singing after different warm-up durations. J Voice 2022;36(5): 661-7. google scholar
  • Marchand DLP, Kavaliunas FS, Cassol M. The effectiveness of the EASE scale in the development of a vocal warm-up program for an amateur choir. J Voice 2019;33(3):310-6. google scholar
  • Dejonckere PH. Assessment of voice and respiratory function. In: Remacle M, Eckel HE, eds. Surgery of Larynx and Trachea. Springer-Verlag; 2010:11-26. google scholar
  • Schaeffer N. Pre- and poststimulation study on the phonatory aerodynamic system on participants with dysphonia. J Voice 2017;31(2):254.e1-9. google scholar
  • Titze IR. Phonation threshold pressure: a missing link in glottal aerodynamics. J Acoust Soc Am 1992;91:2926-35. google scholar
  • Vintturi J, Alku P, Lauri ER, Sala E, Sihvo M, Vilkman E. Objective analysis of vocal warm-up with special reference to ergonomic factors. J Voice 2001;15(1):36-53. google scholar
  • Motel T, Fisher K V., Leydon C. Vocal warm-up increases phonation threshold pressure in soprano singers at high pitch. J Voice 2003;17(2):160-7. google scholar
  • Elliot N, Sundberg J, Gramming P. What happens during vocal warm-up? J Voice 1995;9(1):37-44. google scholar
  • Keltz A, McHenry M. Steam and/or semi-occluded vocal tract exercise as morning vocal warm-up strategy. J Voice Published 2022;36(5): 734.e7-13. google scholar
  • Sal^as M, Guzman M, Sandoval G, Vergara C, Lizana J, Quezada C. Water resistance therapy as vocal warm-up method in contemporary commercial music singers. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2020;72(1):1-12. google scholar
  • Titze IR. The five best vocal warm-up exercises. J Sing 2001;57(3):51-2. google scholar
  • Apfelbach CS, Guzman M. Acoustic, aerodynamic, morphometric, and perceptual changes during and after semi-occluded vocal tract exercise: an integrative review. J Voice Published online 2021. google scholar
  • Onofre F, Prado Y de A, Rojas GVE, Garcia DM, Aguiar-Ricz L. Measurements of the acoustic speaking voice after vocal warm-up and cooldown in choir singers. J Voice 2017;31(1):129.e9-14. google scholar
  • Duke E, Plexico LW, Sandage MJ, Hoch M. The effect of traditional singing warm-up versus semioccluded vocal tract exercises on the acoustic parameters of singing voice. J Voice 2015;29(6):727-32. google scholar
  • Cook-Cunningham SL, Grady ML. The effects of three physical and vocal warm-up procedures on acoustic and perceptual measures of choral sound. J Voice 2018;32(2):192-9. google scholar
  • Grady ML, Cook-Cunningham SL. The effects of three physical and vocal warm-up procedures on acoustic and perceptual measures of choral sound: study replication with younger populations. J Voice 2020;34(4):647.e15-22. google scholar
  • Moorcroft L, Kenny DT. Vocal warm-up produces acoustic change in singers’ vibrato rate. J Voice 2012;26(5):667.e13-18. google scholar
  • Gish A, Kunduk M, Sims L, McWhorter AJ. Vocal warm-up practices and perceptions in vocalists: A pilot survey. J Voice 2012;26(1):e1. google scholar
  • Blaylock TR. Effects of systematized vocal warm-up on voices with disorders of various etiologies. J Voice 1999;13(1):43-50. google scholar
  • Kay Elemetrics Corp. Instruction manual: phonatory aerodynamic system model 6600. Lincoln Park, NJ: KayPENTAX; 2010. google scholar
  • Deem JF, Miller L. Manual of Voice Therapy. 2nd ed. Pro-Ed; 2000 google scholar
  • Bishop D. Warm up I: Potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance. Sport Med 2003;33(6):439-54. google scholar
  • Searl J, Bailey E. Vocal behaviors of student actors and student speech-language pathologists. Voice Speech Rev 2014;8(1):5-26. google scholar
  • Ferrand CT. Voice Disorders: A Clinical Reference. Pro-Ed; 2008. google scholar
  • Teixeira JP, Gonçalves A. Accuracy of Jitter and Shimmer Measurements. Procedia Technol 2014;16:1190-9. google scholar
  • Titze IR. Principles of Voice Production. Prentice Hall; 1994. google scholar
  • Şen AZ, Toğram B. The normative study of acoustic and aerodynamic characteristics of voice among healthy adult Turkish speaker population. Biomed Res Int 2021;2021:9217236. google scholar
  • Zraick RI, Smith-Olinde L, Shotts LL. Adult normative data for the KayPENTAX phonatory aerodynamic system model 6600. J Voice 2012;26(2):164-76. google scholar
Year 2024, Volume: 34 Issue: 3, 77 - 83, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/Tr-ENT.2024.1454224

Abstract

References

  • Schneider SL, Sataloff RT. Voice therapy for the professional voice. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2007;40(5):1133-49. google scholar
  • Hazlett DE, Duffy OM, Moorhead SA. Review of the impact of voice training on the vocal quality of professional voice users: Implications for vocal health and recommendations for further research. J Voice 2011;25(2):181-91. google scholar
  • Gottliebson RO, Lee L, Weinrich B, Sanders J. Voice problems of future speech-language pathologists. J Voice 2007;21(6):699-704. google scholar
  • Van Lierde KM, D’Haeseleer E, Wuyts FL, De Ley S, Geldof R, De Vuyst J, et al. The objective vocal quality, vocal risk factors, vocal complaints, and corporal pain in Dutch female students training to be speech-language pathologists during the 4 years of study. J Voice 2010;24(5):592-8. google scholar
  • Loucks TMJ, Duff D, Wong JH, Finley-Detweiler R. The vocal athlete and endotracheal intubation: A management protocol. J Voice 1998;12(3):349-59. google scholar
  • Stemple JC, Glaze LE, Klaben BG. Clinical Voice Pathology: Theory and Management. 3rd ed. Delmar Cengage Learning; 2000. google scholar
  • Milbrath RL, Solomon NP. Do vocal warm-up exercises alleviate vocal fatigue? J Speech, Lang Hear Res 2003;46(2):422-36. google scholar
  • Kang J, Xue C, Chou A, Scholp A, Gong T, Zhang Y, et al. Comparing the exposure-response relationships of physiological and traditional vocal warm-ups on aerodynamic and acoustic parameters in untrained singers. J Voice 2019;33(4):420-8. google scholar
  • Manjunatha U, Nayak PS, Bhat JS. Can straw phonation be considered as vocal warm up among speech language pathologists? J Voice 2022;36(5):735.e1-6. google scholar
  • Savareh S, Moradi N, Yazdi MJS, Soltani M, Latifi M. Immediate effects of semi-occluded vocal tract exercises as a vocal warm-up in singers. J Voice 2023;37(6): 875-80. google scholar
  • Van Lierde KM, D’haeseleer E, Baudonck N, Claeys S, De Bodt M, Behlau M. The impact of vocal warm-up exercises on the objective vocal quality in female students training to be speech language pathologists. J Voice 2011;25(3):e115-21. google scholar
  • Castillo-Allendes A, Cantor-Cutiva LC, Hunter EJ. Acoustic effects of vocal warm-up: a 7-week longitudinal case study. J Voice 2021;(1):1-8. google scholar
  • Amir O, Amir N, Michaeli O. Evaluating the influence of warmup on singing voice quality using acoustic measures. J Voice 2005;19(2):252-60. google scholar
  • Mezzedimi C, Spinosi MC, Massaro T, Ferretti F, Cambi J. Singing voice: acoustic parameters after vocal warm-up and cool-down. Logop Phoniatr Vocology 2020;45(2):57-65. google scholar
  • Laukkanen AM, Horacek J, HavKk R. Case-study magnetic resonance imaging and acoustic investigation of the effects of vocal warm-up on two voice professionals. Logop Phoniatr Vocology 2012;37(2):75-82. google scholar
  • Guzman M, Angulo M, Munoz D, Mayerhoff R. Effect on long-term average spectrum of pop singers’ vocal warm-up with vocal function exercises. Int J Speech Lang Pathol 2013;15(2):127-35. google scholar
  • Cardoso NSV, Lucena JA, Gomes A de OC. Immediate effect of a resonance tube on the vocal range profile of choristers. J Voice 2020;34(5):667-74. google scholar
  • Barr S. Singing warm-ups: Physiology, psychology, or placebo? Logop Phoniatr Vocology 2009;34(3):142-4. google scholar
  • Portillo MP, Rojas S, Guzman M, Quezada C. Comparison of effects produced by physiological versus traditional vocal warm-up in contemporary commercial music singers. J Voice 2018;32(2):200-8. google scholar
  • Moorcroft L, Kenny DT. Singer and listener perception of vocal warm-up. J Voice 2013;27(2):258.e1-3. google scholar
  • McHenry M, Johnson J, Foshea B. The effect of specific versus combined warm-up strategies on the voice. J Voice 2009;23(5):572-6. google scholar
  • Paes SM, Zambon F, Yamasaki R, Simberg S, Behlau M. Immediate effects of the Finnish resonance tube method on behavioral dysphonia. J Voice 2013;27(6):717-22. google scholar
  • Ragsdale FW, Marchman JO, Bretl MM, Diaz J, Rosow DE, Anis M, et al. Quantifying subjective and objective measures of singing after different warm-up durations. J Voice 2022;36(5): 661-7. google scholar
  • Marchand DLP, Kavaliunas FS, Cassol M. The effectiveness of the EASE scale in the development of a vocal warm-up program for an amateur choir. J Voice 2019;33(3):310-6. google scholar
  • Dejonckere PH. Assessment of voice and respiratory function. In: Remacle M, Eckel HE, eds. Surgery of Larynx and Trachea. Springer-Verlag; 2010:11-26. google scholar
  • Schaeffer N. Pre- and poststimulation study on the phonatory aerodynamic system on participants with dysphonia. J Voice 2017;31(2):254.e1-9. google scholar
  • Titze IR. Phonation threshold pressure: a missing link in glottal aerodynamics. J Acoust Soc Am 1992;91:2926-35. google scholar
  • Vintturi J, Alku P, Lauri ER, Sala E, Sihvo M, Vilkman E. Objective analysis of vocal warm-up with special reference to ergonomic factors. J Voice 2001;15(1):36-53. google scholar
  • Motel T, Fisher K V., Leydon C. Vocal warm-up increases phonation threshold pressure in soprano singers at high pitch. J Voice 2003;17(2):160-7. google scholar
  • Elliot N, Sundberg J, Gramming P. What happens during vocal warm-up? J Voice 1995;9(1):37-44. google scholar
  • Keltz A, McHenry M. Steam and/or semi-occluded vocal tract exercise as morning vocal warm-up strategy. J Voice Published 2022;36(5): 734.e7-13. google scholar
  • Sal^as M, Guzman M, Sandoval G, Vergara C, Lizana J, Quezada C. Water resistance therapy as vocal warm-up method in contemporary commercial music singers. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2020;72(1):1-12. google scholar
  • Titze IR. The five best vocal warm-up exercises. J Sing 2001;57(3):51-2. google scholar
  • Apfelbach CS, Guzman M. Acoustic, aerodynamic, morphometric, and perceptual changes during and after semi-occluded vocal tract exercise: an integrative review. J Voice Published online 2021. google scholar
  • Onofre F, Prado Y de A, Rojas GVE, Garcia DM, Aguiar-Ricz L. Measurements of the acoustic speaking voice after vocal warm-up and cooldown in choir singers. J Voice 2017;31(1):129.e9-14. google scholar
  • Duke E, Plexico LW, Sandage MJ, Hoch M. The effect of traditional singing warm-up versus semioccluded vocal tract exercises on the acoustic parameters of singing voice. J Voice 2015;29(6):727-32. google scholar
  • Cook-Cunningham SL, Grady ML. The effects of three physical and vocal warm-up procedures on acoustic and perceptual measures of choral sound. J Voice 2018;32(2):192-9. google scholar
  • Grady ML, Cook-Cunningham SL. The effects of three physical and vocal warm-up procedures on acoustic and perceptual measures of choral sound: study replication with younger populations. J Voice 2020;34(4):647.e15-22. google scholar
  • Moorcroft L, Kenny DT. Vocal warm-up produces acoustic change in singers’ vibrato rate. J Voice 2012;26(5):667.e13-18. google scholar
  • Gish A, Kunduk M, Sims L, McWhorter AJ. Vocal warm-up practices and perceptions in vocalists: A pilot survey. J Voice 2012;26(1):e1. google scholar
  • Blaylock TR. Effects of systematized vocal warm-up on voices with disorders of various etiologies. J Voice 1999;13(1):43-50. google scholar
  • Kay Elemetrics Corp. Instruction manual: phonatory aerodynamic system model 6600. Lincoln Park, NJ: KayPENTAX; 2010. google scholar
  • Deem JF, Miller L. Manual of Voice Therapy. 2nd ed. Pro-Ed; 2000 google scholar
  • Bishop D. Warm up I: Potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance. Sport Med 2003;33(6):439-54. google scholar
  • Searl J, Bailey E. Vocal behaviors of student actors and student speech-language pathologists. Voice Speech Rev 2014;8(1):5-26. google scholar
  • Ferrand CT. Voice Disorders: A Clinical Reference. Pro-Ed; 2008. google scholar
  • Teixeira JP, Gonçalves A. Accuracy of Jitter and Shimmer Measurements. Procedia Technol 2014;16:1190-9. google scholar
  • Titze IR. Principles of Voice Production. Prentice Hall; 1994. google scholar
  • Şen AZ, Toğram B. The normative study of acoustic and aerodynamic characteristics of voice among healthy adult Turkish speaker population. Biomed Res Int 2021;2021:9217236. google scholar
  • Zraick RI, Smith-Olinde L, Shotts LL. Adult normative data for the KayPENTAX phonatory aerodynamic system model 6600. J Voice 2012;26(2):164-76. google scholar
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Otorhinolaryngology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Merve Aydoğuş 0000-0002-6628-6633

Elçin Tadıhan Özkan 0000-0003-3154-5305

Publication Date September 30, 2024
Submission Date March 17, 2024
Acceptance Date June 12, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 34 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Aydoğuş, M., & Tadıhan Özkan, E. (2024). Immediate Effects of Vocal Warm-Up on the Acoustic and Aerodynamic Parameters of Speech-Language Pathology Students. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat, 34(3), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.26650/Tr-ENT.2024.1454224
AMA Aydoğuş M, Tadıhan Özkan E. Immediate Effects of Vocal Warm-Up on the Acoustic and Aerodynamic Parameters of Speech-Language Pathology Students. Tr-ENT. September 2024;34(3):77-83. doi:10.26650/Tr-ENT.2024.1454224
Chicago Aydoğuş, Merve, and Elçin Tadıhan Özkan. “Immediate Effects of Vocal Warm-Up on the Acoustic and Aerodynamic Parameters of Speech-Language Pathology Students”. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat 34, no. 3 (September 2024): 77-83. https://doi.org/10.26650/Tr-ENT.2024.1454224.
EndNote Aydoğuş M, Tadıhan Özkan E (September 1, 2024) Immediate Effects of Vocal Warm-Up on the Acoustic and Aerodynamic Parameters of Speech-Language Pathology Students. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat 34 3 77–83.
IEEE M. Aydoğuş and E. Tadıhan Özkan, “Immediate Effects of Vocal Warm-Up on the Acoustic and Aerodynamic Parameters of Speech-Language Pathology Students”, Tr-ENT, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 77–83, 2024, doi: 10.26650/Tr-ENT.2024.1454224.
ISNAD Aydoğuş, Merve - Tadıhan Özkan, Elçin. “Immediate Effects of Vocal Warm-Up on the Acoustic and Aerodynamic Parameters of Speech-Language Pathology Students”. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat 34/3 (September 2024), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.26650/Tr-ENT.2024.1454224.
JAMA Aydoğuş M, Tadıhan Özkan E. Immediate Effects of Vocal Warm-Up on the Acoustic and Aerodynamic Parameters of Speech-Language Pathology Students. Tr-ENT. 2024;34:77–83.
MLA Aydoğuş, Merve and Elçin Tadıhan Özkan. “Immediate Effects of Vocal Warm-Up on the Acoustic and Aerodynamic Parameters of Speech-Language Pathology Students”. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat, vol. 34, no. 3, 2024, pp. 77-83, doi:10.26650/Tr-ENT.2024.1454224.
Vancouver Aydoğuş M, Tadıhan Özkan E. Immediate Effects of Vocal Warm-Up on the Acoustic and Aerodynamic Parameters of Speech-Language Pathology Students. Tr-ENT. 2024;34(3):77-83.