KONUŞUL(A)MAYANI ANLATMAK: TRAVMA TEORİSİ VE EDEBİYAT

Year 2024, Volume: 14 Issue: 27, 115 - 138, 31.01.2024

Tuğba Aygan

https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1242569

Abstract

İçinde bulunduğumuz ve bir önceki yüzyıl deneyimlerini en iyi tanımlayan terimlerden biri kuşkusuz travmadır. Yirminci yüzyıl modern savaş anlayışının yarattığı yıkımlara koşut olarak insan psikolojisindeki hasarlarla gündeme gelen travma terimi, 1980 yılında Amerikan Psikiyatri Derneği tarafından resmi olarak tanınır. Ardından doksanlı yıllarda Cathy Caruth, Shoshana Felman ve Dominick LaCapra gibi teorisyenlerin çalışmalarıyla travma olgusu edebiyat, psikoloji ve tarih alanlarında yeni bir odak noktası haline gelir. Freud’dan Caruth’a travmanın doğrudan deneyimlenemez, dolayısıyla anlatılamaz olduğu savı, diğer yandan iyileşme için ihtiyaç duyduğu anlatılma zorunluluğu, ilk kuşak travma teorisinin merkezindeki gerilimi belirler. Ancak yirmibirinci yüzyıl başlarından itibaren Ruth Leys, Steff Craps, Michelle Balaev gibi çağdaş teorisyenler Caruth ve diğerlerinin travma tanımlamasına eleştiriler getirirler. İçinde barındırdığı çeşitlilik ve farklılıklardan dolayı çoğulcu model olarak bilinen çağdaş travma teorileri travmanın konuşulamaz olduğu savını reddederken geleneksel travma teorisinin Batı merkezci olduğunu savunur. Bu nedenle daha kapsayıcı ve çok kültürlü travma modelleri sunarlar. Gerçek hayatta konuşulamayanı dile getirme, hayal edilemeyeni hayal etme gibi sınırlara meydan okuma gücüyle edebiyat, travma teorilerinin de en uğrak noktası olur. Hem Caruth’un öncülüğündeki geleneksel travma teorisi hem de çoğulcu model sıkça edebiyata başvurur. Söz konusu etkileşimden hareketle bu çalışmanın amacı, travmanın geçmişten günümüze uzanan tarihsel seyrini kısa bir tartışmanın ardından, geleneksel ve çağdaş travma teorileri ışığında travma ve edebiyat ilişkisini ele almaktır.

Keywords

Travma, PTSD, edebiyat, travma teorisi

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