IRRIGATION AND LIMING AS FACTORS OF MAIZE YIELD INCREASES IN EASTERN CROATIA

Year 2013, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 93 - 95, 01.08.2015

Monika Markovıć , Marko Josıpovıc Jasna Sostarıc Domagoj Rastıja

Abstract

Maize is the main field crop on arable lands in Croatia. Climatic changes, particularly temperature regime and precipitation quantities and their distribution during growing season had often adverse effects on maize yield. Therefore, irrigation of maize crops in critical periods is useful considering the variations among annual yields caused by water stressed conditions. Acid soils are covering one-third of agricultural soils in Croatia (about 832.000 hectares) and correction of pH by liming is also an important factor for increase and stabilization of annual yield values. The aim of this study was to review irrigation and liming effects on maize yield in eastern Croatia. Eastern Croatia covers an area of 12.454 km2 or 22.0% of the State territory. This region is termed as the “granary of Croatia” because 75% of wheat and 50% of maize harvested areas of the country are located in this region. Maize yields in the long-term (since 2000) irrigation experiments carried on since 2000 on Agricultural Institute Osijek increased by 20% in years with average climate conditions, while under drought conditions of three growing seasons in 2007, 2011 and 2012, yield increases were 32%, 36%, and 47%, respectively. Soil improvement by liming with increasing rates of carbocalk (by-product of sugar factory containing about 43% CaO and about 6% of organic matter) up to 60 t ha-1 was also a useful management practice, because in two experiments maize yields increased up to 25% (4-year average). However, for satisfied yield increases for 16% in both experiments the lowest amount of carbocalk needed for application was 15 t ha-1.

Keywords

Irrigation, liming, maize yield, eastern Croatia

Doğu Hırvatistan’da Sulama ve Kireçleme Faktörlerinin Yıllık Mısır Verimine Etkisi

Abstract

Mısır, Hırvatistan’daki ekilebilir tarım alanlarının başlıca ürünü durumundadır. İklim değişiklikleri, özellikle de sıcaklık ve yağış miktarı ve büyüme sezonu süresince bu iki faktörde görülen dalgalanmalar mısır verimini çoğu kez olumsuz etkilemiştir. Bu nedenle, su stresi koşullarında yıllık ürün miktarındaki değişimler göz önüne alındığında, kritik dönemlerde mısır bitkisinin sulanmasının faydalı olduğu ortadadır. Hırvatistan’daki tarım topraklarının 1/3’lük kısmını (yaklaşık 832.000 hektar) asidik topraklar oluşturmaktadır ve toprağın pH değerinin düzeltilmesi için kireçlenmesi de yıllık verim düzeylerinin arttırılması ve sabitlenmesi açısından önemli bir faktördür. Bu çalışmada sulama ve kireçlemenin Hırvatistan’ın doğusundaki mısır verimi üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Hırvatistan’ın doğusu 12.454 km2‘lik bir alan kaplamaktadır ve bu alan ülke topraklarının %22’sini oluşturmaktadır. Bu bölge Hırvatistan’ın tahıl ambarı olarak isimlendirilmektedir çünkü ülkedeki buğday üretiminin %75’I, mısır üretiminin de %50’si burada yapılmaktadır. Osicek Tarım Enstitüsü’nde 2000 yılından bugüne sürdürülmekte olan uzun dönemli sulama çalışmaları sonucunda ortalama iklim koşullarına sahip alanlardaki mısır verimi %20 artarken, 2007, 2011 ve 2012 yıllarında yaşanan kuraklık dönemlerindeki ürün artışı sırasıyla %32, %36 ve %47 olmuştur. Hektar başına 60 tona kadar ulaşan oranlarda yapılan kireçleme aracılığıyla toprak koşullarının iyileştirilmesi de etkili bir yöntem olmuştur çünkü gerçekleştirilen iki deneysel çalışmada mısır verimi %25’e kadar (4 yıllık ortalama) artış göstermiştir. Ancak her iki deneyde de %16’lık bir verim artışı için uygulanması gereken kireç miktarının hektar başına 15 ton olduğu tespit edilmiştir

Keywords

Sulama, kireçleme, mısır verimi, doğu Hırvatistan

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