Araştırma Makalesi
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Digital Violence and Social Media: A Bibliometric Study

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 09 Sayı: 20, 204 - 227, 31.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.1401797

Öz

This research aims to comprehensively understand digital violence on social media and related concepts. The study encompasses various forms of digital violence, including threats, harassment, and cyberbullying, and aims to examine the manifestation of these types of violence on social media platforms. The significance of the study lies in highlighting the dual role of social media as both a tool for the spread of digital violence and a platform for addressing and combating such violence, especially given the increasing prevalence of digital violence. In this context, the study stands out as a crucial step in comprehending the relationship between digital violence and social media. To compile and analyze existing information, a bibliometric method was employed in the research. This approach seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the connection between digital violence and social media. Focusing on the concepts of "digital violence" and "social media," 20 studies from the WEB of Science database were examined. The studies were found to have commenced in 2016, with a predominant concentration in the field of communication. Regarding geographical distribution, the majority of the studies were observed in Canada and the United Kingdom, while the absence of any studies from Turkey in the WEB of Science category is noteworthy. From an institutional perspective, the highest number of studies originated from York and Coimbra Universities. Results of the keyword analysis indicated that the studies focused on topics such as "social media platforms," "digital culture," "cyber violence," "gender studies," "digital technologies," and "toxic masculinity."

Kaynakça

  • Aldauiji, F., Batarfi, O., & Bayousef, M. (2022). Utilizing Cyber Threat Hunting Techniques to Find Ransomware Attacks: A Survey of the State of the Art. IEEE Access, 10, 61695-61706.
  • Alichie, B. O. (2023). Communication at the margins: Online homophobia from the perspectives of LGBTQ + social media users. Journal of Human Rights, 3(22), 269-283.
  • Alsharif, A. H., Baharun, R., & Salleh, N. Z. (2020). Research Trends of Neuromarketing: A Bibliyometric Analysis. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 98(15), 2948-2962.
  • Baker, Ö. E., & Kavşut, F. (2007). Akran Zorbalığının Yeni Yüzü: Siber Zorbalık. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research(27), 31-42.
  • Balcı, E. V., Duğan, Ö., & Çavaş, B. (2023). Twenty- Two Years of Science Communication Research: A Bibliometric Analysis. Journal of Baltic Science Educations, 22(3), 1-20.
  • Banet-Weiser , S., & Miltner, K. M. (2015). #MasculinitySoFragile: culture, structure, and networked misogyny. Feminist Media Studies, 16(1), 171-174.
  • Baş, Ö., & Öğün, E. P. (2023). Synopsis. Ö. Baş, & E. P. Öğün içinde, The Prevalence of Digital Violence Among Turkish University Students and the Awareness of Combatting Methods. Gaziantep: Özgür Yayınları.
  • Büyükbodur, A. Ç. (2022). Kadına yönelik şiddetin önlenmesinde topluluk temelli sosyal hizmet uygulamaları. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(131), 34-49.
  • Bayram, N., & Saylı, M. (2013). Üniversite Öğrencileri Arasında Siber Zorbalık Davranışı. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, 71(1), 107-116.
  • Cebecioğlu, G., & Altıparmak, İ. B. (2017). Dijital Şiddet: Sosyal Paylaşım Ağları Üzerine Bir Araştırma Digital Violence: A Research on Social Networks. Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 7(2), 423-431.
  • Demir, Y., & Öztürk, M. (2023). Tarihsel Süreçte “Çevrim içi Taciz”: Bibliyometrik Bir Analiz. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(2), 939-953.
  • Dodge, A. (2016). Digitizing rape culture: Online sexual violence and the power of the digital photograph. Crime Media Culture, 12(1), 65-82.
  • Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research(133), 285-295.
  • Ekrem, E. C., & Güneri, S. E. (2021). Kadına Yönelik Şiddetin Dijital Dünyaya Yansıması. Journal of Human Studies, 4(8), 1-9.
  • Esen, R., & Yengin, D. (2021). Yeni Medya Bağımlılığında Photolurking Sonucu Ortaya Çıkan Dijital Şiddet Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 5(2), 1156-171.
  • Estrada, M. S. (2022). Feminist struggles against criminalization of digital violence: Lessons for Internet governance from the global south. Policy & Internet, 14(2), 410-423.
  • Estrada, M. S. (2023). Feminist Strategies Against Digital Violence: Embodying and Politicizing the Internet. Women in Movement & Feminisms: Critical Materialisms & Environmentalisms, 17(2).
  • Faraz, A., Mounsef, J., Raza, A., & Wills, S. (2022). Child Safety and Protection in the Online Gaming Ecosystem. IEEE Access, 10, 115895-115913.
  • Fire, M., Goldscmidt, R., & Elovici, Y. (2014). Online Social Networks: Threats and Solutions. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 16(4), 2019-2036.
  • Galpin, C. (2022). At the Digital Margins? A Theoretical Examination of Social Media Engagement Using Intersectional Feminism. Politics and Governance, 10(1), 161-171.
  • Glosse, C., Veletsianos, G., Hodson, J., Houlden, S., Dousay, T. A., Lowenthal, P. R., & Hal, N. (2021). The hidden costs of connectivity: nature and effects of scholars’ online harassment. Learning, Media and Technology, 46(3), 264-280.
  • Hassan, H. E., Sheha, E., Gamel, W., & Arafa, A. (2019). Online Harassment and Cyberbullying Victimization and Its Emotional Impacts among Female Nursing and Non-Nursing Students. American Journal of Nursing Research, 7(2), 102-108.
  • Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2016). Sexual Violence in the Digital Age: The Scope and Limits of Criminal Law. Social & Legal Studies, 25(4), 1-22.
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2005). Cyberbullying victimization. Preliminary findings from an online survey of Internet-using adolescents.
  • Korkmaz, A. (2016). Siber Zorbalık Davranışları Sergileme ve Siber Zorbalığa Maruz Kalma Durumlarının Karşılaştırılması. TRT Akademi, 1(2), 619-639.
  • Estrada, M. S. (2023). Feminist Strategies Against Digital Violence: Embodying and Politicizing the Internet. Women in Movement & Feminisms: Critical Materialisms & Environmentalisms, 17(2).
  • Kozan, M., & Özek, B. M. (2019). Böte Bölümü Öğretmen Adaylarının Dijital Okuryazarlık Düzeyleri Ve Siber Zorbalığa İlişkin Duyarlılıklarının İncelenmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 29(1), 107-120.
  • Li, W., & Peng, H. (2022). The impact of strain, constraints, and morality on different cyberbullying roles: A partial test of Agnew’s general strain theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.
  • Lindsay, M., & Krysik, J. (2012). Online Harassment Among College Students A replication incorporating new Internet Trends. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 703-719.
  • Lu, S., & Luqiu, L. R. (2023). When Will one Help? Understanding Audience Intervention in Online Harassment of Women Journalists. Journalism Practice.
  • Lunstrum, E. (2017). Feed them to the lions: Conservation violence goes online. Geoforum, 79, 134-143.
  • Mao, G., Zou, H., Chen, G., Du, H., & Zuo, J. (2015). Past, current and future of biomass energy research: A bibliometric analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews(52), 1823-1833.
  • Martinez, M. H. (2020). Feminist Cyber-resistance to Digital Violence: Surviving Gamergate. DEBATS(5), 287-302. Nadim, M., & Fladmoe, A. (2019). Silencing Women? Gender and Online Harassment. Social Science Computer Review, 39(2), 1-14.
  • Ngo, A., Tran, A., Tran, B., Nguyen, L., Hoang, M., Nguyen, T., & Ho, C. (2021). Cyberbullying among school adolescents in an urban setting of a developing country: experience, coping strategies, and mediating effects of different support on psychological well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
  • Özgür, H. O., & Özkul, M. (2022). Risk Toplumunda Kuşakların Yeni Şiddet Deneyimi: Dijital Şiddet. Turkish Studies, 17(3), 551-568.
  • Özsungur, F. (2021). Strategic Social Work Management in Digital Violence Against Women. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 32(2), 661-687.
  • Palaiologou, I. (2017). Digital violence and children under five: The Phantom Menace within digital homes of the 21st century? Education Sciences & Society(1), 123-136.
  • Raj, M., Singh, S., & Solanki, K. (2022). An Application to Detect Cyberbullying Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques. SN Computer Science, 5(3), 401.
  • Salter, M. (2018). From geek masculinity to Gamergate: the technological rationality of online abuse. Crime, Media, Culture, 14(2), 247-264.
  • Seçgin, L., & Selçuk, K. T. (2023). Sanal Ağların Distopyası: Kadına Yönelik Dijital Şiddet. Dünya İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi(1), 203-217.
  • Simoes, R. B., Amaral, I., & Santos, S. J. (2021). The new feminist frontier on community-based learning Popular feminism, online misogyny, and toxic masculinities. European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 12(2), 165-177.
  • Skilbred-Fjeld, S., Reme, S. E., & Mossige, S. (2020). Cyberbullying involvement and mental health problems among late adolescents. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 14(1).
  • Tiryaki, S. (2023). Riskler ve Olanaklar Arasında Dijital Ebeveynlik: Bibliyometrik Bir Analiz. TRT Akademi, 8(19), 746-765.
  • van Eck , N. J., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics(84), 523-538.
  • van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2017). Citation-based clustering of publications using CitNetExplorer and VOSviewer. Scientometrics(111), 1053-1070.
  • Vitis, L., & Gilmour, F. (2016). Dick pics on blast: A woman’s resistance to online sexual harassment using humour, art and Instagram. Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal, 13(3), 335-355.
  • Wang, K., Lu, D., Han, C., Long, S., & Poon, J. (2020). Detect All Abuse! Toward Universal Abusive Language Detection Models. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (s. 6366--6376). Barcelona: International Committee on Computational Linguistics.
  • Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. (2005). Exposure to Internet Pornography among Children and Adolescents: A National Survey. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(5), 473-486.
  • Zeljko, B., & Aleksandar, F. M. (2021). Specific Characteristics of Digital Violence and Digital Crime. Law Theory & Prac.(16), 16-32.
  • Zhang, X., Chen, H., Wang, W., & Ordon, P. (2016). What is the role of IT in innovation? A bibliometric analysis of research development in IT innovation. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35(12), 1130–1143.

Dijital Şiddet ve Sosyal Medya Üzerine Bibliyometrik Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 09 Sayı: 20, 204 - 227, 31.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.1401797

Öz

Bu araştırma, sosyal medyada yaşanan dijital şiddeti ve şiddetle bağlantılı kavramları detaylı bir şekilde anlamayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışma, dijital şiddetin tehdit, taciz ve siber zorbalık gibi çeşitli biçimlerini içermekte ve bu şiddet türlerinin sosyal medya platformlarındaki görünümünü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın önemi, dijital şiddetin artan bir sorun olmasıyla birlikte, sosyal medyanın bu şiddetin hem yayılmasında bir araç olarak kullanılmasının hem de bu şiddeti ele almak için bir platform olarak işlev görmesinin vurgusunu yapmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çalışma dijital şiddet ve sosyal medya ilişkisini anlamak adına önemli bir adım olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Araştırmada, mevcut bilgileri derlemek ve analiz etmek amacıyla bibliyometrik bir yöntem kullanılmıştır. Bu şekilde, dijital şiddetin sosyal medya ile ilişkisine dair daha derinlemesine bilgi elde edilmesine katkı sağlanması hedeflenmektedir. Çalışmada, "dijital şiddet" ve "sosyal medya" kavramlarına odaklanarak WEB of Science veri tabanında yer alan 20 çalışma incelenmiştir. Çalışmaların 2016 yılında başladığı ve en fazla çalışmanın iletişim alanında yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışmaların coğrafi dağılımında ise en fazla çalışmanın Kanada ve İngiltere'de olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ancak Türkiye'den WEB of Science kategorisinde herhangi bir çalışma bulunamamış olması dikkat çekicidir. Kurumsal açıdan incelendiğinde, en fazla çalışmanın York ve Coimbra Üniversitelerinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ortak anahtar kelime analizi sonuçları, çalışmaların en az "sosyal medya platformları", "dijital kültür", "siber şiddet", "cinsiyet çalışmaları", "dijital teknolojiler" ve "toksik erkeklik" gibi konulara odaklandığını ortaya koymuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Aldauiji, F., Batarfi, O., & Bayousef, M. (2022). Utilizing Cyber Threat Hunting Techniques to Find Ransomware Attacks: A Survey of the State of the Art. IEEE Access, 10, 61695-61706.
  • Alichie, B. O. (2023). Communication at the margins: Online homophobia from the perspectives of LGBTQ + social media users. Journal of Human Rights, 3(22), 269-283.
  • Alsharif, A. H., Baharun, R., & Salleh, N. Z. (2020). Research Trends of Neuromarketing: A Bibliyometric Analysis. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 98(15), 2948-2962.
  • Baker, Ö. E., & Kavşut, F. (2007). Akran Zorbalığının Yeni Yüzü: Siber Zorbalık. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research(27), 31-42.
  • Balcı, E. V., Duğan, Ö., & Çavaş, B. (2023). Twenty- Two Years of Science Communication Research: A Bibliometric Analysis. Journal of Baltic Science Educations, 22(3), 1-20.
  • Banet-Weiser , S., & Miltner, K. M. (2015). #MasculinitySoFragile: culture, structure, and networked misogyny. Feminist Media Studies, 16(1), 171-174.
  • Baş, Ö., & Öğün, E. P. (2023). Synopsis. Ö. Baş, & E. P. Öğün içinde, The Prevalence of Digital Violence Among Turkish University Students and the Awareness of Combatting Methods. Gaziantep: Özgür Yayınları.
  • Büyükbodur, A. Ç. (2022). Kadına yönelik şiddetin önlenmesinde topluluk temelli sosyal hizmet uygulamaları. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(131), 34-49.
  • Bayram, N., & Saylı, M. (2013). Üniversite Öğrencileri Arasında Siber Zorbalık Davranışı. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, 71(1), 107-116.
  • Cebecioğlu, G., & Altıparmak, İ. B. (2017). Dijital Şiddet: Sosyal Paylaşım Ağları Üzerine Bir Araştırma Digital Violence: A Research on Social Networks. Sakarya Üniversitesi Eğitim Dergisi, 7(2), 423-431.
  • Demir, Y., & Öztürk, M. (2023). Tarihsel Süreçte “Çevrim içi Taciz”: Bibliyometrik Bir Analiz. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(2), 939-953.
  • Dodge, A. (2016). Digitizing rape culture: Online sexual violence and the power of the digital photograph. Crime Media Culture, 12(1), 65-82.
  • Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N., & Lim, W. M. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research(133), 285-295.
  • Ekrem, E. C., & Güneri, S. E. (2021). Kadına Yönelik Şiddetin Dijital Dünyaya Yansıması. Journal of Human Studies, 4(8), 1-9.
  • Esen, R., & Yengin, D. (2021). Yeni Medya Bağımlılığında Photolurking Sonucu Ortaya Çıkan Dijital Şiddet Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 5(2), 1156-171.
  • Estrada, M. S. (2022). Feminist struggles against criminalization of digital violence: Lessons for Internet governance from the global south. Policy & Internet, 14(2), 410-423.
  • Estrada, M. S. (2023). Feminist Strategies Against Digital Violence: Embodying and Politicizing the Internet. Women in Movement & Feminisms: Critical Materialisms & Environmentalisms, 17(2).
  • Faraz, A., Mounsef, J., Raza, A., & Wills, S. (2022). Child Safety and Protection in the Online Gaming Ecosystem. IEEE Access, 10, 115895-115913.
  • Fire, M., Goldscmidt, R., & Elovici, Y. (2014). Online Social Networks: Threats and Solutions. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 16(4), 2019-2036.
  • Galpin, C. (2022). At the Digital Margins? A Theoretical Examination of Social Media Engagement Using Intersectional Feminism. Politics and Governance, 10(1), 161-171.
  • Glosse, C., Veletsianos, G., Hodson, J., Houlden, S., Dousay, T. A., Lowenthal, P. R., & Hal, N. (2021). The hidden costs of connectivity: nature and effects of scholars’ online harassment. Learning, Media and Technology, 46(3), 264-280.
  • Hassan, H. E., Sheha, E., Gamel, W., & Arafa, A. (2019). Online Harassment and Cyberbullying Victimization and Its Emotional Impacts among Female Nursing and Non-Nursing Students. American Journal of Nursing Research, 7(2), 102-108.
  • Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2016). Sexual Violence in the Digital Age: The Scope and Limits of Criminal Law. Social & Legal Studies, 25(4), 1-22.
  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2005). Cyberbullying victimization. Preliminary findings from an online survey of Internet-using adolescents.
  • Korkmaz, A. (2016). Siber Zorbalık Davranışları Sergileme ve Siber Zorbalığa Maruz Kalma Durumlarının Karşılaştırılması. TRT Akademi, 1(2), 619-639.
  • Estrada, M. S. (2023). Feminist Strategies Against Digital Violence: Embodying and Politicizing the Internet. Women in Movement & Feminisms: Critical Materialisms & Environmentalisms, 17(2).
  • Kozan, M., & Özek, B. M. (2019). Böte Bölümü Öğretmen Adaylarının Dijital Okuryazarlık Düzeyleri Ve Siber Zorbalığa İlişkin Duyarlılıklarının İncelenmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 29(1), 107-120.
  • Li, W., & Peng, H. (2022). The impact of strain, constraints, and morality on different cyberbullying roles: A partial test of Agnew’s general strain theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.
  • Lindsay, M., & Krysik, J. (2012). Online Harassment Among College Students A replication incorporating new Internet Trends. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 703-719.
  • Lu, S., & Luqiu, L. R. (2023). When Will one Help? Understanding Audience Intervention in Online Harassment of Women Journalists. Journalism Practice.
  • Lunstrum, E. (2017). Feed them to the lions: Conservation violence goes online. Geoforum, 79, 134-143.
  • Mao, G., Zou, H., Chen, G., Du, H., & Zuo, J. (2015). Past, current and future of biomass energy research: A bibliometric analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews(52), 1823-1833.
  • Martinez, M. H. (2020). Feminist Cyber-resistance to Digital Violence: Surviving Gamergate. DEBATS(5), 287-302. Nadim, M., & Fladmoe, A. (2019). Silencing Women? Gender and Online Harassment. Social Science Computer Review, 39(2), 1-14.
  • Ngo, A., Tran, A., Tran, B., Nguyen, L., Hoang, M., Nguyen, T., & Ho, C. (2021). Cyberbullying among school adolescents in an urban setting of a developing country: experience, coping strategies, and mediating effects of different support on psychological well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
  • Özgür, H. O., & Özkul, M. (2022). Risk Toplumunda Kuşakların Yeni Şiddet Deneyimi: Dijital Şiddet. Turkish Studies, 17(3), 551-568.
  • Özsungur, F. (2021). Strategic Social Work Management in Digital Violence Against Women. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 32(2), 661-687.
  • Palaiologou, I. (2017). Digital violence and children under five: The Phantom Menace within digital homes of the 21st century? Education Sciences & Society(1), 123-136.
  • Raj, M., Singh, S., & Solanki, K. (2022). An Application to Detect Cyberbullying Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques. SN Computer Science, 5(3), 401.
  • Salter, M. (2018). From geek masculinity to Gamergate: the technological rationality of online abuse. Crime, Media, Culture, 14(2), 247-264.
  • Seçgin, L., & Selçuk, K. T. (2023). Sanal Ağların Distopyası: Kadına Yönelik Dijital Şiddet. Dünya İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi(1), 203-217.
  • Simoes, R. B., Amaral, I., & Santos, S. J. (2021). The new feminist frontier on community-based learning Popular feminism, online misogyny, and toxic masculinities. European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 12(2), 165-177.
  • Skilbred-Fjeld, S., Reme, S. E., & Mossige, S. (2020). Cyberbullying involvement and mental health problems among late adolescents. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 14(1).
  • Tiryaki, S. (2023). Riskler ve Olanaklar Arasında Dijital Ebeveynlik: Bibliyometrik Bir Analiz. TRT Akademi, 8(19), 746-765.
  • van Eck , N. J., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics(84), 523-538.
  • van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2017). Citation-based clustering of publications using CitNetExplorer and VOSviewer. Scientometrics(111), 1053-1070.
  • Vitis, L., & Gilmour, F. (2016). Dick pics on blast: A woman’s resistance to online sexual harassment using humour, art and Instagram. Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal, 13(3), 335-355.
  • Wang, K., Lu, D., Han, C., Long, S., & Poon, J. (2020). Detect All Abuse! Toward Universal Abusive Language Detection Models. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (s. 6366--6376). Barcelona: International Committee on Computational Linguistics.
  • Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. (2005). Exposure to Internet Pornography among Children and Adolescents: A National Survey. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(5), 473-486.
  • Zeljko, B., & Aleksandar, F. M. (2021). Specific Characteristics of Digital Violence and Digital Crime. Law Theory & Prac.(16), 16-32.
  • Zhang, X., Chen, H., Wang, W., & Ordon, P. (2016). What is the role of IT in innovation? A bibliometric analysis of research development in IT innovation. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35(12), 1130–1143.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları (Diğer)
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Melis Karakuş 0000-0002-5758-7792

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 19 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 09 Sayı: 20

Kaynak Göster

APA Karakuş, M. (2024). Dijital Şiddet ve Sosyal Medya Üzerine Bibliyometrik Bir Araştırma. TRT Akademi, 09(20), 204-227. https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.1401797