Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

A Phenomenological Research on the Role of Paradoxical Behaviors of the Team Leader in the Grateful Team Climate

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 107 - 132, 31.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1454703

Abstract

This research aims to investigate the relationship between the feeling of gratitude in team members and paradoxical leadership behavior in a sports team where a grateful team climate is experienced. For this purpose, the feelings, thoughts and experiences of the athletes in a fencing team characterized by the phenomenon of gratitude were consulted. “What are the paradoxical leadership behaviors that make team members feel grateful?” question constitutes the main problem of this research. In collecting research data, in addition to the grateful team climate scale, the team members' experiences within the team were accessed through structured open-ended questions, and the effects of paradoxical leadership behavior were sought in these experiences. Data was analyzed with MAXQDA 24 ANALYTICS Pro. Based on the data obtained in accordance with the phenomenology pattern application, the inter-phenomenal relationships determined were evaluated in the context of the emergence of the gratitude climate and the paradoxical leader's attitudes and behaviors. According to the research findings, it has been concluded that paradoxical leadership attitudes and behaviors have an impact on the formation of a grateful team climate. According to the research findings, it has been concluded that paradoxical leadership attitudes and behaviors have a decisive role in the formation of a grateful team climate.

References

  • 1. Langston CA. Capitalizing on and coping with daily-life events: Expressive responses to positive events. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994 Dec;67(6):1112–25. 2. McCullough ME, Emmons RA, Kilpatrick SD, Larson DB. Is Gratitude a Moral Effect? Psychol Bull. 2001;127(2).
  • 3. Watkins PC. Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being. In: The Psychology of Gratitude. Oxford University Press; 2004. p. 167–92.
  • 4. Bateman B, Colin Wilson F, Bingham D. Team effectiveness – development of an audit questionnaire. Journal of Management Development. 2002 Apr 1;21(3):215–26.
  • 5. Zhu YQ, Gardner DG, Chen HG. Relationships Between Work Team Climate, Individual Motivation, and Creativity. J Manage. 2018 May 20;44(5):2094–115.
  • 6. İnce M, Bedük A, Aydoğan E. Örgütlerde Takım Çalışmasına Yönelik Etkin Liderlik Nitelikleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi [Internet]. 2004;(11):423–46. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/susbed/issue/61775/923553
  • 7. Şirin T, Eratlı Şirin Y, Metin M. Kriz Zamanlarında Spor Örgüt Yönetimi: Covıd-19 Örneği. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020 Dec 28;3(2):331–45.
  • 8. Okumuş MT, Bakan İ. Demografik Özellikler (Eğitim Düzeyi ve Kıdem) kapsamında Çalışanların İş Tatmini ve Takım İklimi Algıları: Bir Alan Araştırması. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022 Sep 30;14(3):267–78.
  • 9. González‐Romá V, Fortes‐Ferreira L, Peiró JM. Team climate, climate strength and team performance. A longitudinal study. J Occup Organ Psychol. 2009 Sep 24;82(3):511–36.
  • 10. Niraj K. Organizational Behaviour: A New Look : Concept, Theory & Cases. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House; 2008. 672.
  • 11. Ronald R. Sims. Managing Organizational Behavior. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books; 2002. 390.
  • 12. Steven L. McShane, Mary Ann Von Glinow, McGraw Hill. Örgütsel Davranış. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık; 2016.
  • 13. Zehir C, Özşaahin M. Takım Yönetimi ve Takım Etkinliğiniz Belirleyen Faktörler: Savunma Sanayinde Ar-Ge Yapan Takımlar Üzerinde Bir Saha Araştırması. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi [Internet]. 2008;9(2):266–79. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/doujournal/issue/66659/1042979
  • 14. Yazıcı AG, Engin MÇ, Özdemir K. Sporcuların Bazı Değişkenlere Göre Liderlik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020 Jun 30;(40):26–37.
  • 15. Ahat K, Zerenler M. Estetik İletişim: Organizasyon Değerinin İnsan Kaynaklarının Aidiyet Duygusu Üzerindeki Etkisinde Deneyimin Aracılık Rolü. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi [Internet]. 2019;24(1):1–17. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sduiibfd/issue/53003/703245
  • 16. Özbay EM, Arslan H. Günümüz Yönetim Anlayışında Takım Oyununun Önemi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi [Internet]. 2007;6(21):293–305. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/esosder/issue/6135/82288
  • 17. Donnelon A. Takım Dinamiğinde Takım Dili. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık; 1998. 342.
  • 18. Ancona D, Kochan T, Scully M, Van Maanen J, Westney D. Eleanor. Managing for the Future: Organizational Behavior and Processes. 3rd ed. Ohio: South-Western College Publishing; 2005.
  • 19. Demir Y, Çavuş MF. İşletmelerde Takım Dinamiğinin Önemi Etkileri. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi [Internet]. 2009;18(2):119–28. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cusosbil/issue/4382/60128
  • 20. Cohen SG, Bailey DE. What makes teams work: Group effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite. J Manage. 1997;23(3).
  • 21. Stoner JAF. Teamwork: What Must Go Right/What Can Go Wrong (Book). J Manage. 1991;17(1).
  • 22. Bain PG, Mann L, Pirola-Merlo A. The Innovation Imperative. Small Group Res. 2001 Feb 18;32(1):55–73.
  • 23. Eppler MJ, Sukowski O. Managing team knowledge: core processes, tools and enabling factors. European Management Journal. 2000 Jun 1;18(3):334–41.
  • 24. Anderson NR, West MA. Measuring climate for work group innovation: development and validation of the team climate inventory. J Organ Behav. 1998 May;19(3):235–58.
  • 25. Xue Y, Bradley J, Liang H. Team climate, empowering leadership, and knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management. 2011 Apr 5;15(2):299–312.
  • 26. Pirola-Merlo A, Härtel C, Mann L, Hirst G. How leaders influence the impact of affective events on team climate and performance in R&D teams. Leadersh Q. 2002 Oct;13(5):561–81.
  • 27. Özsoylar Ö, Türker MV. Çalışanların Minnettarlık Algısı ile Psikolojik Sermaye Algısı Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Görgül Bir Araştırma. Öneri Dergisi. 2021 Jul 31;16(56):769–91.
  • 28. Altuntaş S. Ergenlerde iyi oluşun yordayıcısı olarak yaşamda anlam, minnettarlık ve affedicilik [Doktora]. İnönü Üniversitesi; 2018.
  • 29. Haidt J. Mutluluk Varsayımı. İstanbul: Hil Yayınları; 2019. 336.
  • 30. Şevik Ü. Pozitif Psikolojik Sermayenin Mevcut ve Muhtemel Alt Boyutlarının Literatürdeki Seyri: Bibliyometrik Bir Analiz. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 2023 Jul 17;12(3):1044–61.
  • 31. Patnaik S, Mishra US, Mishra BB. Can psychological capital reduce stress and job insecurity? An experimental examination with Indian evidence. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. 2022 Sep 31;39(3):1071–96.
  • 32. Luthans F, Avey JB, Avolio BJ, Peterson SJ. The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital. Hum Resour Dev Q. 2010 Mar 24;21(1):41–67.
  • 33. Avey JB, Luthans F, Mhatre KH. A call for longitudinal research in positive organizational behavior. J Organ Behav. 2008 Jul 22;29(5):705–11.
  • 34. Luthans F, Norman SM, Avolio BJ, Avey JB. The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate—employee performance relationship. J Organ Behav. 2008 Feb 15;29(2):219–38.
  • 35. Luthans F, Luthans KW, Luthans BC. Positive psychological capital: beyond human and social capital. Bus Horiz. 2004 Jan;47(1):45–50.
  • 36. Luthans F, Avolio BJ, Walumbwa FO, Li W. The Psychological Capital of Chinese Workers: Exploring the Relationship with Performance. Management and Organization Review. 2005 Jul 2;1(02):249–71.
  • 37. Luthans F, Avey JB, Patera JL. Experimental Analysis of a Web-Based Training Intervention to Develop Positive Psychological Capital. Academy of Management Learning & Education. 2008 Jun;7(2):209–21.
  • 38. Luthans F, Youssef-Morgan CM. Psychological Capital: An Evidence-Based Positive Approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 2017 Mar 21;4(1):339–66.
  • 39. Luthans F, Jensen SM. Hope: A New Positive Strength for Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development Review. 2002 Sep 24;1(3):304–22.
  • 40. Avey JB, Luthans F, Jensen SM. Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Hum Resour Manage. 2009 Sep 28;48(5):677–93.
  • 41. Avey JB, Luthans F, Youssef CM. The Additive Value of Positive Psychological Capital in Predicting Work Attitudes and Behaviors. J Manage. 2010 Mar 17;36(2):430–52.
  • 42. Luthans F, Broad JD. Positive psychological capital to help combat the mental health fallout from the pandemic and VUCA environment. Organ Dyn. 2022 Apr;51(2):100817.
  • 43. Luthans F, Avolio BJ, Avey JB, N SM. Positive Psychological Capital: Measurement and Relationship with Performance and Satisfaction. Pers Psychol. 2007 Sep 4;60(3):541–72.
  • 44. Karadeniz S, Cengiz Ö. Öğretmenlerin Minnettarlık, Psikolojik Sermaye ve İş Doyum Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Turkish Studies-Educational Sciences. 2020;Volume 15 Issue 2(Volume 15 Issue 2):717–30.
  • 45. Acar MC. Minnettarlık Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Artuklu Akademi. 2022 Jun 27;9(1):101–12.
  • 46. Emmons RA, Shelton CM. Gratitude and the science of positive psychology. In: Handbook of positive psychology. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 459–71.
  • 47. Emmons AR. Teşekkür Ederim! İstanbul: Doğan Kitap; 2009. 176.
  • 48. Emmons RA, McCullough ME. Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003 Feb;84(2):377–89.
  • 49. J. Mills M, R. Fleck C, Kozikowski A. Positive psychology at work: A conceptual review, state-of-practice assessment, and a look ahead. J Posit Psychol. 2013 Mar;8(2):153–64.
  • 50. Burke RJ, Ng ESW, Fiksenbaum L. Virtues, work satisfaction and psychological wellbeing among nurses. Int J Workplace Health Manag. 2009 Sep 25;2(3):202–19.
  • 51. Dik BJ, Duffy RD, Allan BA, O’Donnell MB, Shim Y, Steger MF. Purpose and Meaning in Career Development Applications. Couns Psychol. 2015 May 3;43(4):558–85.
  • 52. Chen LH, Wu CH. Gratitude Enhances Change in Athletes’ Self-Esteem: The Moderating Role of Trust in Coach. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2014 Jul 3;26(3):349–62.
  • 53. Celano CM, Beale EE, Beach SR, Belcher AM, Suarez L, Motiwala SR, et al. Associations Between Psychological Constructs and Cardiac Biomarkers After Acute Coronary Syndrome. Psychosom Med. 2017 Apr;79(3):318–26.
  • 54. Dickerhoof RM. Expressing optimism and gratitude: A longitudinal investigation of cognitive strategies to increase well-being. Vol. 68. [US]; 2007.
  • 55. Kerr SL, O’Donovan A, Pepping CA. Can Gratitude and Kindness Interventions Enhance Well-Being in a Clinical Sample? J Happiness Stud. 2015 Feb 19;16(1):17–36.
  • 56. Chan DW. Gratitude, gratitude intervention, and subjective well‐being among Chinese school teachers in Hong Kong. Educ Psychol (Lond). 2010 Mar 14;30(2):139–53.
  • 57. Martínez-Martí ML, Avia MD, Hernández-Lloreda MJ. The Effects of Counting Blessings on Subjective Well-Being: A Gratitude Intervention in a Spanish Sample. Span J Psychol. 2010 Nov 10;13(2):886–96.
  • 58. Froh JJ, Bono G, Fan J, Emmons RA, Henderson K, Harris C, et al. Nice thinking! An educational intervention that teaches children to think gratefully. School Psych Rev. 2014;43(2):132–52.
  • 59. Wood AM, Froh JJ, Geraghty AWA. Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010 Nov;30(7):890–905.
  • 60. Watkins PC, Grimm DL, Kolts R. Counting your blessings: Positive memories among grateful persons. Current Psychology. 2004 Mar;23(1):52–67.
  • 61. Wood AM, Joseph S, Maltby J. Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the Big Five facets. Pers Individ Dif. 2009 Mar;46(4):443–7.
  • 62. Arıcioglu A. Mediating the Effect of Gratitude in the Relationship between Forgiveness and Life Satisfaction among University Students. International Journal of Higher Education. 2016 Apr 19;5(2).
  • 63. Oğuz Duran N, Tan Ş. Minnettarlık ve Yaşam Amaçları Yazma Çalışmalarının Öznel İyi Oluşa Etkisi. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal [Internet]. 2013;4(40):154–66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.37862
  • 64. Toepfer SM, Cichy K, Peters P. Letters of Gratitude: Further Evidence for Author Benefits. J Happiness Stud. 2012 Mar 7;13(1):187–201.
  • 65. Wood AM, Joseph S, Lloyd J, Atkins S. Gratitude influences sleep through the mechanism of pre-sleep cognitions. J Psychosom Res. 2009 Jan;66(1):43–8.
  • 66. Wood AM, Froh JJ, Geraghty AWA. Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010 Nov;30(7):890–905.
  • 67. Gleason JB, Weintraub S. The acquisition of routines in child language. Language in Society [Internet]. 2008/12/18. 1976;5(2):129–36. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/1FEFAF13976D9B8ED7DB0819E92D9A31
  • 68. Graham S, Weiner B. From an Attributional Theory of Emotion to Developmental Psychology: A Round-Trip Ticket? Soc Cogn. 1986 Jun;4(2):152–79.
  • 69. Fredrickson BL. What Good Are Positive Emotions? Review of General Psychology. 1998 Sep 1;2(3):300–19.
  • 70. Froh JJ, Sefick WJ, Emmons RA. Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. J Sch Psychol. 2008 Apr;46(2):213–33.
  • 71. Suldo SM, Huebner ES. Does life satisfaction moderate the effects of stressful life events on psychopathological behavior during adolescence? School Psychology Quarterly. 2004;19(2):93–105.
  • 72. Gilman R, Huebner S. A review of life satisfaction research with children and adolescents. School Psychology Quarterly. 2003;18(2):192–205.
  • 73. Valois RF, Zullig KJ, Huebner ES, Drane JW. Relationship Between Life Satisfaction and Violent Behaviors among Adolescents. Am J Health Behav. 2001 Jul 1;25(4):353–66.
  • 74. Fredrickson BL, Tugade MM, Waugh CE, Larkin GR. What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003 Feb;84(2):365–76.
  • 75. Lambert NM, Fincham FD, Stillman TF. Gratitude and depressive symptoms: The role of positive reframing and positive emotion. Cogn Emot. 2012 Jun;26(4):615–33.
  • 76. Toussaint L, Friedman P. Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Affect and Beliefs. J Happiness Stud. 2009 Dec 12;10(6):635–54.
  • 77. Kardas F, Cam Z, Eskisu M, Gelibolu S. Gratitude, Hope, Optimism and Life Satisfaction as Predictors of Psychological Well-Being. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2019 Aug 9;19(82):1–20.
  • 78. Şahin Baltacı H, Özkılıç I, Küçüker D, Altan T. Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Mental İyi Oluşun Yordayıcıları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023 Jan 31;(65):288–313.
  • 79. Seligman MEP, Steen TA, Park N, Peterson C. Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions. American Psychologist. 2005 Jul;60(5):410–21.
  • 80. Solomon RC. Spirituality for the Skeptic. Oxford University PressNew York; 2002.
  • 81. Etchegoyen RH, Nemas CR. Salieri’s Dilemma: A counterpoint between envy and appreciation. Int J Psychoanal. 2003 Feb 1;84(1):45–58.
  • 82. Kasser T, Ahuvia A. Materialistic values and well‐being in business students. Eur J Soc Psychol. 2002 Jan 21;32(1):137–46.
  • 83. Chow RM, Lowery BS. Thanks, but no thanks: The role of personal responsibility in the experience of gratitude. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2010 May;46(3):487–93.
  • 84. Arslan S. Anneye bağlanma ve örgütsel bağlılık arasındaki ilişkinin yaşam doyumu, öğrenilmiş çaresizlik ve minnettarlık aracı rolüyle incelenmesi [Yüksek Lisans]. [İstanbul]: Beykent Üniversitesi; 2015.
  • 85. Topçu M. Minnettarlık ve travma sonrası gelişim: Erken yaş dönemi uyumsuz şemaları ve başa çıkma yolları, kontrol odağı ve sorumluluğun rolü [Doktora]. [Ankara]: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi; 2016.
  • 86. Datu JAD. Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Subjective Well-Being Among Filipino Adolescents. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 2014 Sep 18;36(3):262–73.
  • 87. Chan DW. Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers: The contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to happiness. Teach Teach Educ. 2013 May;32:22–30.
  • 88. DeWall CN, Lambert NM, Pond RS, Kashdan TB, Fincham FD. A Grateful Heart is a Nonviolent Heart. Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2012 Mar 6;3(2):232–40.
  • 89. Lyubomirsky S, Dickerhoof R, Boehm JK, Sheldon KM. Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: An experimental longitudinal intervention to boost well-being. Emotion. 2011 Apr;11(2):391–402.
  • 90. Boehm JK, Lyubomirsky S, Sheldon KM. A longitudinal experimental study comparing the effectiveness of happiness-enhancing strategies in Anglo-Americans and Asian-Americans. Cogn Emot. 2011 Nov 28;25(7):1263–72.
  • 91. Geraghty AWA, Wood AM, Hyland ME. Dissociating the facets of hope: Agency and pathways predict dropout from unguided self-help therapy in opposite directions. J Res Pers. 2010 Feb;44(1):155–8.
  • 92. Gordon AK, Musher-Eizenman DR, Holub SC, Dalrymple J. What are children thankful for? An archival analysis of gratitude before and after the attacks of September 11. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2004 Sep;25(5):541–53.
  • 93. Özgener Ş, Maraşlıoğlu B. Paradoksal Lider Davranışı ve Proaktif Davranışların Role Dayalı Performansa Etkisinde Algılanan Motivasyon İkliminin Aracı Rolü. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi [Internet]. 2022;24(2):347–77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21180/iibfdkastamonu.1193842
  • 94. Schad J, Lewis MW, Raisch S, Smith WK. Paradox research in management science: Looking back to move forward. Acad Manag Ann. 2016;10(1):5–64.
  • 95. Julmi C. Crazy, stupid, disobedience: The dark side of paradoxical leadership. Leadership. 2021 Dec 28;17(6):631–53.
  • 96. Yücel D. Paradoksal Liderlik Çalışan Çift Yönlülüğünü ve Çalışan Yaratıcılığını Nasıl Etkiler? Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2022 Oct 30;(24):557–74.
  • 97. Peters TJ, Waterman RH. In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best-run Companies. Manhattan, New York: Harper & Row; 1982.
  • 98. Lewis MW. Exploring Paradox: Toward a More Comprehensive Guide. The Academy of Management Review. 2000 Oct;25(4):760.
  • 99. Lewis MW, Andriopoulos C, Smith WK. Paradoxical Leadership to Enable Strategic Agility. Calif Manage Rev. 2014 May 1;56(3):58–77.
  • 100. Yaşbay Kobal H. Sosyal Girişimler ve Paradoksal Liderlik Becerileri. Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute. 2020 Jul 8;
  • 101. Lavine M. Paradoxical Leadership and the Competing Values Framework. J Appl Behav Sci. 2014 Jun 7;50(2):189–205.
  • 102. Zhang Y, Waldman DA, Han YL, Li XB. Paradoxical Leader Behaviors in People Management: Antecedents and Consequences. Academy of Management Journal. 2015 Apr;58(2):538–66.
  • 103. Volk S, Waldman DA, Barnes CM. A Circadian Theory of Paradoxical Leadership. Academy of Management Review. 2023 Oct;48(4):611–38.
  • 104. Zhang W, Liao S, Liao J, Zheng Q. Paradoxical Leadership and Employee Task Performance: A Sense-Making Perspective. Front Psychol. 2021 Dec 16;12.
  • 105. Zhang ID, Zhu JNY, Lee JH. Do Individuals and Teams Perform Better Under Paradoxical Leaders? The Role of Group Harmony. Academy of Management Proceedings. 2020 Aug;2020(1):14229.
  • 106. Klonek FE, Volery T, Parker SK. Managing the paradox: Individual ambidexterity, paradoxical leadership and multitasking in entrepreneurs across firm life cycle stages. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship. 2021 Feb 5;39(1):40–63.
  • 107. Kauppila O, Tempelaar MP. The Social‐Cognitive Underpinnings of Employees’ Ambidextrous Behaviour and the Supportive Role of Group Managers’ Leadership. Journal of Management Studies. 2016 Sep 15;53(6):1019–44.
  • 108. Chen M, J. Inside Chinese Business: A Guide for Managers Worldwide. Boston: Harvard Business School Press; 2001.
  • 109. Cameron KS, Quinn RE. Organizational paradox and transformation. In: Paradox and transformation: Toward a theory of change in organization and management. New York, NY, US: Ballinger Publishing Co/Harper & Row Publishers; 1988. p. 1–18. (Ballinger series on innovation and organizational change.).
  • 110. Smith WK, Lewis MW. Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. The Academy of Management Review. 2011;36(2):381–403.
  • 111. Johnson B. Reflections: a perspective on paradox and its application to modern management. J Appl Behav Sci. 2014 Jun 8;50(2):206–12.
  • 112. Tuna M, Akça İ. Paradoksal Liderlik Davranışı: Bir Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması (Paradoxical Leadership Behavior: A Scale Adaptation Research). Journal of Business Research - Turk. 2019 Dec 29;11(4):2972–89.
  • 113. Regine B, Lewin R. Leading at the Edge: How Leaders Influence Complex Systems. Emergence. 2000 Jun;2(2):5–23.
  • 114. Smith WK, Lewis MW. Leadership Skills for Managing Paradoxes. Ind Organ Psychol. 2012 Jun 7;5(2):227–31.
  • 115. Backhaus L, Reuber A, Vogel D, Vogel R. Giving sense about paradoxes: paradoxical leadership in the public sector. Public Management Review. 2022 Sep 2;24(9):1478–98.
  • 116. Yalçın Hacer. Bir Araştırma Deseni Olarak Fenomenoloji. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2022;Özel Sayı(2):213–32.
  • 117. Tekindal M, Arsu ŞU. Nitel Araştırma Yöntemi Olarak Fenomenolojik Yaklaşımın Kapsamı ve Sürecine Yönelik Bir Derleme. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi, Türkiye Körler Federasyonu Yayını. 2020;20(1):153–82.
  • 118. Niyazi K. Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi: Kavramlar İlkeler Teknikler. Vol. 38. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık; 2023.
  • 119. Luria G. Climate as a group level phenomenon: Theoretical assumptions and methodological considerations. J Organ Behav. 2019;40(9–10).
  • 120. Mayring P. Qualitative Content Analysis [Internet]. 2000. Available from: http://www.zuma-mannheim.de/research/en/methods/textanalysis/
  • 121. Creswell JW. Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage; 2009. 260 p.
  • 122. Yıldırım A, Şimşek H. Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. 12th ed. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık; 2021. 448.
  • 123. Yıldırım A, Şimşek H. Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları; 2016.
  • 124. Creswell JW. Nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Siyasal Kitapevi; 2018.
  • 125. Creswell JW. Araştırma deseni. Ankara: Eğiten Kitap; 2017.
  • 126. Chen LH, Kuo CC, Ni YL, Wu CH, Hsu SC. Measuring the grateful climate at the sports team. J Posit Psychol. 2023 Sep 15;1–15.
  • 127. Zhang Y, Waldman DA, Han YL, Li XB. Paradoxical Leader Behaviors in People Management: Antecedents and Consequences. Academy of Management Journal. 2015 Apr;58(2):538–66.
  • 128. Merriam SB. Nitel Araştırma. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık; 2013.
  • 129. Çetin E. Sporla İlgili Türk Basınında Yer Alan İlk Yazı: Ali Ferruh Bey ve Eskrim. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies. 2015 Jan 1;7(Number: 37):149–149.
  • 130. Gür B, Şimşekli F, Vural F. Yılmaz SF, Çapa S. Eskrim sporunun Türkiye’ye girişi ve Türkiye’deki tarihi. Bilkent Üniversitesi; 2017.
  • 131. Kartal R, Dereceli Ç, Kartal A. Eskrim Sporu Yapan ve Yapmayan 10-12 Yaş Arası Çocukların Dikkat Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;3(2):82–8.
  • 132. TC Gençlik ve Spor Bakanlığı GSM. https://www.eskrim.org.tr/resim/extra/mevzuat/Eskrim_kurallari.pdf. 2013. https://www.eskrim.org.tr.
  • 133. Kalkan N, Zekioğlu A. Eskrim Antrenörlerine Göre Eskrim Sporcularinin Performansını Etkileyen Psikolojik Faktörlerin Değerlendirilmesi Nitel Çalışma. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017 Jun 16;1(1):29–42.
  • 134. Kozlowski SWJ. Enhancing the Effectiveness of Work Groups and Teams: A Reflection. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2018 Mar 12;13(2):205–12.
  • 135. Johnson SS. The Science of Teamwork. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2021 Jun 28;35(5):730–2.
  • 136. Stahl GK, Maznevski ML. Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A retrospective of research on multicultural work groups and an agenda for future research. J Int Bus Stud. 2021 Feb 18;52(1):4–22.
  • 137. Shuffler ML, Diazgranados D, Maynard MT, Salas E. Developing, Sustaining, and Maximizing Team Effectiveness: An Integrative, Dynamic Perspective of Team Development Interventions. Academy of Management Annals. 2018 Jun;12(2):688–724.
  • 138. Meng W, Xu Z, Abuliezi Z, Lyu Y, Zhang Q. Paradoxical leadership, team adaptation and team performance: The mediating role of inclusive climate. Front Psychol. 2023 Apr 6;14.
  • 139. Chen Y, He X, Lu L, Gao X. In a team forgiveness climate, the influence of paradoxical thinking of leaders on the team voice behavior: Mediated by team cooperation. PLoS One. 2022 Mar 15;17(3):e0265018.
  • 140. Batool U, Raziq MM, Sarwar N. The paradox of paradoxical leadership: A multi-level conceptualization. Human Resource Management Review. 2023 Dec;33(4):100983.
  • 141. Jin H, Kim S, Love A, Jin Y, Zhao J. Effects of leadership style on coach-athlete relationship, athletes’ motivations, and athlete satisfaction. Front Psychol. 2022 Dec 12;13.

Minnettar Takım İkliminde Takım Liderinin Paradoksal Davranışlarının Rolü Üzerine Fenomenolojik Bir Araştırma

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 107 - 132, 31.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1454703

Abstract

Bu araştırma minnettar takım ikliminin yaşanmakta olduğu spor takımında, takım üyelerinde oluşan minnettarlık duygusunun paradoksal liderlik davranışı ile ilişkisinin araştırılmasını amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla minnettarlık fenomeni ile karakterize edilmiş bir eskrim takımında sporcularının duygu düşünce ve deneyimlerine başvurulmuştur. “Takım üyelerinin minnettarlık hissetmelerine yol açan paradoksal liderlik davranışları nelerdir?” sorusu bu araştırmanın temel problemini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında minnettar takım iklimi ölçeğinin yanı sıra yapılandırılmış açık uçlu sorular aracılığı ile takım üyelerinin takım içi deneyimlerine ulaşılmış ve bu deneyimlerde paradoksal liderlik davranışının etkileri aranmıştır. Veriler MAXQDA 24 ANALYTICS Pro programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Fenomenoloji deseni uygulamasına uygun olarak elde edilen verilerden hareket ile tespit edilen olgular arası ilişkiler minnettarlık ikliminin ortaya çıkışı ve paradoksal liderin tavır tutum ve davranışları bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre minnettar takım ikliminin oluşumunda paradoksal liderlik tavır tutum ve davranışlarının belirleyici bir rolü olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

References

  • 1. Langston CA. Capitalizing on and coping with daily-life events: Expressive responses to positive events. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994 Dec;67(6):1112–25. 2. McCullough ME, Emmons RA, Kilpatrick SD, Larson DB. Is Gratitude a Moral Effect? Psychol Bull. 2001;127(2).
  • 3. Watkins PC. Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being. In: The Psychology of Gratitude. Oxford University Press; 2004. p. 167–92.
  • 4. Bateman B, Colin Wilson F, Bingham D. Team effectiveness – development of an audit questionnaire. Journal of Management Development. 2002 Apr 1;21(3):215–26.
  • 5. Zhu YQ, Gardner DG, Chen HG. Relationships Between Work Team Climate, Individual Motivation, and Creativity. J Manage. 2018 May 20;44(5):2094–115.
  • 6. İnce M, Bedük A, Aydoğan E. Örgütlerde Takım Çalışmasına Yönelik Etkin Liderlik Nitelikleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi [Internet]. 2004;(11):423–46. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/susbed/issue/61775/923553
  • 7. Şirin T, Eratlı Şirin Y, Metin M. Kriz Zamanlarında Spor Örgüt Yönetimi: Covıd-19 Örneği. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020 Dec 28;3(2):331–45.
  • 8. Okumuş MT, Bakan İ. Demografik Özellikler (Eğitim Düzeyi ve Kıdem) kapsamında Çalışanların İş Tatmini ve Takım İklimi Algıları: Bir Alan Araştırması. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2022 Sep 30;14(3):267–78.
  • 9. González‐Romá V, Fortes‐Ferreira L, Peiró JM. Team climate, climate strength and team performance. A longitudinal study. J Occup Organ Psychol. 2009 Sep 24;82(3):511–36.
  • 10. Niraj K. Organizational Behaviour: A New Look : Concept, Theory & Cases. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House; 2008. 672.
  • 11. Ronald R. Sims. Managing Organizational Behavior. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books; 2002. 390.
  • 12. Steven L. McShane, Mary Ann Von Glinow, McGraw Hill. Örgütsel Davranış. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık; 2016.
  • 13. Zehir C, Özşaahin M. Takım Yönetimi ve Takım Etkinliğiniz Belirleyen Faktörler: Savunma Sanayinde Ar-Ge Yapan Takımlar Üzerinde Bir Saha Araştırması. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi [Internet]. 2008;9(2):266–79. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/doujournal/issue/66659/1042979
  • 14. Yazıcı AG, Engin MÇ, Özdemir K. Sporcuların Bazı Değişkenlere Göre Liderlik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020 Jun 30;(40):26–37.
  • 15. Ahat K, Zerenler M. Estetik İletişim: Organizasyon Değerinin İnsan Kaynaklarının Aidiyet Duygusu Üzerindeki Etkisinde Deneyimin Aracılık Rolü. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi [Internet]. 2019;24(1):1–17. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sduiibfd/issue/53003/703245
  • 16. Özbay EM, Arslan H. Günümüz Yönetim Anlayışında Takım Oyununun Önemi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi [Internet]. 2007;6(21):293–305. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/esosder/issue/6135/82288
  • 17. Donnelon A. Takım Dinamiğinde Takım Dili. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık; 1998. 342.
  • 18. Ancona D, Kochan T, Scully M, Van Maanen J, Westney D. Eleanor. Managing for the Future: Organizational Behavior and Processes. 3rd ed. Ohio: South-Western College Publishing; 2005.
  • 19. Demir Y, Çavuş MF. İşletmelerde Takım Dinamiğinin Önemi Etkileri. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi [Internet]. 2009;18(2):119–28. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cusosbil/issue/4382/60128
  • 20. Cohen SG, Bailey DE. What makes teams work: Group effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite. J Manage. 1997;23(3).
  • 21. Stoner JAF. Teamwork: What Must Go Right/What Can Go Wrong (Book). J Manage. 1991;17(1).
  • 22. Bain PG, Mann L, Pirola-Merlo A. The Innovation Imperative. Small Group Res. 2001 Feb 18;32(1):55–73.
  • 23. Eppler MJ, Sukowski O. Managing team knowledge: core processes, tools and enabling factors. European Management Journal. 2000 Jun 1;18(3):334–41.
  • 24. Anderson NR, West MA. Measuring climate for work group innovation: development and validation of the team climate inventory. J Organ Behav. 1998 May;19(3):235–58.
  • 25. Xue Y, Bradley J, Liang H. Team climate, empowering leadership, and knowledge sharing. Journal of Knowledge Management. 2011 Apr 5;15(2):299–312.
  • 26. Pirola-Merlo A, Härtel C, Mann L, Hirst G. How leaders influence the impact of affective events on team climate and performance in R&D teams. Leadersh Q. 2002 Oct;13(5):561–81.
  • 27. Özsoylar Ö, Türker MV. Çalışanların Minnettarlık Algısı ile Psikolojik Sermaye Algısı Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Görgül Bir Araştırma. Öneri Dergisi. 2021 Jul 31;16(56):769–91.
  • 28. Altuntaş S. Ergenlerde iyi oluşun yordayıcısı olarak yaşamda anlam, minnettarlık ve affedicilik [Doktora]. İnönü Üniversitesi; 2018.
  • 29. Haidt J. Mutluluk Varsayımı. İstanbul: Hil Yayınları; 2019. 336.
  • 30. Şevik Ü. Pozitif Psikolojik Sermayenin Mevcut ve Muhtemel Alt Boyutlarının Literatürdeki Seyri: Bibliyometrik Bir Analiz. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 2023 Jul 17;12(3):1044–61.
  • 31. Patnaik S, Mishra US, Mishra BB. Can psychological capital reduce stress and job insecurity? An experimental examination with Indian evidence. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. 2022 Sep 31;39(3):1071–96.
  • 32. Luthans F, Avey JB, Avolio BJ, Peterson SJ. The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital. Hum Resour Dev Q. 2010 Mar 24;21(1):41–67.
  • 33. Avey JB, Luthans F, Mhatre KH. A call for longitudinal research in positive organizational behavior. J Organ Behav. 2008 Jul 22;29(5):705–11.
  • 34. Luthans F, Norman SM, Avolio BJ, Avey JB. The mediating role of psychological capital in the supportive organizational climate—employee performance relationship. J Organ Behav. 2008 Feb 15;29(2):219–38.
  • 35. Luthans F, Luthans KW, Luthans BC. Positive psychological capital: beyond human and social capital. Bus Horiz. 2004 Jan;47(1):45–50.
  • 36. Luthans F, Avolio BJ, Walumbwa FO, Li W. The Psychological Capital of Chinese Workers: Exploring the Relationship with Performance. Management and Organization Review. 2005 Jul 2;1(02):249–71.
  • 37. Luthans F, Avey JB, Patera JL. Experimental Analysis of a Web-Based Training Intervention to Develop Positive Psychological Capital. Academy of Management Learning & Education. 2008 Jun;7(2):209–21.
  • 38. Luthans F, Youssef-Morgan CM. Psychological Capital: An Evidence-Based Positive Approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 2017 Mar 21;4(1):339–66.
  • 39. Luthans F, Jensen SM. Hope: A New Positive Strength for Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development Review. 2002 Sep 24;1(3):304–22.
  • 40. Avey JB, Luthans F, Jensen SM. Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Hum Resour Manage. 2009 Sep 28;48(5):677–93.
  • 41. Avey JB, Luthans F, Youssef CM. The Additive Value of Positive Psychological Capital in Predicting Work Attitudes and Behaviors. J Manage. 2010 Mar 17;36(2):430–52.
  • 42. Luthans F, Broad JD. Positive psychological capital to help combat the mental health fallout from the pandemic and VUCA environment. Organ Dyn. 2022 Apr;51(2):100817.
  • 43. Luthans F, Avolio BJ, Avey JB, N SM. Positive Psychological Capital: Measurement and Relationship with Performance and Satisfaction. Pers Psychol. 2007 Sep 4;60(3):541–72.
  • 44. Karadeniz S, Cengiz Ö. Öğretmenlerin Minnettarlık, Psikolojik Sermaye ve İş Doyum Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Turkish Studies-Educational Sciences. 2020;Volume 15 Issue 2(Volume 15 Issue 2):717–30.
  • 45. Acar MC. Minnettarlık Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Artuklu Akademi. 2022 Jun 27;9(1):101–12.
  • 46. Emmons RA, Shelton CM. Gratitude and the science of positive psychology. In: Handbook of positive psychology. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 459–71.
  • 47. Emmons AR. Teşekkür Ederim! İstanbul: Doğan Kitap; 2009. 176.
  • 48. Emmons RA, McCullough ME. Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003 Feb;84(2):377–89.
  • 49. J. Mills M, R. Fleck C, Kozikowski A. Positive psychology at work: A conceptual review, state-of-practice assessment, and a look ahead. J Posit Psychol. 2013 Mar;8(2):153–64.
  • 50. Burke RJ, Ng ESW, Fiksenbaum L. Virtues, work satisfaction and psychological wellbeing among nurses. Int J Workplace Health Manag. 2009 Sep 25;2(3):202–19.
  • 51. Dik BJ, Duffy RD, Allan BA, O’Donnell MB, Shim Y, Steger MF. Purpose and Meaning in Career Development Applications. Couns Psychol. 2015 May 3;43(4):558–85.
  • 52. Chen LH, Wu CH. Gratitude Enhances Change in Athletes’ Self-Esteem: The Moderating Role of Trust in Coach. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2014 Jul 3;26(3):349–62.
  • 53. Celano CM, Beale EE, Beach SR, Belcher AM, Suarez L, Motiwala SR, et al. Associations Between Psychological Constructs and Cardiac Biomarkers After Acute Coronary Syndrome. Psychosom Med. 2017 Apr;79(3):318–26.
  • 54. Dickerhoof RM. Expressing optimism and gratitude: A longitudinal investigation of cognitive strategies to increase well-being. Vol. 68. [US]; 2007.
  • 55. Kerr SL, O’Donovan A, Pepping CA. Can Gratitude and Kindness Interventions Enhance Well-Being in a Clinical Sample? J Happiness Stud. 2015 Feb 19;16(1):17–36.
  • 56. Chan DW. Gratitude, gratitude intervention, and subjective well‐being among Chinese school teachers in Hong Kong. Educ Psychol (Lond). 2010 Mar 14;30(2):139–53.
  • 57. Martínez-Martí ML, Avia MD, Hernández-Lloreda MJ. The Effects of Counting Blessings on Subjective Well-Being: A Gratitude Intervention in a Spanish Sample. Span J Psychol. 2010 Nov 10;13(2):886–96.
  • 58. Froh JJ, Bono G, Fan J, Emmons RA, Henderson K, Harris C, et al. Nice thinking! An educational intervention that teaches children to think gratefully. School Psych Rev. 2014;43(2):132–52.
  • 59. Wood AM, Froh JJ, Geraghty AWA. Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010 Nov;30(7):890–905.
  • 60. Watkins PC, Grimm DL, Kolts R. Counting your blessings: Positive memories among grateful persons. Current Psychology. 2004 Mar;23(1):52–67.
  • 61. Wood AM, Joseph S, Maltby J. Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the Big Five facets. Pers Individ Dif. 2009 Mar;46(4):443–7.
  • 62. Arıcioglu A. Mediating the Effect of Gratitude in the Relationship between Forgiveness and Life Satisfaction among University Students. International Journal of Higher Education. 2016 Apr 19;5(2).
  • 63. Oğuz Duran N, Tan Ş. Minnettarlık ve Yaşam Amaçları Yazma Çalışmalarının Öznel İyi Oluşa Etkisi. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal [Internet]. 2013;4(40):154–66. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.37862
  • 64. Toepfer SM, Cichy K, Peters P. Letters of Gratitude: Further Evidence for Author Benefits. J Happiness Stud. 2012 Mar 7;13(1):187–201.
  • 65. Wood AM, Joseph S, Lloyd J, Atkins S. Gratitude influences sleep through the mechanism of pre-sleep cognitions. J Psychosom Res. 2009 Jan;66(1):43–8.
  • 66. Wood AM, Froh JJ, Geraghty AWA. Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010 Nov;30(7):890–905.
  • 67. Gleason JB, Weintraub S. The acquisition of routines in child language. Language in Society [Internet]. 2008/12/18. 1976;5(2):129–36. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/1FEFAF13976D9B8ED7DB0819E92D9A31
  • 68. Graham S, Weiner B. From an Attributional Theory of Emotion to Developmental Psychology: A Round-Trip Ticket? Soc Cogn. 1986 Jun;4(2):152–79.
  • 69. Fredrickson BL. What Good Are Positive Emotions? Review of General Psychology. 1998 Sep 1;2(3):300–19.
  • 70. Froh JJ, Sefick WJ, Emmons RA. Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. J Sch Psychol. 2008 Apr;46(2):213–33.
  • 71. Suldo SM, Huebner ES. Does life satisfaction moderate the effects of stressful life events on psychopathological behavior during adolescence? School Psychology Quarterly. 2004;19(2):93–105.
  • 72. Gilman R, Huebner S. A review of life satisfaction research with children and adolescents. School Psychology Quarterly. 2003;18(2):192–205.
  • 73. Valois RF, Zullig KJ, Huebner ES, Drane JW. Relationship Between Life Satisfaction and Violent Behaviors among Adolescents. Am J Health Behav. 2001 Jul 1;25(4):353–66.
  • 74. Fredrickson BL, Tugade MM, Waugh CE, Larkin GR. What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003 Feb;84(2):365–76.
  • 75. Lambert NM, Fincham FD, Stillman TF. Gratitude and depressive symptoms: The role of positive reframing and positive emotion. Cogn Emot. 2012 Jun;26(4):615–33.
  • 76. Toussaint L, Friedman P. Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Affect and Beliefs. J Happiness Stud. 2009 Dec 12;10(6):635–54.
  • 77. Kardas F, Cam Z, Eskisu M, Gelibolu S. Gratitude, Hope, Optimism and Life Satisfaction as Predictors of Psychological Well-Being. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2019 Aug 9;19(82):1–20.
  • 78. Şahin Baltacı H, Özkılıç I, Küçüker D, Altan T. Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Mental İyi Oluşun Yordayıcıları. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023 Jan 31;(65):288–313.
  • 79. Seligman MEP, Steen TA, Park N, Peterson C. Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions. American Psychologist. 2005 Jul;60(5):410–21.
  • 80. Solomon RC. Spirituality for the Skeptic. Oxford University PressNew York; 2002.
  • 81. Etchegoyen RH, Nemas CR. Salieri’s Dilemma: A counterpoint between envy and appreciation. Int J Psychoanal. 2003 Feb 1;84(1):45–58.
  • 82. Kasser T, Ahuvia A. Materialistic values and well‐being in business students. Eur J Soc Psychol. 2002 Jan 21;32(1):137–46.
  • 83. Chow RM, Lowery BS. Thanks, but no thanks: The role of personal responsibility in the experience of gratitude. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2010 May;46(3):487–93.
  • 84. Arslan S. Anneye bağlanma ve örgütsel bağlılık arasındaki ilişkinin yaşam doyumu, öğrenilmiş çaresizlik ve minnettarlık aracı rolüyle incelenmesi [Yüksek Lisans]. [İstanbul]: Beykent Üniversitesi; 2015.
  • 85. Topçu M. Minnettarlık ve travma sonrası gelişim: Erken yaş dönemi uyumsuz şemaları ve başa çıkma yolları, kontrol odağı ve sorumluluğun rolü [Doktora]. [Ankara]: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi; 2016.
  • 86. Datu JAD. Forgiveness, Gratitude, and Subjective Well-Being Among Filipino Adolescents. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 2014 Sep 18;36(3):262–73.
  • 87. Chan DW. Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers: The contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to happiness. Teach Teach Educ. 2013 May;32:22–30.
  • 88. DeWall CN, Lambert NM, Pond RS, Kashdan TB, Fincham FD. A Grateful Heart is a Nonviolent Heart. Soc Psychol Personal Sci. 2012 Mar 6;3(2):232–40.
  • 89. Lyubomirsky S, Dickerhoof R, Boehm JK, Sheldon KM. Becoming happier takes both a will and a proper way: An experimental longitudinal intervention to boost well-being. Emotion. 2011 Apr;11(2):391–402.
  • 90. Boehm JK, Lyubomirsky S, Sheldon KM. A longitudinal experimental study comparing the effectiveness of happiness-enhancing strategies in Anglo-Americans and Asian-Americans. Cogn Emot. 2011 Nov 28;25(7):1263–72.
  • 91. Geraghty AWA, Wood AM, Hyland ME. Dissociating the facets of hope: Agency and pathways predict dropout from unguided self-help therapy in opposite directions. J Res Pers. 2010 Feb;44(1):155–8.
  • 92. Gordon AK, Musher-Eizenman DR, Holub SC, Dalrymple J. What are children thankful for? An archival analysis of gratitude before and after the attacks of September 11. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2004 Sep;25(5):541–53.
  • 93. Özgener Ş, Maraşlıoğlu B. Paradoksal Lider Davranışı ve Proaktif Davranışların Role Dayalı Performansa Etkisinde Algılanan Motivasyon İkliminin Aracı Rolü. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi [Internet]. 2022;24(2):347–77. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21180/iibfdkastamonu.1193842
  • 94. Schad J, Lewis MW, Raisch S, Smith WK. Paradox research in management science: Looking back to move forward. Acad Manag Ann. 2016;10(1):5–64.
  • 95. Julmi C. Crazy, stupid, disobedience: The dark side of paradoxical leadership. Leadership. 2021 Dec 28;17(6):631–53.
  • 96. Yücel D. Paradoksal Liderlik Çalışan Çift Yönlülüğünü ve Çalışan Yaratıcılığını Nasıl Etkiler? Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2022 Oct 30;(24):557–74.
  • 97. Peters TJ, Waterman RH. In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best-run Companies. Manhattan, New York: Harper & Row; 1982.
  • 98. Lewis MW. Exploring Paradox: Toward a More Comprehensive Guide. The Academy of Management Review. 2000 Oct;25(4):760.
  • 99. Lewis MW, Andriopoulos C, Smith WK. Paradoxical Leadership to Enable Strategic Agility. Calif Manage Rev. 2014 May 1;56(3):58–77.
  • 100. Yaşbay Kobal H. Sosyal Girişimler ve Paradoksal Liderlik Becerileri. Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute. 2020 Jul 8;
  • 101. Lavine M. Paradoxical Leadership and the Competing Values Framework. J Appl Behav Sci. 2014 Jun 7;50(2):189–205.
  • 102. Zhang Y, Waldman DA, Han YL, Li XB. Paradoxical Leader Behaviors in People Management: Antecedents and Consequences. Academy of Management Journal. 2015 Apr;58(2):538–66.
  • 103. Volk S, Waldman DA, Barnes CM. A Circadian Theory of Paradoxical Leadership. Academy of Management Review. 2023 Oct;48(4):611–38.
  • 104. Zhang W, Liao S, Liao J, Zheng Q. Paradoxical Leadership and Employee Task Performance: A Sense-Making Perspective. Front Psychol. 2021 Dec 16;12.
  • 105. Zhang ID, Zhu JNY, Lee JH. Do Individuals and Teams Perform Better Under Paradoxical Leaders? The Role of Group Harmony. Academy of Management Proceedings. 2020 Aug;2020(1):14229.
  • 106. Klonek FE, Volery T, Parker SK. Managing the paradox: Individual ambidexterity, paradoxical leadership and multitasking in entrepreneurs across firm life cycle stages. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship. 2021 Feb 5;39(1):40–63.
  • 107. Kauppila O, Tempelaar MP. The Social‐Cognitive Underpinnings of Employees’ Ambidextrous Behaviour and the Supportive Role of Group Managers’ Leadership. Journal of Management Studies. 2016 Sep 15;53(6):1019–44.
  • 108. Chen M, J. Inside Chinese Business: A Guide for Managers Worldwide. Boston: Harvard Business School Press; 2001.
  • 109. Cameron KS, Quinn RE. Organizational paradox and transformation. In: Paradox and transformation: Toward a theory of change in organization and management. New York, NY, US: Ballinger Publishing Co/Harper & Row Publishers; 1988. p. 1–18. (Ballinger series on innovation and organizational change.).
  • 110. Smith WK, Lewis MW. Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model of organizing. The Academy of Management Review. 2011;36(2):381–403.
  • 111. Johnson B. Reflections: a perspective on paradox and its application to modern management. J Appl Behav Sci. 2014 Jun 8;50(2):206–12.
  • 112. Tuna M, Akça İ. Paradoksal Liderlik Davranışı: Bir Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması (Paradoxical Leadership Behavior: A Scale Adaptation Research). Journal of Business Research - Turk. 2019 Dec 29;11(4):2972–89.
  • 113. Regine B, Lewin R. Leading at the Edge: How Leaders Influence Complex Systems. Emergence. 2000 Jun;2(2):5–23.
  • 114. Smith WK, Lewis MW. Leadership Skills for Managing Paradoxes. Ind Organ Psychol. 2012 Jun 7;5(2):227–31.
  • 115. Backhaus L, Reuber A, Vogel D, Vogel R. Giving sense about paradoxes: paradoxical leadership in the public sector. Public Management Review. 2022 Sep 2;24(9):1478–98.
  • 116. Yalçın Hacer. Bir Araştırma Deseni Olarak Fenomenoloji. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2022;Özel Sayı(2):213–32.
  • 117. Tekindal M, Arsu ŞU. Nitel Araştırma Yöntemi Olarak Fenomenolojik Yaklaşımın Kapsamı ve Sürecine Yönelik Bir Derleme. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi, Türkiye Körler Federasyonu Yayını. 2020;20(1):153–82.
  • 118. Niyazi K. Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi: Kavramlar İlkeler Teknikler. Vol. 38. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık; 2023.
  • 119. Luria G. Climate as a group level phenomenon: Theoretical assumptions and methodological considerations. J Organ Behav. 2019;40(9–10).
  • 120. Mayring P. Qualitative Content Analysis [Internet]. 2000. Available from: http://www.zuma-mannheim.de/research/en/methods/textanalysis/
  • 121. Creswell JW. Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage; 2009. 260 p.
  • 122. Yıldırım A, Şimşek H. Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. 12th ed. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık; 2021. 448.
  • 123. Yıldırım A, Şimşek H. Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları; 2016.
  • 124. Creswell JW. Nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Siyasal Kitapevi; 2018.
  • 125. Creswell JW. Araştırma deseni. Ankara: Eğiten Kitap; 2017.
  • 126. Chen LH, Kuo CC, Ni YL, Wu CH, Hsu SC. Measuring the grateful climate at the sports team. J Posit Psychol. 2023 Sep 15;1–15.
  • 127. Zhang Y, Waldman DA, Han YL, Li XB. Paradoxical Leader Behaviors in People Management: Antecedents and Consequences. Academy of Management Journal. 2015 Apr;58(2):538–66.
  • 128. Merriam SB. Nitel Araştırma. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık; 2013.
  • 129. Çetin E. Sporla İlgili Türk Basınında Yer Alan İlk Yazı: Ali Ferruh Bey ve Eskrim. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies. 2015 Jan 1;7(Number: 37):149–149.
  • 130. Gür B, Şimşekli F, Vural F. Yılmaz SF, Çapa S. Eskrim sporunun Türkiye’ye girişi ve Türkiye’deki tarihi. Bilkent Üniversitesi; 2017.
  • 131. Kartal R, Dereceli Ç, Kartal A. Eskrim Sporu Yapan ve Yapmayan 10-12 Yaş Arası Çocukların Dikkat Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;3(2):82–8.
  • 132. TC Gençlik ve Spor Bakanlığı GSM. https://www.eskrim.org.tr/resim/extra/mevzuat/Eskrim_kurallari.pdf. 2013. https://www.eskrim.org.tr.
  • 133. Kalkan N, Zekioğlu A. Eskrim Antrenörlerine Göre Eskrim Sporcularinin Performansını Etkileyen Psikolojik Faktörlerin Değerlendirilmesi Nitel Çalışma. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017 Jun 16;1(1):29–42.
  • 134. Kozlowski SWJ. Enhancing the Effectiveness of Work Groups and Teams: A Reflection. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2018 Mar 12;13(2):205–12.
  • 135. Johnson SS. The Science of Teamwork. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2021 Jun 28;35(5):730–2.
  • 136. Stahl GK, Maznevski ML. Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A retrospective of research on multicultural work groups and an agenda for future research. J Int Bus Stud. 2021 Feb 18;52(1):4–22.
  • 137. Shuffler ML, Diazgranados D, Maynard MT, Salas E. Developing, Sustaining, and Maximizing Team Effectiveness: An Integrative, Dynamic Perspective of Team Development Interventions. Academy of Management Annals. 2018 Jun;12(2):688–724.
  • 138. Meng W, Xu Z, Abuliezi Z, Lyu Y, Zhang Q. Paradoxical leadership, team adaptation and team performance: The mediating role of inclusive climate. Front Psychol. 2023 Apr 6;14.
  • 139. Chen Y, He X, Lu L, Gao X. In a team forgiveness climate, the influence of paradoxical thinking of leaders on the team voice behavior: Mediated by team cooperation. PLoS One. 2022 Mar 15;17(3):e0265018.
  • 140. Batool U, Raziq MM, Sarwar N. The paradox of paradoxical leadership: A multi-level conceptualization. Human Resource Management Review. 2023 Dec;33(4):100983.
  • 141. Jin H, Kim S, Love A, Jin Y, Zhao J. Effects of leadership style on coach-athlete relationship, athletes’ motivations, and athlete satisfaction. Front Psychol. 2022 Dec 12;13.
There are 140 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Activity Management
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Kamil Ahat 0000-0003-4734-0929

Publication Date August 31, 2024
Submission Date March 18, 2024
Acceptance Date June 22, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 26 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ahat, K. (2024). A Phenomenological Research on the Role of Paradoxical Behaviors of the Team Leader in the Grateful Team Climate. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 26(2), 107-132. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1454703
AMA Ahat K. A Phenomenological Research on the Role of Paradoxical Behaviors of the Team Leader in the Grateful Team Climate. Turk J Sport Exe. August 2024;26(2):107-132. doi:10.15314/tsed.1454703
Chicago Ahat, Kamil. “A Phenomenological Research on the Role of Paradoxical Behaviors of the Team Leader in the Grateful Team Climate”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 26, no. 2 (August 2024): 107-32. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1454703.
EndNote Ahat K (August 1, 2024) A Phenomenological Research on the Role of Paradoxical Behaviors of the Team Leader in the Grateful Team Climate. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 26 2 107–132.
IEEE K. Ahat, “A Phenomenological Research on the Role of Paradoxical Behaviors of the Team Leader in the Grateful Team Climate”, Turk J Sport Exe, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 107–132, 2024, doi: 10.15314/tsed.1454703.
ISNAD Ahat, Kamil. “A Phenomenological Research on the Role of Paradoxical Behaviors of the Team Leader in the Grateful Team Climate”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 26/2 (August 2024), 107-132. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1454703.
JAMA Ahat K. A Phenomenological Research on the Role of Paradoxical Behaviors of the Team Leader in the Grateful Team Climate. Turk J Sport Exe. 2024;26:107–132.
MLA Ahat, Kamil. “A Phenomenological Research on the Role of Paradoxical Behaviors of the Team Leader in the Grateful Team Climate”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, vol. 26, no. 2, 2024, pp. 107-32, doi:10.15314/tsed.1454703.
Vancouver Ahat K. A Phenomenological Research on the Role of Paradoxical Behaviors of the Team Leader in the Grateful Team Climate. Turk J Sport Exe. 2024;26(2):107-32.

Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).