EXPLORING THE EXPERIENCES AND THE LIVING CONDITIONS 0-6 YEARS OLD CHILDREN CO-RESIDING WITH THEIR INCARCERATED MOTHERS IN WOMEN'S PRISON FROM THE MOTHERS' PERSPECTIVE

Year 2022, Volume: 33 Issue: 4, 1161 - 1182, 30.10.2022

Ceyda Çengeköylü , Özden Bademci , Dilek Çelik , Esma Figen Karadayı

https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.1081422

Abstract

It is known that during early childhood the traumatic living conditions and experiences of children who stay in the prison with their mothers have lasting effects on the development of children. A psychosocial intervention program was implemented in seven womens’ prisons in Turkey by a non-governmental organization in order to support mothers’ relationships with their children between the ages of 0-6 whom stayed with them in prison. The qualitative data of the research consists of the phenomenological analysis of the documents containing the written records of the mothers' narratives during the group sharings carried out with 68 mothers and 70 children. As a result of the analyzes, the themes of "the traumatic physical conditions and socio-cultural environment of the prison for children", "being a mother in prison: guilt, inadequacy", "growing up in prison conditions" and "vicious circle of transgenerational violence" passed from mothers to their children have been reached. The narratives of mothers clearly reveal the traumatic physical and social conditions of prisons and the negative effects of these conditions on the development of children. The results of the research draw attention to the necessity of urgently addressing the conditions of children staying with their mothers in prisons, making a comprehensive individual assessment for each child, taking into account the best interests of the child, and preferring detention measures or different practices for pregnant women and those who have children.

Keywords

Incarcerated mothering, mother-child relationship, Intervention Program

Anneleri ile Ceza İnfaz Kurumlarında Kalan 0-6 Yaş Çocukların Yaşam Koşullarının ve Deneyimlerinin Annelerinin Bakış Açısıyla Araştırılması

Abstract

Erken çocukluk döneminde anneleriyle birlikte ceza infaz kurumunda kalan çocukların olumsuz yaşam koşullarının ve örseleyici deneyimlerinin çocukların gelişimleri üzerindeki kalıcı etkileri bilinmektedir. Türkiye’de 7 kadın ceza infaz kurumunda 0-6 yaş aralığında çocuklarıyla kalan annelerin, anne-çocuk ilişkilerini desteklenmek amacıyla bir sivil toplum kuruluşu tarafından psikososyal müdahale programı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın nitel verilerini 68 anne ve 70 çocuk ile yürütülen grup çalışmaları sırasında annelerin paylaşımlarının yazılı kayıtlarını içeren dökümanların fenomenolojik analizi oluşturmaktadır. Analizler sonucunda “çocuklar açısından cezaevinin örseleyici fiziksel koşulları ve sosyokültürel ortamı”, “cezaevinde anne olmak: suçluluk, yetersizlik”, “cezaevi şartlarında büyümek” ve annelerden çocuklarına geçen “kuşaklaraşırı şiddet kısır döngüsü” temalarına ulaşılmıştır. Annelerin anlatıları ceza infaz kurumlarının örseleyici fiziki ve sosyal koşulları ile bu koşulların çocukların gelişimi üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini açıkça ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırma sonuçları ceza infaz kurumunda annesinin yanında kalan çocukların koşullarının ivediklle ele alınmasını ve çocuğun yüksek yararı göz önünde bulundurularak her çocuk için kapsamlı bir bireysel değerlendirme yapılması, hamileler ve çocuk sahibi olanlar için gözaltı tedbirleri veya farklı uygulamaların tercih edilmesi gerekliliğine dikkati çekmektedir.

Keywords

Ceza infaz kurumunda annelik, Anne çocuk ilişkisi, Müdahale programı

References

• Adalet Bakanlığı (2013) Ceza ve Tevkifevleri Genel Müdürlüğü, https://cte.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/hukumlu-haklari., Ağustos
• Adler, P. B., HilleRisLambers, J., & Levine, J. M. (2007). A niche for neutrality. Ecology letters, 10(2), 95-104.
• Alejos, M., Brett, R., & Zermatten, J. (2005). Babies and small children residing in prisons (p. 22). Geneva: Quaker United Nations Office.
• Artar, F. (2012). Mahkumiyetin mahrum çocukları: ceza infaz kurumlarında anneleriyle yaşayan çocukların yaşam şartları ve ihtiyaçları. Ankara: Uluslararası Katılımlı Çocuk İhtiyaçları Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı.
• Baldwin, L. (2017) Tainted Love: The Impact of Prison on Maternal Identity, Explored by Post Prison Reflections. Prison Service Journal, 233, 28-34.
• Boudin, C. (2011). Children of incarcerated parents: The child's constitutional right to the family relationship. J. Crim. L. & Criminology, 101, 77.
• Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(22), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/qrj0902027
• Cecil, D. K. (2007). Looking beyond caged heat: Media images of women in prison. Feminist Criminology, 2(4),304-326.
• Ceza ve Tevkifevleri Genel Müdürlüğü. (2021). Bazı Basın Yayın Organlarında ''3 Bin Çocuk Anneleriyle Cezaevinde" Şeklinde Yayınlanan ve Gerçekleri Yansıtmayan Haberlerle İlgili Basın Açıklaması, https://cte.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/basin-aciklamasi09032021045708
• Charmaz, K. (2003). Grounded theory: Objectivist and constructivist methods. In N. K.
• Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Strategies for qualitative inquiry (2nd ed., pp. 249-291). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Dünkel, F., Kestermann, C., Zolondek, J., Storgaard, A., Giménez-Salinas, E., Romani, J. R., Botella, L., Marteache, N., Pitsela, A., & Grozdaniü, V. (2019). Current situation, demand analysis and “best practice”.
• Easterling, B. A., Feldmeyer, B., & Presser, L. (2019). Narrating mother identities from prison. Feminist Criminology, 14(5), 519-539.
• Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development.International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500107
• Forsyth, C.J. (2003). Pondering the discourse of prison mamas: A research note. Deviant Behavior: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 24, 269–28.
• Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. Chicago, Ill: Aldine Pub. Co.
• Goshin, L.S., Byrne, M.W., Blanchard-Lewis, B. (2014). Preschool Outcomes of Children Who Lived as Infants in a Prison Nursery. The Prison Journal, 94(2), 139-158
• Goshin, L., Byrne, M., & Henninger, A. (2014). “Recidivism after release from a prison nursery program.” Public Health Nursing, 31(2), 109-117.
• Hickey, G., McGilloway, S., Leckey, Y., Furlong, M., Leavy, S., Stokes, A., O’Connor, S., Bywater, T., & Donnelly, M. (2019). Mothers’ well-being, parenting attitudes, and home environment: Cumulative risk and parity in early motherhood. Child: Care, Health and Development, 45(4), 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12677 Kjellstrand, J., Yu, G., Eddy, J. M., Clark, M., & Jackson, A. (2020). The role of parental incarceration in predicting trajectories of child internalizing problems. Children and youth services review, 115, 105055.
• Linonge-Fontebo, H. N., & Rabe, M. (2015). Mothers in Cameroonian prisons: pregnancy, childbearing and caring for young children. African Studies, 74(3), 290-309.
• Lockwood, K. (2018). Disrupted mothering: Narratives of mothers in prison. In Marginalized mothers, mothering from the margins. Emerald Publishing Limited.
• Loper, A. & Tuerk, E. (2006). Contact between incarcerated mothers and their children: Assessing parenting stress. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 43(1), 23–43.
• Luther, K., & Gregson, J. (2011). Restricted motherhood: Parenting in a prison nursery. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 85-103.
• Marshall C. &. Rossman G. (2006). Designing Qualitative Research.
• Mason-White, Holly; Kearney, Helen F. (2012). Children of (Alleged) Offenders: Revised Draft Framework for Decision-Making, Foreword by Rachel Brett and Oliver Robertson, Quaker United Nations Office https://quno.org/resource/2012/3/children-alleged-offenders-revised-draft-framework-decision-making
• Murray, J. (2007). The cycle of punishment: Social exclusion of prisoners and their children. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 7(1), 55-81.
• Ogrizek, A., Moro, M. R., & Lachal, J. (2021a). Incarcerated mothers’ views of their children’s experience: A qualitative study in French nurseries. Child: Care, Health and Development. 47(6), 851-858.https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12896
• Ogrizek, A., Moro, M. R., & Lachal, J. (2021b). Mother–child attachment challenged by prison. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(8), 1315-1316.
• Orb, A, Eisenhauer, L & Wynaden, D (2000). ‘Ethics in qualitative research’, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 93– 96.
• Phillips, S. D., Burns, B. J., Wagner, H. R., & Barth, R. P. (2004). Parental arrest and children involved with child welfare services agencies. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(2), 174-186.
• Pösö, T., Enroos, R., & Vierula, T. (2010). Children residing in prison with their parents: An example of institutional invisibility. The Prison Journal, 90(4), 516–533. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885510382227
• Raikes, B., & Lockwood, K. (2011). ‘Mothering from the Inside’—A Small Scale Evaluation of Acorn House, an Overnight Child Contact Facility at HMP Askham Grange. Prison Service Journal, 194, 19-26.
• Seggie, F.N. ve Bayyurt, Y. (2015). Nitel Araştırma: Yöntem, Teknik, Analiz ve Yaklaşımlar, Anı Yayıncılık.
• Shamai, M., & Kochal, R. B. (2008). “Motherhood starts in prison”: the experience of motherhood among women in prison. Family Process, 47(3), 323-340.
• Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. TPD İstanbul Şubesi Etik Komisyonu, (2004), Türk Psikologlar Derneği Etik Yönetmeliği, https://www.psikolog.org.tr/tr/files/folder/etik-yonetmeligi-x389.pdf
• Warner, J. (2015). “Infants in orange: an international model-based approach to prison nurseries.” Hastings Women’s Law Journal, 26(1), 65-92 .
• Williamson, J. A., McCabe, J. E., O’Hara, M. W., Hart, K. J., LaPlante, D. P., & King, S. (2013). Parenting stress in early motherhood: Stress spillover and social support. Comprehensive Psychology. https://doi.org/10.2466/10.21.CP.2.11
• Quan, D. (2017). “Canadian prisons embracing babies.” The Province. Retrieved from: https://www.pressreader.com/canada/the-niagara-falls-review/20170123/281689729523257
• Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2008). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (6. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.