M.Ö. I. Binyılın İlk Yarısında Önasya Krallıklarında Araba Tekerleklerinin Özellikleri ve Yapım Teknikleri

Year 2002, Volume: 66 Issue: 247, 789 - 818, 20.12.2002

Serhan Gündüz

https://doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2002.789

Abstract

M.Ö. I. binyılın ilk yarısında Önasya ülkelerinin siyasi coğrafyasına kısaca bakıldığında, Doğu Anadolu'da ve Kuzeybatı İran'da Urartu Devletinin, Güneydoğu Anadolu ve Kuzey Suriye'nin bir bölümünde Geç Hitit Kent Devletlerinin, İç Anadolu yüksek yaylasında Kızılırmak ve Konya ile Niğde bölgelerinde batıda Afyon'dan, doğuda Kapadokya'ya kadar olan bölgelerde Frig Devletinin, İç Batı Anadolu'da Lidya, Batı Anadolu kıyılarında kuzeyde yer alan Troas yöresinden İzmir'e kadar olan bölgelerde Aeoller, İzmir-Aydın Bafa Gölü arasında Orta Yunanistan'dan göç eden İon'lar, Aydın-Bafa’dan Fethiye'ye kadar olan bölgede Dor'lar ve Güneybatı Anadolu'da ise Likya yerleşmelerinin yer aldığı görülür.

Keywords

M.Ö. I. Binyıl, Önasya Krallıkları, Araba Tekerlekleri, Arkeoloji, Tarih

Characteristics and Manufacturing Techniques of Wheels in the Kingdoms of Asia Minor in the First Half of the First Millennium B.C.

Abstract

During the first half of the first millennium, the wagons and carts in the kingdoms of Asia Minor were two-wheeled chariots used especially for war, but also for hunting, transportation and competitive sports. These chariots had stoked wheels with six stokes in the 9th and the beginning of the 8th century B.C., while later the number of stokes increased to eight. There were also cases in the 8th century B.C. when wheels with either six or eight stoke were used during the same period. From chariot representations found in Western Anatolia we see that, even if rarely, there were also wheels made with four stokes. In this period the Achaemenids, Elamites and Chaldeans also had carts with very big wheels made of ten, twelve, or even sixteen stokes. The wheels of this age were made with a single thick wooden rim and beginning from the 8th century B.C. of two rims, the outside one thicker than the inner. Among the Assyrians, beginning from the first half of the 8th century B.C., bigger wheels with three rims were also used. The Urart civilisation used wheel rims made of two segments, while the Assyrians’ wheel rims could have between three and six segments. In representations of carts of the late Hittite, Phrygian and Western Anatolian civilisations, it is not clear if the rims were made up of segments or not. The wooden wheel rim was covered with a strip of rawhide to prevent its wearing away. It appears that the Ahamenids and some other nations used iron strips nailed on the wheels of their carts for this same purpose. Clips were used in the Urart, Assyrian and Ahamenid civilisations to hold the rims and the segments together. The wheels of this age, both those with six and eight stokes, had a cylindrical hub with independent segments, of a number equal to the number of stokes, the point of each one of which was inserted into these segments. The information we have regarding the manufacturing techniques of the rims, stokes and hub making up the wheel, are based on the theories of various scholars, but there are some points about which all of them agree. Nevertheless we must keep in mind the possibility that in future excavations new information on this subject may be found.

Keywords

First Millennium B.C., Kingdoms of Asia Minor, Wheels, Archeology, History

References

• A.S. : Anatolien Studies.
• AKURGAL, E. 1995 : Hatti ve Hitit Uygarlıkları. İstanbul.
• AKERSTRÖM, A. 1966: Die Architektonischen Terrakotten Kleinasiens. Lund.
• ALBENDA, P. 1986 : The Palace of Sargon, King of Assyria. Paris.
• AZARPAY, G. 1968 : Urartian Art and Artifacts. Los Angeles.
• BARNETT, R.D. - FALKNER, M. 1962: The Sculpture of Tiglath-Pileser III (745-727 B.C.); Eserhaddon (681-669 B.C.) from the Central and South West Palaces at Nimrud. London.
• BELLİ, O. 1998 : Anzaf Kaleleri ve Urartu Tanrıları. İstanbul.
• BURNEY, C.A. 1966. : "A First Season of Excavations at the Urartian Citadel of Kayalıdere", A.S. XVI, s. 55-113.
• CALMEYER, P. 1991 : "Utilitarian and Votive Armor: Helmets and Quivers", Urartu: A Metalworking Center in the First Millennium B.C.E., s. 123-134.
• CARRATELLI, G.P. 1993 : Aslantepe, Hierapolis, Iasos, Kyme. Venezia.
• COLLON, D. 1987 : First Impressions Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East. London.
• LITTAUER, M.A. - CROUWEL, J.H. 1979: Wheeled Vehicles and Ridden Animals in the Ancient Near East. Köln.
• CROUWEL, J.H. 1985 : "Carts in Iron Age Cyprus", R.D.A.C., s. 203-218.
• CROUWEL, J.H. 1987 : "Chariots in Iron Age Cyprus", R.D.A.C., s. 101-118.
• CROUWEL, J.H. 1992 : Chariots and Other Wheleed Vehicles in Iron Age Greece. Amsterdam.
• ERZEN, A. 1978 : Çavuştepe I. Ankara.
• GROPP, G. 1981 : "Ein Pferdegeschirr und Streitwagen aus Urartu", Iranica Antiqva XVI, s. 95-123.
• KELLNER, H.J. 1991 : "Grouping and Dating of Bronze Belts", Urartu: A Metalworking Center in the First Millennium B.C.E. s. 140-162.
• KELLNER, H.J. 1991 : Gürtelbleche aus Urartu, Prahistorische Bronzefunde 12/3. Stutgart.
• KÖKTEN, H. 1993 : "Balıkesir, Üçpınar Tümülüsü Araba Buluntuları Konservasyon Projesi", Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı XI, s. 221-227.
• MADHLOOM , T.A 1970 : The Chronology of Neo-Assyrian Art. London.
• MARCUS, M.I. 1989: "Emblems of Authority", Expedetion 31, s. 53-63.
• MATTHIAE, P. 1963 : Studi Rilievi di Karatepe. Roma.
• MELLINK, M.J. 1966 : "The Hasanlu Bowl in Anatolien Perspective", Iranica Antiqva VI, s. 72-87.
• MELLINK, M.J. 1998 : An Archaic Painted Tomb Chamber in Northern Lycia. Philadelphia.
• MERHAV, R. 1991 : "Chariot and Horse Fittings: Chariot Accessories", Urartu: A Metalworking Center in the First Millennium B.C.E., s. 52-78.
• MONDADORI, A. 1987 : Anatolia Immagini di Civilta. Roma.
• ÖZGEN, E. 1983 : "The Urartian Chariot Reconsidered: I Representational Evidence, 9th - 7th Centuries B.C.". Anatolica X, s. 111-133.
• PHILIPS, E.D. 1971 : The Royal Hordes Nomad Peoples of the Steppes. London.
• PIGGOT, S. 1983 : The Earliest Wheleed Transport from the Atlantic to the Caspian Sea. London.
• PRAYON, F. 1987 : Phrygische Plastik. Tubingen.
• R.D.A.C. : Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus.
• RUSSEL, J.M. 1991 : Sennacherib's Palace without Rival at Niniveh. Chicago.
• SCHAUENSEE, M.D. 1989 : "Horse Gear from Hasanlu", Expedetion 31, s.37-63.
• SHAW, I. 1991: Egyptian Warfare and Weapons. Great Britain.
• TAŞYÜREK, O.A. 1975 : "Some Inscribed Urartian Bronze Armour", Iraq XXXVII, s. 151-165.
• WILBER, D.N. 1969 :Persepolis: The Archaeology of Parsa Seat of the Persian Kings. New York.
• WINTER, I.J. 1989 : "The Hasanlu Gold Bowl Thirty Years Later", Expedetion 31, s. 87-100.
• YADIN, Y. 1963 : The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands. London.
• YILDIRIM, R. 1996 : Eskiçağ'da Anadolu. İzmir.
• YOUNG, S.R. 1981 : Three Great Early Tumuli. Pennsylvania.