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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Trafik ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2667-8071</issn>
                                                                                                        <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Bahar ÖZ</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.38002/tuad.1643863</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Transport Economics</subject>
                                                            <subject>Applied Economics (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Ulaşım Ekonomisi</subject>
                                                            <subject>Uygulamalı Ekonomi (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="tr">
                                    <trans-title>Kentleşme, Ar-Ge, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Hava Ulaşım İlişkisi: Üst- Orta Gelirli Ülkeler Analizi</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Relationship between Urbanization, R&amp;D, Economic Growth and Air Transportation: Analysis of Upper-Middle Income Countries</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0434-5834</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Avcı</surname>
                                    <given-names>Tunahan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Erciyes Üniversitesi</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7276-4438</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Gür</surname>
                                    <given-names>Tuğçe</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ERCİYES</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260414">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>14</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>0</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                                
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250220">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>20</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260105">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>05</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2018, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Research</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of Traffic and Transportation Research</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="tr">
                            <p>Günümüz dünyasında özellikle ülkelerin ve şehirlerin araştırma geliştirme faliyetleri, kentlerde yaşanan gelişmeleri ve ekonomilerinde yaşanan gelişmeler hava ulaşım üzerinde önemli etkiler bırakmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, araştırma ve geliştirme (Ar–Ge) harcamalarının, kentleşme nüfus oranının ve gayrisafi yurt içi hasılanın (GSYİH) havayolu ulaşımına etkisinin panel veri analiz yöntemi ile incelenmesidir. Araştırmada, üst–orta ülke grubuna ait ülkelerin (Türkiye, Malezya, Arjantin, Çin, Bulgaristan, Güney Afrika, Kolombiya, Ekvator) 1995-2019 dönemi verileri kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, hava taşımacılığı ulaşımı üzerinde etkili olan faktörü belirlemek için bağımlı değişken olarak hava ulaşımına ait yolcu sayısı, bağımsız değişken olarak kentleşme nüfus oranı, Ar–Ge harcamaları ve GSYİH seçilmiştir. Uygulanan bu iki testin ardından, seçilen faktörler arası uzun dönem katsayılarının tespiti için panel otoregresif dağıtılmış gecikme (autoregressive distributed lag [ARDL]) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Kentleşme, Ar-Ge, ekonomik büyüme ve hava ulaşımı arasındaki nedensellik Granger nedensellik testi ile incelenmiştir Araştırmanın ekonometrik analiz bulgularına göre, Ar-Ge harcamaları, kentleşme nüfus oranı ve GSYİH’nin taşınan yolcu sayısını uzun dönemde artırdığı sonucuna varılmıştır.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>In today&#039;s world, research and development activities of countries and cities, urban developments and economic developments have significant impacts on air transportation. The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of research and development (R&amp;D) expenditures, urbanization population rate and gross domestic product (GDP) on air transportation using panel data analysis method. In the study, data of the upper-middle country group (Türkiye, Malaysia, Argentina, China, Bulgaria, South Africa, Colombia, Ecuador) for the period 1995-2019 were used.  In this context, to determine the factors influencing air transportation, the number of air passengers was selected as the dependent variable, while the urbanization population rate, R&amp;D expenditures, and GDP were selected as independent variables. The analysis included Delta homogeneity tests and cross-sectional dependence tests. Unit root analysis was conducted to assess the stationarity of the selected variables. Following the unit root tests, Pedroni cointegration, Kao, and Westerlund tests were conducted to determine the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables. After these two tests were applied, the panel ARDL method was used to determine the long-term coefficients between the selected factors. The causality between urbanization, R&amp;D, economic growth and air transportation was examined with the Granger causality test. According to the econometric analysis findings of the research, it was concluded that R&amp;D expenditures, urbanization population rate and GDP increased the number of passengers carried in the long term.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>urbanization population</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  research and development</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  gross domestic product</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  air transportation</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="tr">
                                                    <kwd>kentleşme nüfusu</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  araştırma ve geliştirme</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  gayrisafi yurt içi hasıla</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  hava ulaşımı</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
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