Research Article
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The Role of Sex in Evaluating Other Male and Female Drivers’ Driving Skills and Behavior

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 167 - 182, 31.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.1104273

Abstract

Countries with wider gender gap might host sex-based stereotypical evaluations, which might be present from the early ages and persist. It might also hinder the stereotyped groups’ performance on the stereotyped field, such as driving (Granié and Papafava, 2011; Moè, Cadinu, & Maass, 2015; Steele & Aronson, 1995). Although the effect of sex and gender roles in self-evaluated driving skills and behaviors are studied, the possible effect of sex in evaluating other male and female drivers in their driving skills and behaviors was not a topic of interest in road safety studies. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate whether sex of the participants was a significant factor in evaluating other male and female drivers’ driving skills and behavior. 92 Female and 70 male drivers participated in the study. Participants were asked to fill forms of Driver Skill Inventory (DSI) and Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) to assess driving skills and behaviors of other male and female drivers. The results indicated significant differences between male and female participants in evaluations of other female drivers’ perceptual-motor skills, safety skills, and driving errors. In line with the literature, female drivers were endorsed for their safety skills, and male participants were endorsed for their perceptual motor skills. Similarly, female drivers received higher mean values for lapses and male drivers received higher mean values for errors, aggressive violations, and ordinary violations. Results are important in raising awareness regarding sex-based stereotypical evaluations of drivers, especially towards female drivers, in Turkey.

References

  • Af Wåhlberg, A., Dorn, L., & Kline, T. (2011). The Manchester Driver Behaviour Questionnaire as a predictor of road traffic accidents. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 12(1), 66-86.
  • Akanbi, O. G., Charles‐Owaba, O. E., & Oluleye, A. E. (2009). Human factors in traffic accidents in Lagos, Nigeria. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal. 18(4), 397-409. doi.org/10.1108/09653560910984456
  • Bener, A., Yildirim, E., Bolat, E., Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2016). The driver behaviour questionnaire as an accident predictor in cross-cultural countries in Qatar and Turkey: Global Public Health Problem. Brit J Med Res, 15(7), 1-9.
  • Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991). The self-esteem scale. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measure of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 115–160). New York: Academic.
  • Bucsuházy, K., Matuchová, E., Zůvala, R., Moravcová, P., Kostíková, M., & Mikulec, R. (2020). Human factors contributing to the road traffic accident occurrence. Transportation Research Procedia, 45, 555-561.
  • Cadinu, M., Maass, A., Lombardo, M., & Frigerio, S. (2006). Stereotype threat: The moderating role of locus of control beliefs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(2), 183-197.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
  • Davies, G. M., & Patel, D. (2005). The influence of car and driver stereotypes on attributions of vehicle speed, position on the road and culpability in a road accident scenario. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 10(1), 45-62.
  • De Winter, J. C., & Dodou, D. (2010). The Driver Behaviour Questionnaire as a predictor of accidents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Safety Research, 41(6), 463-470.
  • Dourado, J. F., Marques, C., Pereira, A. T., Nogueira, V., Macedo, A., Silva, A. B., & Seco, A. J. M. (2017). Further validation of the driver behaviour questionnaire–confirmatory factor analysis in a Portuguese sample. European Psychiatry, 41(S1), S694-S694.
  • Elander, J., West, R., & French, D. (1993). Behavioral correlates of individual differences in road-traffic crash risk: An examination of methods and findings. Psychological Bulletin, 113(2), 279.
  • Granié, M., & Papafava, M. E. (2011). Gender stereotypes associated with vehicle driving among French preadolescents and adolescents. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 2011, 14 (5), pp.341-353. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2011.04.002
  • Guého, L., Granié, M. A., & Abric, J. C. (2014). French validation of a new version of the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) for drivers of all ages and level of experiences. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 63, 41-48.
  • Holland, C., Geraghty, J., & Shah, K. (2010). Differential moderating effect of locus of control on effect of driving experience in young male and female drivers. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(7), 821-826.
  • Lajunen, T., & Özkan, T. (2004). Culture, safety culture, and traffic safety in Turkey and in Europe. The Turkish Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (T-DBQ): Validity and norms. Report no: SBB-3023. The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), June 2004, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Lajunen, T., & Summala, H. (1995). Driving experience, personality, and skill and safety-motive dimensions in drivers' self-assessments. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(3), 307-318.
  • Lajunen, T., Corry, A., Summala, H., & Hartley, L. (1998). Cross-cultural differences in drivers' self-assessments of their perceptual-motor and safety skills: Australians and Finns. Personality and Individual differences, 24(4), 539-550.
  • Lajunen, T., Parker, D., & Summala, H. (2004). The Manchester driver behaviour questionnaire: a cross-cultural study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36(2), 231-238.
  • Martinussen, L. M., Hakamies-Blomqvist, L., Møller, M., Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2013). Age, gender, mileage and the DBQ: The validity of the Driver Behavior Questionnaire in different driver groups. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 52, 228-236.
  • Moè, A., Cadinu, M., & Maass, A. (2015). Women drive better if not stereotyped. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 85, 199-206.
  • Muehlenhard, C. L., & Peterson, Z. D. (2011). Distinguishing between sex and gender: History, current conceptualizations, and implications. Sex Roles, 64(11), 791-803.
  • Ostapczuk, M., Joseph, R., Pufal, J., & Musch, J. (2017). Validation of the German version of the driver skill inventory (DSI) and the driver social desirability scales (DSDS). Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 45, 169-182.
  • Özkan, T. ve Lajunen, T. (2011). Person and environment: Traffic culture. In B. E. Porter (Eds.), Handbook of Traffic Psychology (pp.179-192). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.
  • Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2005a). Why are there sex differences in risky driving? The relationship between sex and gender‐role on aggressive driving, traffic offences, and accident involvement among young Turkish drivers. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 31(6), 547-558.
  • Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2005b). Multidimensional Traffic Locus of Control Scale (T-LOC): factor structure and relationship to risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(3), 533-545.
  • Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2006). What causes the differences in driving between young men and women? The effects of gender roles and sex on young drivers’ driving behaviour and self-assessment of skills. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 9(4), 269-277.
  • Özkan, T., Lajunen, T., Chliaoutakis, J. E., Parker, D., & Summala, H. (2006). Cross-cultural differences in driving skills: A comparison of six countries. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 38(5), 1011-1018.
  • Özkan, T., Lajunen, T., Kaistinen, J. (2005). Traffic Locus of control, driving skills, and attitudes towards in-vehicle technologies (ISA and ACC). 18th International Co-operation on Theories and Concepts in Traffic Safety (ICTCT), Helsinki, Finland.
  • Öztürk, İ., Fındık, G., & Özkan, T. (2019). Trafik ortamında cinsiyet rollerinin sürücü davranışları ve sürüş becerileriyle ilişkisi. Trafik ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 78-92.
  • Pravossoudovitch, K., Martha, C., Cury, F., & Granié, M. A. (2015). Sex and age differences in the endorsement of sex stereotypes associated with driving. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 18.
  • Reason, J., Manstead, A., Stradling, S., Baxter, J., & Campbell, K. (1990). Errors and violations on the roads: a real distinction?. Ergonomics, 33(10-11), 1315-1332.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Rydell, R. J., & Boucher, K. L. (2010). Capitalizing on multiple social identities to prevent stereotype threat: The moderating role of self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(2), 239-250.
  • Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797–811. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
  • Stephens, A. N., & Fitzharris, M. (2016). Validation of the driver behaviour questionnaire in a representative sample of drivers in Australia. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 86, 186-198.
  • Sümer, N., & Özkan, T. (2002). Sürücü Davranişlari, Becerileri, Bazi Kişilik Özellikleri ve Psikolojik Berlirtilerin Trafik Kazalarindaki Rolleri. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi. 17(50), 1–25
  • Taylor, J. E., Alpass, F., Stephens, C., & Towers, A. (2011). Driving anxiety and fear in 55–70 year-old New Zealanders. Age Ageing, 40(1), 62-66.
  • Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz, et al. (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, pp. 181-227. Academic Press.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2018). Karayolu Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri, 2017. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Karayolu-Trafik-Kaza-Istatistikleri-2017-27668
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2019). Karayolu Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri, 2018. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Karayolu-Trafik-Kaza-Istatistikleri-2018-30640
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2020). Karayolu Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri, 2019. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Karayolu-Trafik-Kaza-Istatistikleri-2019-33628
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2021). Karayolu Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri, 2020. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Karayolu-Trafik-Kaza-Istatistikleri-2020-37436
  • World Economic Forum (WEF). (2011). The Global Gender Gap Report 2011. Retrieved from https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2011.pdf
  • World Economic Forum (WEF). (2021). The Global Gender Gap Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf
  • Zhang, Y., Jing, L., Sun, C., Fang, J., & Feng, Y. (2019). Human factors related to major road traffic accidents in China. Traffic Injury Prevention, 20(8), 796-800.

Cinsiyetin Diğer Erkek ve Kadın Sürücülerin Sürüş Becerileri ve Davranışlarının Değerlendirilmesindeki Rolü

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 167 - 182, 31.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.1104273

Abstract

Araştırmalar, cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin ön planda olduğu ülkelerde cinsiyet temelli basmakalıp inanışların bulunabileceğini ve bu inanışların bireylerde erken yaşlarda yer edinmeye başlayıp daha sonra da devam edebileceğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca basmakalıp inanışların, bu inanışlara maruz kalan grubun sürüş gibi performansları üzerinde olumsuz etkisi olduğu da raporlanmıştır (Granié and Papafava, 2011; Moè, Cadinu, & Maass, 2015; Steele & Aronson, 1995). Cinsiyet ve cinsiyet rollerinin öz beyana dayalı sürüş becerileri ve davranışları ölçümlerine olan etkileri çalışılmış olsa da, cinsiyetin diğer erkek ve diğer kadın sürücülerin sürüş becerileri ve davranışlarının değerlendirilmesindeki muhtemel etkisi üzerinde yeterince yoğunlaşılmamıştır. Bu nedenle mevcut çalışma, katılımcıların cinsiyetinin diğer erkek ve kadın sürücülerin sürüş becerileri ve davranışlarının değerlendirilmesinde belirgin bir faktör olup olmadığını araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Çalışmaya 92 kadın ve 70 erkek sürücü dahil olmuştur. Katılımcılara Sürücü Becerileri Ölçeği ve Sürücü Davranışları Ölçeği formları, kadın ve erkek sürücüleri değerlendirecekleri şekilde sunulmuştur. Sonuçlar erkek ve kadın katılımcıların kadın sürücülerin algı-motor becerileri, güvenlik becerileri ve sürüş hatalarına yönelik yapmış oldukları değerlendirmeler arasında belirgin fark olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Alanyazın ile uygun şekilde kadın sürücüler genel olarak güvenlik becerileri bakımından, erkek katılımcılar ise algı-motor becerileri bakımından becerikli olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Yine alanyazınla uygun şekilde kadın sürücüler dalgınlıklar bakımından daha yüksek ortalama değerler elde ederken, erkek sürücüler hatalar, saldırgan ihlaller ve sıradan ihlaller alt ölçeklerinde daha yüksek ortalama ile değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, Türkiye’de özellikle kadın sürücülere yönelik cinsiyet temelli basmakalıp inanışlara dair farkındalık oluşturabilmesi adına değerlidir.

References

  • Af Wåhlberg, A., Dorn, L., & Kline, T. (2011). The Manchester Driver Behaviour Questionnaire as a predictor of road traffic accidents. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 12(1), 66-86.
  • Akanbi, O. G., Charles‐Owaba, O. E., & Oluleye, A. E. (2009). Human factors in traffic accidents in Lagos, Nigeria. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal. 18(4), 397-409. doi.org/10.1108/09653560910984456
  • Bener, A., Yildirim, E., Bolat, E., Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2016). The driver behaviour questionnaire as an accident predictor in cross-cultural countries in Qatar and Turkey: Global Public Health Problem. Brit J Med Res, 15(7), 1-9.
  • Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991). The self-esteem scale. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measure of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 115–160). New York: Academic.
  • Bucsuházy, K., Matuchová, E., Zůvala, R., Moravcová, P., Kostíková, M., & Mikulec, R. (2020). Human factors contributing to the road traffic accident occurrence. Transportation Research Procedia, 45, 555-561.
  • Cadinu, M., Maass, A., Lombardo, M., & Frigerio, S. (2006). Stereotype threat: The moderating role of locus of control beliefs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36(2), 183-197.
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, Ankara.
  • Davies, G. M., & Patel, D. (2005). The influence of car and driver stereotypes on attributions of vehicle speed, position on the road and culpability in a road accident scenario. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 10(1), 45-62.
  • De Winter, J. C., & Dodou, D. (2010). The Driver Behaviour Questionnaire as a predictor of accidents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Safety Research, 41(6), 463-470.
  • Dourado, J. F., Marques, C., Pereira, A. T., Nogueira, V., Macedo, A., Silva, A. B., & Seco, A. J. M. (2017). Further validation of the driver behaviour questionnaire–confirmatory factor analysis in a Portuguese sample. European Psychiatry, 41(S1), S694-S694.
  • Elander, J., West, R., & French, D. (1993). Behavioral correlates of individual differences in road-traffic crash risk: An examination of methods and findings. Psychological Bulletin, 113(2), 279.
  • Granié, M., & Papafava, M. E. (2011). Gender stereotypes associated with vehicle driving among French preadolescents and adolescents. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 2011, 14 (5), pp.341-353. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2011.04.002
  • Guého, L., Granié, M. A., & Abric, J. C. (2014). French validation of a new version of the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) for drivers of all ages and level of experiences. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 63, 41-48.
  • Holland, C., Geraghty, J., & Shah, K. (2010). Differential moderating effect of locus of control on effect of driving experience in young male and female drivers. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(7), 821-826.
  • Lajunen, T., & Özkan, T. (2004). Culture, safety culture, and traffic safety in Turkey and in Europe. The Turkish Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (T-DBQ): Validity and norms. Report no: SBB-3023. The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), June 2004, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Lajunen, T., & Summala, H. (1995). Driving experience, personality, and skill and safety-motive dimensions in drivers' self-assessments. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(3), 307-318.
  • Lajunen, T., Corry, A., Summala, H., & Hartley, L. (1998). Cross-cultural differences in drivers' self-assessments of their perceptual-motor and safety skills: Australians and Finns. Personality and Individual differences, 24(4), 539-550.
  • Lajunen, T., Parker, D., & Summala, H. (2004). The Manchester driver behaviour questionnaire: a cross-cultural study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36(2), 231-238.
  • Martinussen, L. M., Hakamies-Blomqvist, L., Møller, M., Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2013). Age, gender, mileage and the DBQ: The validity of the Driver Behavior Questionnaire in different driver groups. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 52, 228-236.
  • Moè, A., Cadinu, M., & Maass, A. (2015). Women drive better if not stereotyped. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 85, 199-206.
  • Muehlenhard, C. L., & Peterson, Z. D. (2011). Distinguishing between sex and gender: History, current conceptualizations, and implications. Sex Roles, 64(11), 791-803.
  • Ostapczuk, M., Joseph, R., Pufal, J., & Musch, J. (2017). Validation of the German version of the driver skill inventory (DSI) and the driver social desirability scales (DSDS). Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 45, 169-182.
  • Özkan, T. ve Lajunen, T. (2011). Person and environment: Traffic culture. In B. E. Porter (Eds.), Handbook of Traffic Psychology (pp.179-192). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.
  • Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2005a). Why are there sex differences in risky driving? The relationship between sex and gender‐role on aggressive driving, traffic offences, and accident involvement among young Turkish drivers. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 31(6), 547-558.
  • Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2005b). Multidimensional Traffic Locus of Control Scale (T-LOC): factor structure and relationship to risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(3), 533-545.
  • Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2006). What causes the differences in driving between young men and women? The effects of gender roles and sex on young drivers’ driving behaviour and self-assessment of skills. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 9(4), 269-277.
  • Özkan, T., Lajunen, T., Chliaoutakis, J. E., Parker, D., & Summala, H. (2006). Cross-cultural differences in driving skills: A comparison of six countries. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 38(5), 1011-1018.
  • Özkan, T., Lajunen, T., Kaistinen, J. (2005). Traffic Locus of control, driving skills, and attitudes towards in-vehicle technologies (ISA and ACC). 18th International Co-operation on Theories and Concepts in Traffic Safety (ICTCT), Helsinki, Finland.
  • Öztürk, İ., Fındık, G., & Özkan, T. (2019). Trafik ortamında cinsiyet rollerinin sürücü davranışları ve sürüş becerileriyle ilişkisi. Trafik ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 78-92.
  • Pravossoudovitch, K., Martha, C., Cury, F., & Granié, M. A. (2015). Sex and age differences in the endorsement of sex stereotypes associated with driving. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 18.
  • Reason, J., Manstead, A., Stradling, S., Baxter, J., & Campbell, K. (1990). Errors and violations on the roads: a real distinction?. Ergonomics, 33(10-11), 1315-1332.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Rydell, R. J., & Boucher, K. L. (2010). Capitalizing on multiple social identities to prevent stereotype threat: The moderating role of self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(2), 239-250.
  • Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797–811. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
  • Stephens, A. N., & Fitzharris, M. (2016). Validation of the driver behaviour questionnaire in a representative sample of drivers in Australia. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 86, 186-198.
  • Sümer, N., & Özkan, T. (2002). Sürücü Davranişlari, Becerileri, Bazi Kişilik Özellikleri ve Psikolojik Berlirtilerin Trafik Kazalarindaki Rolleri. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi. 17(50), 1–25
  • Taylor, J. E., Alpass, F., Stephens, C., & Towers, A. (2011). Driving anxiety and fear in 55–70 year-old New Zealanders. Age Ageing, 40(1), 62-66.
  • Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In L. Berkowitz, et al. (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, pp. 181-227. Academic Press.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2018). Karayolu Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri, 2017. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Karayolu-Trafik-Kaza-Istatistikleri-2017-27668
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2019). Karayolu Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri, 2018. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Karayolu-Trafik-Kaza-Istatistikleri-2018-30640
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2020). Karayolu Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri, 2019. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Karayolu-Trafik-Kaza-Istatistikleri-2019-33628
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2021). Karayolu Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri, 2020. Retrieved from https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Karayolu-Trafik-Kaza-Istatistikleri-2020-37436
  • World Economic Forum (WEF). (2011). The Global Gender Gap Report 2011. Retrieved from https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2011.pdf
  • World Economic Forum (WEF). (2021). The Global Gender Gap Report 2021. Retrieved from https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf
  • Zhang, Y., Jing, L., Sun, C., Fang, J., & Feng, Y. (2019). Human factors related to major road traffic accidents in China. Traffic Injury Prevention, 20(8), 796-800.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Batıkan Özkan 0000-0003-3943-7683

Derya Azık 0000-0002-9014-4029

Publication Date October 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özkan, B., & Azık, D. (2022). The Role of Sex in Evaluating Other Male and Female Drivers’ Driving Skills and Behavior. Trafik Ve Ulaşım Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 167-182. https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.1104273