Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Ara Toplu Taşıma Sistemlerinin Yükselişinin ve Hızlı Otobüs Taşımacılığı Sistemlerinin Çözüm Olarak Değerlendirilmesinin İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 80 - 95, 30.04.2023

Tuğçe Yanar

https://doi.org/10.38002/tuad.1160690

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Bu makale, Ara Toplu Toplu Taşıma (Informal Public Transport - IPT) sistemlerinin genel özelliklerini, bu sistemlerin gelişmekte olan ülkelerde artan kullanımının arkasındaki nedenleri ve IPT'lere alternatif bir çözüm olarak Hızlı Otobüs Taşımacılığı Sistemlerinin (Bus Rapid Transit Systems - BRTS) değerlendirilmesini sunmaktadır. Resmi toplu taşımacılık sistemlerinin yetersiz olduğu birçok ülkede kullanımı önemli ölçüde artan IPT'ler hizmet, işletme, finans, izleme ve işçilik özellikleri bakımından farklılık göstermektedir. Bu sistemlerin kullanımı gelişmekte olan ülkelerde düşük gelir, hızlı nüfus artışı, ulaşımda talep artışı, kentsel makroform, iş olanakları ve daha esnek güzergahlar gibi birçok ekonomik, sosyal ve politik nedenlerle artmıştır. Ancak bu sistemlerin olumlu etkilerinin yanı sıra birçok olumsuz etkisi de bulunmaktadır. Gelişmiş ülkelerde yapılan toplu taşıma programlarının doğrudan bu ülkelere aktarılması zordur ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde güncel durumdaki IPT kullanımının nedenlerinin ayrıntılı olarak anlaşılması doğru çözümün sunulmasını sağlayabilecektir. Ayrılmış otobüs yolları olan BRTS birçok ülkede ulaşım kaynaklı problemlere çözüm olarak görülmektedir ancak literatürde bu çözüme yönelik olumlu ve olumsuz eleştiriler yer almaktadır. Bu sistemlerin toplu taşıma sistemlerini iyileştirdiği örnekler olsa da çözüme katkı sağlamadığı pek çok örnek bulunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, IPT sistemlerinin kullanımının artmasının nedenlerinin çeşitliliğinin yüksek olduğu ve tek bir çözüme bağlı kalmaktansa bölgenin yerel özelliklerine göre mekansal, ekonomik, çevresel ve politik olarak uygun çözümler üretilmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

ara toplu taşıma sistemleri, gelişmekte olan ülkeler, hızlı otobüs taşımacılığı sistemleri

An Examination of the Rise of Informal Public Transport Systems in Developing Countries and the Critiques About Bus Rapid Transit Systems as a Desired Solution

Abstract

This article provides a review of the general characteristics of Informal Public Transport (IPT) systems, the reasons behind the increasing use of these systems in developing countries, and the evaluation of Bus Rapid Transit Systems (BRTS) as an alternative solution to IPTs. IPTs, whose use has increased significantly in many countries where Formal Public Transport is insufficient, are different in their service, operation, finance, monitoring and labour features. These systems' usage has increased in developing countries for many economic, social and political reasons such as low income, rapid population growth, increase in demand, urban macroform, job opportunities and more flexible routes. However, besides the positive effects of these systems, there are many adverse effects. It is challenging to transfer the public transport schemes made in developed countries directly to these countries, and understanding the reasons in detail allows to offer the right solution. Nevertheless, BRTS, which are segregated busways, is seen as a solution in many countries, and there are many agreeing and disagreeing arguments for this idea in the literature. Although there are examples where these systems improve public transport systems, there are many examples where they do not contribute to the solution. As a result, it has been reached that the diversity of the reasons for the increase in the use of IPT systems is high, and BRTS can be an alternative, producing spatially, economically, environmentally and politically appropriate solutions according to the local characteristics of the countries can be more beneficial than a single solution.

Keywords

bus rapid transit systems, developing countries, informal public transport

References

• Adam Smith Institute. (1989). The Paratransit Light Vehicle. A Report to London Transport and The Secretary of State for Transport. Retrieved from http://www.adamsmith.org/research/reports/theparatransit-lightvehicle
• Adebambo, S. & Adebayo, I. T. (2009). Impact of bus rapid transit system (BRT) on passengers’ satisfaction in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Creativity and Technical Development, 1(3), 106-119.
• Basso, L. J., Feres, F. & Silva, H. E. (2019). The efficiency of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems: A dynamic congestion approach. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 127, 47-71. doi:10.1016/j.trb.2019.06.012
• Behal, D., Kumar, S. & Tiwari, G. (2020). Determination and analysis of informal public transport stops. IATSS research, 44(1), 36-54. doi:10.1016/j.iatssr.2019.05.002
• Behrens, R., Saddier, Pickup, S. L. & Durant, T. (2021). TRANSITIONS - Informal Transport Compendium Report, A literature review to establish the ‘state of knowledge’ and appraisal of gaps requiring further research. High Volume Transport Applied Research. Retrieved from https://transport-links.com/download/transitions-informal-transport-compendium-report/
• Black, J. (2018). Urban transport planning: Theory and practice. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781351068604
• BRT Data. (2021). Global BRT Data. [Online]. [Accessed on 12 August 2021]. Retrieved from https://brtdata.org/
• Cervero, R. (1998a). The transit metropolis: a global inquiry. Washington D.C.: Island press.
• Cervero, R. (1998). Paratransit: The gap fillers. Habitat Debate, 4(2), 8-9.
• Cervero, R. (2000). Informal transport in the developing world. Nairobi: UN-HABITAT.
• Cervero, R. & Golub, A. (2007). Informal transport: A global perspective. Transport policy, 14(6), 445-457. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2007.04.011
• CFR. (2007). Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa. [Online]. [Accessed on 10 August 2021]. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/urbanization-sub-saharan-africa
• Daisa, J.M., Schmitt, M., Reinhofer, P., Hooper, K., Bochner, B. and Schwartz, L. (2013). NCHRP Report 758: Trip Generation Rates for Transportation Impact Analyses of Infill Development. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. doi:10.17226/22458
• Delmelle, E. C. & Casas, I. (2012). Evaluating the spatial equity of bus rapid transit-based accessibility patterns in a developing country: The case of Cali, Colombia. Transport Policy, 20, 36-46. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2011.12.001
• Deng, T. & Nelson, J. D. (2011). Recent developments in bus rapid transit: a review of the literature. Transport Reviews, 31(1), 69-96. doi:10.1080/01441647.2010.492455
• Dumba, S. (2017). Informal public transport driver behaviour and regulatory policy linkage: An expose. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 11(1), 1-16. doi:10.4102/jtscm.v11i0.315
• Flores-Dewey, O. & Zegras, C. (2012). The costs of inclusion: Incorporating existing bus operators into Mexico City’s emerging bus rapid transit system. In 12th Conference on Advanced Systems for Public Transport, Santiago, Chile.
• Guillen, M. D., Ishida, H. & Okamoto, N. (2013). Is the use of informal public transport modes in developing countries habitual? An empirical study in Davao City, Philippines. Transport Policy, 26, 31-42. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.03.008
• Hensher, D. A. & Golob, T. F. (2008). Bus rapid transit systems: a comparative assessment. Transportation, 35(4), 501-518. doi:10.1007/s11116-008-9163-y
• Ibarra-Rojas, O. J., Delgado, F., Giesen, R. & Muñoz, J. C. (2015). Planning, operation, and control of bus transport systems: A literature review. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 77, 38-75. doi:10.1016/j.trb.2015.03.002
• IUT India. (2014). Improving and Upgrading IPT Vehicles and Services: A Study. Retrieved from https://smartnet.niua.org/sites/default/files/resources/Intermediate%20Public%20Transport.pdf
• Jauregui-Fung, F., Kenworthy, J., Almaaroufi, S., Pulido-Castro, N., Pereira, S. & Golda-Pongratz, K. (2019). Anatomy of an informal transit city: Mobility analysis of the metropolitan area of Lima. Urban Science, 3(3), 67. doi:10.3390/urbansci3030067
• Joseph, L., Neven, A., Martens, K., Kweka, O., Wets, G. & Janssens, D. (2020). Activity participation and perceptions on informal public transport and bus rapid transit in Dar Es Salaam. Transportation Research Record, 2674(11), 573-583. doi:10.1177/0361198120948058
• Khayesi, M. & Nafukho, F. M. (2016). Informal Public Transport in Practice: Matatu Entrepreneurship. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315588490
• Kumar, M., Singh, S., Ghate, A. T., Pal, S. & Wilson, S. A. (2016). Informal public transport modes in India: A case study of five city regions. IATSS research, 39(2), 102-109. doi:10.1016/j.iatssr.2016.01.001
• Kumar, A., Zimmerman, S. and Arroyo-Arroyo, F. (2021). Myths and Realities of “Informal” Public Transport in Developing Countries: Approaches for Improving the Sector. Washington, DC: SSATP. doi:10.1596/37083
• Levinson, H. S., Zimmerman, S., Clinger, J. & Gast, J. (2003). Bus rapid transit: Synthesis of case studies. Transportation Research Record, 1841(1), 1-11. doi:10.3141/1841-01
• Lindau, L. A., Hidalgo, D. & de Almeida Lobo, A. (2014). Barriers to planning and implementing Bus Rapid Transit systems. Research in Transportation Economics, 48, 9-15. doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2014.09.026
• Obeng-Odoom, F. (2010). Drive left, look right: the political economy of urban transport in Ghana. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 1(1-2), 33-48. doi:10.1080/19463130903561475
• Özbilen, B. (2016). Integration of dolmuş as a paratransit mode to the existing public transport network: Ankara example (not published master’s thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
• Pickrell, D. H. (1992). A desire named streetcar fantasy and fact in rail transit planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 58(2), 158-176. doi:10.1080/01944369208975791
• Shimazaki, T. & Rahman, M. M. (1995). Operational characteristics of paratransit in developing countries of Asia. Transportation Research Record, 1503, 49-56.
• The Guardian. (2017). Lagos to decongest queues at BRT bus stops. [Online]. [Accessed on 13 August 2021]. Retrieved from https://guardian.ng/features/executive-motoring/lagos-to-decongest-queues-at-brt-busstops/
• Trubka, R., Newman, P. & Bilsborough, D. (2010). The costs of urban sprawl–Infrastructure and transportation. Environment Design Guide, 83, 1-6.
• Vermeiren, K., Verachtert, E., Kasaija, P., Loopmans, M., Poesen, J. & Van Rompaey, A. (2015). Who could benefit from a bus rapid transit system in cities from developing countries? A case study from Kampala, Uganda. Journal of Transport Geography, 47, 13-22. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.07.006
• Vuchic, V. R. (2007). Urban transit systems and technology. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9780470168066
• Wirth, C. J. (1997). Transportation policy in Mexico City: the politics and impacts of privatization. Urban Affairs Review, 33(2), 155-181. doi:10.1177/107808749703300201
• Wood, A. (2014). Learning through policy tourism: Circulating bus rapid transit from South America to South Africa. Environment and Planning A, 46(11), 2654-2669. doi:10.1068/a140016p
• Wöhrnschimmel, H., Zuk, M., Martínez-Villa, G., Cerón, J., Cárdenas, B., Rojas-Bracho, L. & Fernández-Bremauntz, A. (2008). The impact of a Bus Rapid Transit system on commuters' exposure to Benzene, CO, PM2. 5 and PM10 in Mexico City. Atmospheric Environment, 42(35), 8194-8203. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.07.062
• Wright, L. and Hook, W. (2007). Bus rapid transit planning guide. Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, New York.