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Year 2025, Issue: 37, 85 - 106, 31.12.2025

Ömer Can Yıldırım , Erhan Öztepe

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM

Abstract

References

  • Aberg, F. A. (1957). The early plough in Europe. Gwerin: A Half-Yearly Journal of Folk Life, 1(3), 171–181.
  • Aitken, R. (1956). Virgil’s plough. The Journal of Roman Studies, 46(1–2), 97–106.
  • Amouretti, M. C. (1986). Le pain et l’huile dans la Grèce antique (Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 328). Belles Lettres.
  • Beckh, H. (1895). Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi scholastici de re rustica eclogue. Leipzig.
  • Bryer, A. (1986). Byzantine agricultural implements: The evidence of medieval illustrations of Hesiod’s Works and Days. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 81, 45–80.
  • Bryer, A. (2002). The means of agricultural production: Muscle and tools. In E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium: From the seventh through the fifteenth century (pp. 101–113). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Cassas, L. F. (1799). Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (Vol. 1). Paris.
  • Cholakov, I. D. (2010). Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria: The 1st–the beginning of the 7th century. Sofia.
  • Cohen, G. M. (1995). The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor. University of California Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1973). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study. Clarendon Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1999). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press.
  • Derenzini, G. (1978). Una fonte per l’iconografia e la nomenclatura greca degli attrezzi agricoli: I codici esiodei. SN, 4, 1–11.
  • Derenzini, G. (1995). I disegni nei manoscritti delle Opere e i Giorni di Esiodo: Problemi della tradizione iconografica e testuale. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 447–461). Àrgos.
  • Derenzini, G., & Maccagni, C. (1970). Per la storia degli attrezzi agricoli: Una tradizione iconografica nei codici esiodei? Le machine, 6–7, 65–93.
  • Diodorus Siculus. (1933–1967). Library of history (C. H. Oldfather, Trans.; Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press.
  • Gaitzsch, W. (2005). Eisenfunde aus Pergamon: Geräte, Werkzeuge und Waffen. Berlin.
  • Gow, A. S. F. (1914). The ancient plough. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 34, 249–275.
  • Halfmann, H. (1986). Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich. Steiner.
  • Harvey, A. (1989). Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henning, J. (1987). Südosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter: Archäologische Beiträge zur Landwirtschaft des 1. Jahrtausends u. Z. Berlin.
  • Henning, J. (2007). Catalogue of archaeological finds from Pliska. In J. Henning (Ed.), Post-Roman towns, trade and settlement in Europe and Byzantium (pp. 661–704). Berlin.
  • Hjohlman, J. (2005). Pyrgouthi in Late Antiquity. In J. Hjohlman, A. Penttinen, & B. Wells (Eds.), Pyrgouthi: A rural site in the Berbati Valley (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4°, 52). Stockholm.
  • Kaplan, M. (1992). Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle: Propriété et exploitation du sol (Byzantina Sorbonensia 10). Publications de la Sorbonne.
  • Lefort, J. (2002). The rural economy, seventh–twelfth centuries. In A. E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium (pp. 231–310). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Levick, B. (1967). Roman colonies in southern Asia Minor. Clarendon Press.
  • Magness, J., et al. (2018). The Huqoq Excavation Project: 2014–2017 interim report. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 380, 61–131.
  • Murdzhev, P. (2021). The introduction of the moldboard plow to Byzantine Thrace in the eleventh century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 75, 171–204.
  • Nouschi, A. (2006). Il Mediterraneo contemporaneo: Il XX secolo. Besa.
  • Ostuni, G. (1986). Les outils dans les Balkans du Moyen Âge à nos jours (A. Guillou, Ed.; 2 vols.). Maisonneuve et Larose.
  • Özdizbay, A. (2004). Eski Yunan’da tarım. İstanbul.
  • Öztepe, E. (2012). Alexandria Troas kazıları. Anadolu/Anatolia, 38, 301–320.
  • Papanikola-Bakirtzi, D. (Ed.). (2002). Everyday life in Byzantium. Athens.
  • Paribeni, A. (1995). Raffigurazioni di strumenti agricoli in un manoscritto di Esiodo nella Biblioteca Ariostea di Ferrara. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 411–434). Àrgos.
  • Pfuhl, E., & Möbius, H. (1979). Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs II. Mainz.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries (Vol. 2). London.
  • Ponti, G. (1995). Marmora Troadensia. In A. Fraschetti (Ed.), Roma e l’ellenismo (pp. 289–296). Edipuglia.
  • Popović, I. (1986). Les outils de labourage romains dans la région du Moyen Danube. Starinar, 37, 73–86.
  • Popović, I. (1988). Les outils antiques en fer en Serbie. National Museum.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). The historical geography of Asia Minor. AMS Press. (Original work published 1890).
  • Schwertheim, E. (2006). Alexandria Troas: Eine römische Colonia im Norden Kleinasiens (Asia Minor Studien 61). Habelt.
  • Schwertheim, E. (2008). Alexandria Troas – Colonia Augusta Troadensis. In R. A. Stucky, A. M. Wandl, & H. P. Mathys (Eds.), Eretria XXVII. Fouilles et recherches (pp. 171–181). Infolio.
  • Takaoğlu, T. (2021). Adapting to a diverse landscape: Agriculture in Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia. In D. Hollander & T. Howe (Eds.), A companion to ancient agriculture (pp. 363–382). Wiley-Blackwell. Ulrich, R. B. (2007). Roman woodworking. Yale University Press.
  • Völling, T. (2002). Early Byzantine agricultural implements from Olympia (5th/6th centuries AD). In Θέμελης & Β. Κοντή (Eds.), Πρωτοβυζαντινή Μεσσήνη και Ολυμπία (pp. 195–207). Αθήνα.
  • Vyazov, L. A., & Salova, J. A. (2023). On the origins of tilling tools of the migration period in the Middle Volga Region. Archaeologia Bulgarica, 26(1), 93–108.
  • Waldbaum, J. C. (1983). Metalwork from Sardis: The finds through 1974. University of Chicago Press.
  • White, K. D. (1967). Agricultural implements of the Roman world. Cambridge University Press.
  • Λιβέρη, A. (2000). Βυζαντινά γεωργικά εργαλεία και μηχανές. Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, 21, 275–286.

Year 2025, Issue: 37, 85 - 106, 31.12.2025

Ömer Can Yıldırım , Erhan Öztepe

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM

Abstract

References

  • Aberg, F. A. (1957). The early plough in Europe. Gwerin: A Half-Yearly Journal of Folk Life, 1(3), 171–181.
  • Aitken, R. (1956). Virgil’s plough. The Journal of Roman Studies, 46(1–2), 97–106.
  • Amouretti, M. C. (1986). Le pain et l’huile dans la Grèce antique (Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 328). Belles Lettres.
  • Beckh, H. (1895). Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi scholastici de re rustica eclogue. Leipzig.
  • Bryer, A. (1986). Byzantine agricultural implements: The evidence of medieval illustrations of Hesiod’s Works and Days. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 81, 45–80.
  • Bryer, A. (2002). The means of agricultural production: Muscle and tools. In E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium: From the seventh through the fifteenth century (pp. 101–113). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Cassas, L. F. (1799). Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (Vol. 1). Paris.
  • Cholakov, I. D. (2010). Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria: The 1st–the beginning of the 7th century. Sofia.
  • Cohen, G. M. (1995). The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor. University of California Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1973). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study. Clarendon Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1999). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press.
  • Derenzini, G. (1978). Una fonte per l’iconografia e la nomenclatura greca degli attrezzi agricoli: I codici esiodei. SN, 4, 1–11.
  • Derenzini, G. (1995). I disegni nei manoscritti delle Opere e i Giorni di Esiodo: Problemi della tradizione iconografica e testuale. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 447–461). Àrgos.
  • Derenzini, G., & Maccagni, C. (1970). Per la storia degli attrezzi agricoli: Una tradizione iconografica nei codici esiodei? Le machine, 6–7, 65–93.
  • Diodorus Siculus. (1933–1967). Library of history (C. H. Oldfather, Trans.; Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press.
  • Gaitzsch, W. (2005). Eisenfunde aus Pergamon: Geräte, Werkzeuge und Waffen. Berlin.
  • Gow, A. S. F. (1914). The ancient plough. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 34, 249–275.
  • Halfmann, H. (1986). Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich. Steiner.
  • Harvey, A. (1989). Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henning, J. (1987). Südosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter: Archäologische Beiträge zur Landwirtschaft des 1. Jahrtausends u. Z. Berlin.
  • Henning, J. (2007). Catalogue of archaeological finds from Pliska. In J. Henning (Ed.), Post-Roman towns, trade and settlement in Europe and Byzantium (pp. 661–704). Berlin.
  • Hjohlman, J. (2005). Pyrgouthi in Late Antiquity. In J. Hjohlman, A. Penttinen, & B. Wells (Eds.), Pyrgouthi: A rural site in the Berbati Valley (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4°, 52). Stockholm.
  • Kaplan, M. (1992). Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle: Propriété et exploitation du sol (Byzantina Sorbonensia 10). Publications de la Sorbonne.
  • Lefort, J. (2002). The rural economy, seventh–twelfth centuries. In A. E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium (pp. 231–310). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Levick, B. (1967). Roman colonies in southern Asia Minor. Clarendon Press.
  • Magness, J., et al. (2018). The Huqoq Excavation Project: 2014–2017 interim report. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 380, 61–131.
  • Murdzhev, P. (2021). The introduction of the moldboard plow to Byzantine Thrace in the eleventh century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 75, 171–204.
  • Nouschi, A. (2006). Il Mediterraneo contemporaneo: Il XX secolo. Besa.
  • Ostuni, G. (1986). Les outils dans les Balkans du Moyen Âge à nos jours (A. Guillou, Ed.; 2 vols.). Maisonneuve et Larose.
  • Özdizbay, A. (2004). Eski Yunan’da tarım. İstanbul.
  • Öztepe, E. (2012). Alexandria Troas kazıları. Anadolu/Anatolia, 38, 301–320.
  • Papanikola-Bakirtzi, D. (Ed.). (2002). Everyday life in Byzantium. Athens.
  • Paribeni, A. (1995). Raffigurazioni di strumenti agricoli in un manoscritto di Esiodo nella Biblioteca Ariostea di Ferrara. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 411–434). Àrgos.
  • Pfuhl, E., & Möbius, H. (1979). Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs II. Mainz.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries (Vol. 2). London.
  • Ponti, G. (1995). Marmora Troadensia. In A. Fraschetti (Ed.), Roma e l’ellenismo (pp. 289–296). Edipuglia.
  • Popović, I. (1986). Les outils de labourage romains dans la région du Moyen Danube. Starinar, 37, 73–86.
  • Popović, I. (1988). Les outils antiques en fer en Serbie. National Museum.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). The historical geography of Asia Minor. AMS Press. (Original work published 1890).
  • Schwertheim, E. (2006). Alexandria Troas: Eine römische Colonia im Norden Kleinasiens (Asia Minor Studien 61). Habelt.
  • Schwertheim, E. (2008). Alexandria Troas – Colonia Augusta Troadensis. In R. A. Stucky, A. M. Wandl, & H. P. Mathys (Eds.), Eretria XXVII. Fouilles et recherches (pp. 171–181). Infolio.
  • Takaoğlu, T. (2021). Adapting to a diverse landscape: Agriculture in Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia. In D. Hollander & T. Howe (Eds.), A companion to ancient agriculture (pp. 363–382). Wiley-Blackwell. Ulrich, R. B. (2007). Roman woodworking. Yale University Press.
  • Völling, T. (2002). Early Byzantine agricultural implements from Olympia (5th/6th centuries AD). In Θέμελης & Β. Κοντή (Eds.), Πρωτοβυζαντινή Μεσσήνη και Ολυμπία (pp. 195–207). Αθήνα.
  • Vyazov, L. A., & Salova, J. A. (2023). On the origins of tilling tools of the migration period in the Middle Volga Region. Archaeologia Bulgarica, 26(1), 93–108.
  • Waldbaum, J. C. (1983). Metalwork from Sardis: The finds through 1974. University of Chicago Press.
  • White, K. D. (1967). Agricultural implements of the Roman world. Cambridge University Press.
  • Λιβέρη, A. (2000). Βυζαντινά γεωργικά εργαλεία και μηχανές. Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, 21, 275–286.

Year 2025, Issue: 37, 85 - 106, 31.12.2025

Ömer Can Yıldırım , Erhan Öztepe

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM

Abstract

References

  • Aberg, F. A. (1957). The early plough in Europe. Gwerin: A Half-Yearly Journal of Folk Life, 1(3), 171–181.
  • Aitken, R. (1956). Virgil’s plough. The Journal of Roman Studies, 46(1–2), 97–106.
  • Amouretti, M. C. (1986). Le pain et l’huile dans la Grèce antique (Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 328). Belles Lettres.
  • Beckh, H. (1895). Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi scholastici de re rustica eclogue. Leipzig.
  • Bryer, A. (1986). Byzantine agricultural implements: The evidence of medieval illustrations of Hesiod’s Works and Days. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 81, 45–80.
  • Bryer, A. (2002). The means of agricultural production: Muscle and tools. In E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium: From the seventh through the fifteenth century (pp. 101–113). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Cassas, L. F. (1799). Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (Vol. 1). Paris.
  • Cholakov, I. D. (2010). Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria: The 1st–the beginning of the 7th century. Sofia.
  • Cohen, G. M. (1995). The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor. University of California Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1973). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study. Clarendon Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1999). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press.
  • Derenzini, G. (1978). Una fonte per l’iconografia e la nomenclatura greca degli attrezzi agricoli: I codici esiodei. SN, 4, 1–11.
  • Derenzini, G. (1995). I disegni nei manoscritti delle Opere e i Giorni di Esiodo: Problemi della tradizione iconografica e testuale. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 447–461). Àrgos.
  • Derenzini, G., & Maccagni, C. (1970). Per la storia degli attrezzi agricoli: Una tradizione iconografica nei codici esiodei? Le machine, 6–7, 65–93.
  • Diodorus Siculus. (1933–1967). Library of history (C. H. Oldfather, Trans.; Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press.
  • Gaitzsch, W. (2005). Eisenfunde aus Pergamon: Geräte, Werkzeuge und Waffen. Berlin.
  • Gow, A. S. F. (1914). The ancient plough. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 34, 249–275.
  • Halfmann, H. (1986). Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich. Steiner.
  • Harvey, A. (1989). Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henning, J. (1987). Südosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter: Archäologische Beiträge zur Landwirtschaft des 1. Jahrtausends u. Z. Berlin.
  • Henning, J. (2007). Catalogue of archaeological finds from Pliska. In J. Henning (Ed.), Post-Roman towns, trade and settlement in Europe and Byzantium (pp. 661–704). Berlin.
  • Hjohlman, J. (2005). Pyrgouthi in Late Antiquity. In J. Hjohlman, A. Penttinen, & B. Wells (Eds.), Pyrgouthi: A rural site in the Berbati Valley (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4°, 52). Stockholm.
  • Kaplan, M. (1992). Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle: Propriété et exploitation du sol (Byzantina Sorbonensia 10). Publications de la Sorbonne.
  • Lefort, J. (2002). The rural economy, seventh–twelfth centuries. In A. E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium (pp. 231–310). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Levick, B. (1967). Roman colonies in southern Asia Minor. Clarendon Press.
  • Magness, J., et al. (2018). The Huqoq Excavation Project: 2014–2017 interim report. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 380, 61–131.
  • Murdzhev, P. (2021). The introduction of the moldboard plow to Byzantine Thrace in the eleventh century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 75, 171–204.
  • Nouschi, A. (2006). Il Mediterraneo contemporaneo: Il XX secolo. Besa.
  • Ostuni, G. (1986). Les outils dans les Balkans du Moyen Âge à nos jours (A. Guillou, Ed.; 2 vols.). Maisonneuve et Larose.
  • Özdizbay, A. (2004). Eski Yunan’da tarım. İstanbul.
  • Öztepe, E. (2012). Alexandria Troas kazıları. Anadolu/Anatolia, 38, 301–320.
  • Papanikola-Bakirtzi, D. (Ed.). (2002). Everyday life in Byzantium. Athens.
  • Paribeni, A. (1995). Raffigurazioni di strumenti agricoli in un manoscritto di Esiodo nella Biblioteca Ariostea di Ferrara. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 411–434). Àrgos.
  • Pfuhl, E., & Möbius, H. (1979). Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs II. Mainz.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries (Vol. 2). London.
  • Ponti, G. (1995). Marmora Troadensia. In A. Fraschetti (Ed.), Roma e l’ellenismo (pp. 289–296). Edipuglia.
  • Popović, I. (1986). Les outils de labourage romains dans la région du Moyen Danube. Starinar, 37, 73–86.
  • Popović, I. (1988). Les outils antiques en fer en Serbie. National Museum.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). The historical geography of Asia Minor. AMS Press. (Original work published 1890).
  • Schwertheim, E. (2006). Alexandria Troas: Eine römische Colonia im Norden Kleinasiens (Asia Minor Studien 61). Habelt.
  • Schwertheim, E. (2008). Alexandria Troas – Colonia Augusta Troadensis. In R. A. Stucky, A. M. Wandl, & H. P. Mathys (Eds.), Eretria XXVII. Fouilles et recherches (pp. 171–181). Infolio.
  • Takaoğlu, T. (2021). Adapting to a diverse landscape: Agriculture in Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia. In D. Hollander & T. Howe (Eds.), A companion to ancient agriculture (pp. 363–382). Wiley-Blackwell. Ulrich, R. B. (2007). Roman woodworking. Yale University Press.
  • Völling, T. (2002). Early Byzantine agricultural implements from Olympia (5th/6th centuries AD). In Θέμελης & Β. Κοντή (Eds.), Πρωτοβυζαντινή Μεσσήνη και Ολυμπία (pp. 195–207). Αθήνα.
  • Vyazov, L. A., & Salova, J. A. (2023). On the origins of tilling tools of the migration period in the Middle Volga Region. Archaeologia Bulgarica, 26(1), 93–108.
  • Waldbaum, J. C. (1983). Metalwork from Sardis: The finds through 1974. University of Chicago Press.
  • White, K. D. (1967). Agricultural implements of the Roman world. Cambridge University Press.
  • Λιβέρη, A. (2000). Βυζαντινά γεωργικά εργαλεία και μηχανές. Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, 21, 275–286.

Year 2025, Issue: 37, 85 - 106, 31.12.2025

Ömer Can Yıldırım , Erhan Öztepe

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM

Abstract

References

  • Aberg, F. A. (1957). The early plough in Europe. Gwerin: A Half-Yearly Journal of Folk Life, 1(3), 171–181.
  • Aitken, R. (1956). Virgil’s plough. The Journal of Roman Studies, 46(1–2), 97–106.
  • Amouretti, M. C. (1986). Le pain et l’huile dans la Grèce antique (Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 328). Belles Lettres.
  • Beckh, H. (1895). Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi scholastici de re rustica eclogue. Leipzig.
  • Bryer, A. (1986). Byzantine agricultural implements: The evidence of medieval illustrations of Hesiod’s Works and Days. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 81, 45–80.
  • Bryer, A. (2002). The means of agricultural production: Muscle and tools. In E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium: From the seventh through the fifteenth century (pp. 101–113). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Cassas, L. F. (1799). Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (Vol. 1). Paris.
  • Cholakov, I. D. (2010). Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria: The 1st–the beginning of the 7th century. Sofia.
  • Cohen, G. M. (1995). The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor. University of California Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1973). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study. Clarendon Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1999). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press.
  • Derenzini, G. (1978). Una fonte per l’iconografia e la nomenclatura greca degli attrezzi agricoli: I codici esiodei. SN, 4, 1–11.
  • Derenzini, G. (1995). I disegni nei manoscritti delle Opere e i Giorni di Esiodo: Problemi della tradizione iconografica e testuale. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 447–461). Àrgos.
  • Derenzini, G., & Maccagni, C. (1970). Per la storia degli attrezzi agricoli: Una tradizione iconografica nei codici esiodei? Le machine, 6–7, 65–93.
  • Diodorus Siculus. (1933–1967). Library of history (C. H. Oldfather, Trans.; Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press.
  • Gaitzsch, W. (2005). Eisenfunde aus Pergamon: Geräte, Werkzeuge und Waffen. Berlin.
  • Gow, A. S. F. (1914). The ancient plough. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 34, 249–275.
  • Halfmann, H. (1986). Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich. Steiner.
  • Harvey, A. (1989). Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henning, J. (1987). Südosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter: Archäologische Beiträge zur Landwirtschaft des 1. Jahrtausends u. Z. Berlin.
  • Henning, J. (2007). Catalogue of archaeological finds from Pliska. In J. Henning (Ed.), Post-Roman towns, trade and settlement in Europe and Byzantium (pp. 661–704). Berlin.
  • Hjohlman, J. (2005). Pyrgouthi in Late Antiquity. In J. Hjohlman, A. Penttinen, & B. Wells (Eds.), Pyrgouthi: A rural site in the Berbati Valley (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4°, 52). Stockholm.
  • Kaplan, M. (1992). Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle: Propriété et exploitation du sol (Byzantina Sorbonensia 10). Publications de la Sorbonne.
  • Lefort, J. (2002). The rural economy, seventh–twelfth centuries. In A. E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium (pp. 231–310). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Levick, B. (1967). Roman colonies in southern Asia Minor. Clarendon Press.
  • Magness, J., et al. (2018). The Huqoq Excavation Project: 2014–2017 interim report. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 380, 61–131.
  • Murdzhev, P. (2021). The introduction of the moldboard plow to Byzantine Thrace in the eleventh century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 75, 171–204.
  • Nouschi, A. (2006). Il Mediterraneo contemporaneo: Il XX secolo. Besa.
  • Ostuni, G. (1986). Les outils dans les Balkans du Moyen Âge à nos jours (A. Guillou, Ed.; 2 vols.). Maisonneuve et Larose.
  • Özdizbay, A. (2004). Eski Yunan’da tarım. İstanbul.
  • Öztepe, E. (2012). Alexandria Troas kazıları. Anadolu/Anatolia, 38, 301–320.
  • Papanikola-Bakirtzi, D. (Ed.). (2002). Everyday life in Byzantium. Athens.
  • Paribeni, A. (1995). Raffigurazioni di strumenti agricoli in un manoscritto di Esiodo nella Biblioteca Ariostea di Ferrara. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 411–434). Àrgos.
  • Pfuhl, E., & Möbius, H. (1979). Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs II. Mainz.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries (Vol. 2). London.
  • Ponti, G. (1995). Marmora Troadensia. In A. Fraschetti (Ed.), Roma e l’ellenismo (pp. 289–296). Edipuglia.
  • Popović, I. (1986). Les outils de labourage romains dans la région du Moyen Danube. Starinar, 37, 73–86.
  • Popović, I. (1988). Les outils antiques en fer en Serbie. National Museum.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). The historical geography of Asia Minor. AMS Press. (Original work published 1890).
  • Schwertheim, E. (2006). Alexandria Troas: Eine römische Colonia im Norden Kleinasiens (Asia Minor Studien 61). Habelt.
  • Schwertheim, E. (2008). Alexandria Troas – Colonia Augusta Troadensis. In R. A. Stucky, A. M. Wandl, & H. P. Mathys (Eds.), Eretria XXVII. Fouilles et recherches (pp. 171–181). Infolio.
  • Takaoğlu, T. (2021). Adapting to a diverse landscape: Agriculture in Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia. In D. Hollander & T. Howe (Eds.), A companion to ancient agriculture (pp. 363–382). Wiley-Blackwell. Ulrich, R. B. (2007). Roman woodworking. Yale University Press.
  • Völling, T. (2002). Early Byzantine agricultural implements from Olympia (5th/6th centuries AD). In Θέμελης & Β. Κοντή (Eds.), Πρωτοβυζαντινή Μεσσήνη και Ολυμπία (pp. 195–207). Αθήνα.
  • Vyazov, L. A., & Salova, J. A. (2023). On the origins of tilling tools of the migration period in the Middle Volga Region. Archaeologia Bulgarica, 26(1), 93–108.
  • Waldbaum, J. C. (1983). Metalwork from Sardis: The finds through 1974. University of Chicago Press.
  • White, K. D. (1967). Agricultural implements of the Roman world. Cambridge University Press.
  • Λιβέρη, A. (2000). Βυζαντινά γεωργικά εργαλεία και μηχανές. Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, 21, 275–286.

Aleksandreia Troas’dan Bir Metal Alet Topluluğu

Year 2025, Issue: 37, 85 - 106, 31.12.2025

Ömer Can Yıldırım , Erhan Öztepe

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM

Abstract

Bu makale, Troas bölgesindeki önemli bir kıyı kenti olan Alexandria Troas’ın kırsal alanında 2018 yılında tesadüfen keşfedilen bir metal alet topluluğunu incelemektedir. Buluntu topluluğu 32 metal eserden oluşmaktadır: 29 alet ve üç demir külçe. Aletler arasında oraklar, tırpanlar, çekiçler, çift ağızlı baltalar, dirgenler, çapalar ve saban demirleri gibi tarımsal ve gündelik kullanım gereçleri yer almaktadır. Demir aletler, Anadolu’da daha önce ortaya çıkarılmış topluluklar ile karşılaştırılabilir özellikler sergilemektedir. Bu çalışma, eserleri tanımlamış ve karşılaştırmış; işlevlerini ise hem kazılardan elde edilen benzer buluntular hem de Bizans sanatının çeşitli türlerinde korunmuş tasvirler aracılığıyla değerlendirmiştir. Eserlerin biçimleri özellikle önemlidir; zira Roma döneminden Geç Bizans dönemine kadar tarımsal yaşamda kullanılan el aletlerinin sürekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu süreklilik, söz konusu dönemde ne tarımsal uygulamalarda ne de ilgili zanaat geleneklerinde önemli bir değişim yaşanmadığını göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, özellikle Troas bölgesinde Bizans döneminde kullanılan üretim araçlarını belgelemesiyle bölgenin kültürel tarihine katkı sağlamaktadır. Karşılaştırmalı analizlere dayanarak, söz konusu aletlerin Orta Bizans döneminin sonları ile Geç Bizans döneminin başlarına tarihlendirilebileceği önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Alexandria Troas Metal Aletler İstif Zanaatkârlık

References

  • Aberg, F. A. (1957). The early plough in Europe. Gwerin: A Half-Yearly Journal of Folk Life, 1(3), 171–181.
  • Aitken, R. (1956). Virgil’s plough. The Journal of Roman Studies, 46(1–2), 97–106.
  • Amouretti, M. C. (1986). Le pain et l’huile dans la Grèce antique (Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 328). Belles Lettres.
  • Beckh, H. (1895). Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi scholastici de re rustica eclogue. Leipzig.
  • Bryer, A. (1986). Byzantine agricultural implements: The evidence of medieval illustrations of Hesiod’s Works and Days. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 81, 45–80.
  • Bryer, A. (2002). The means of agricultural production: Muscle and tools. In E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium: From the seventh through the fifteenth century (pp. 101–113). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Cassas, L. F. (1799). Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (Vol. 1). Paris.
  • Cholakov, I. D. (2010). Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria: The 1st–the beginning of the 7th century. Sofia.
  • Cohen, G. M. (1995). The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor. University of California Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1973). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study. Clarendon Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1999). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press.
  • Derenzini, G. (1978). Una fonte per l’iconografia e la nomenclatura greca degli attrezzi agricoli: I codici esiodei. SN, 4, 1–11.
  • Derenzini, G. (1995). I disegni nei manoscritti delle Opere e i Giorni di Esiodo: Problemi della tradizione iconografica e testuale. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 447–461). Àrgos.
  • Derenzini, G., & Maccagni, C. (1970). Per la storia degli attrezzi agricoli: Una tradizione iconografica nei codici esiodei? Le machine, 6–7, 65–93.
  • Diodorus Siculus. (1933–1967). Library of history (C. H. Oldfather, Trans.; Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press.
  • Gaitzsch, W. (2005). Eisenfunde aus Pergamon: Geräte, Werkzeuge und Waffen. Berlin.
  • Gow, A. S. F. (1914). The ancient plough. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 34, 249–275.
  • Halfmann, H. (1986). Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich. Steiner.
  • Harvey, A. (1989). Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henning, J. (1987). Südosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter: Archäologische Beiträge zur Landwirtschaft des 1. Jahrtausends u. Z. Berlin.
  • Henning, J. (2007). Catalogue of archaeological finds from Pliska. In J. Henning (Ed.), Post-Roman towns, trade and settlement in Europe and Byzantium (pp. 661–704). Berlin.
  • Hjohlman, J. (2005). Pyrgouthi in Late Antiquity. In J. Hjohlman, A. Penttinen, & B. Wells (Eds.), Pyrgouthi: A rural site in the Berbati Valley (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4°, 52). Stockholm.
  • Kaplan, M. (1992). Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle: Propriété et exploitation du sol (Byzantina Sorbonensia 10). Publications de la Sorbonne.
  • Lefort, J. (2002). The rural economy, seventh–twelfth centuries. In A. E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium (pp. 231–310). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Levick, B. (1967). Roman colonies in southern Asia Minor. Clarendon Press.
  • Magness, J., et al. (2018). The Huqoq Excavation Project: 2014–2017 interim report. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 380, 61–131.
  • Murdzhev, P. (2021). The introduction of the moldboard plow to Byzantine Thrace in the eleventh century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 75, 171–204.
  • Nouschi, A. (2006). Il Mediterraneo contemporaneo: Il XX secolo. Besa.
  • Ostuni, G. (1986). Les outils dans les Balkans du Moyen Âge à nos jours (A. Guillou, Ed.; 2 vols.). Maisonneuve et Larose.
  • Özdizbay, A. (2004). Eski Yunan’da tarım. İstanbul.
  • Öztepe, E. (2012). Alexandria Troas kazıları. Anadolu/Anatolia, 38, 301–320.
  • Papanikola-Bakirtzi, D. (Ed.). (2002). Everyday life in Byzantium. Athens.
  • Paribeni, A. (1995). Raffigurazioni di strumenti agricoli in un manoscritto di Esiodo nella Biblioteca Ariostea di Ferrara. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 411–434). Àrgos.
  • Pfuhl, E., & Möbius, H. (1979). Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs II. Mainz.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries (Vol. 2). London.
  • Ponti, G. (1995). Marmora Troadensia. In A. Fraschetti (Ed.), Roma e l’ellenismo (pp. 289–296). Edipuglia.
  • Popović, I. (1986). Les outils de labourage romains dans la région du Moyen Danube. Starinar, 37, 73–86.
  • Popović, I. (1988). Les outils antiques en fer en Serbie. National Museum.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). The historical geography of Asia Minor. AMS Press. (Original work published 1890).
  • Schwertheim, E. (2006). Alexandria Troas: Eine römische Colonia im Norden Kleinasiens (Asia Minor Studien 61). Habelt.
  • Schwertheim, E. (2008). Alexandria Troas – Colonia Augusta Troadensis. In R. A. Stucky, A. M. Wandl, & H. P. Mathys (Eds.), Eretria XXVII. Fouilles et recherches (pp. 171–181). Infolio.
  • Takaoğlu, T. (2021). Adapting to a diverse landscape: Agriculture in Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia. In D. Hollander & T. Howe (Eds.), A companion to ancient agriculture (pp. 363–382). Wiley-Blackwell. Ulrich, R. B. (2007). Roman woodworking. Yale University Press.
  • Völling, T. (2002). Early Byzantine agricultural implements from Olympia (5th/6th centuries AD). In Θέμελης & Β. Κοντή (Eds.), Πρωτοβυζαντινή Μεσσήνη και Ολυμπία (pp. 195–207). Αθήνα.
  • Vyazov, L. A., & Salova, J. A. (2023). On the origins of tilling tools of the migration period in the Middle Volga Region. Archaeologia Bulgarica, 26(1), 93–108.
  • Waldbaum, J. C. (1983). Metalwork from Sardis: The finds through 1974. University of Chicago Press.
  • White, K. D. (1967). Agricultural implements of the Roman world. Cambridge University Press.
  • Λιβέρη, A. (2000). Βυζαντινά γεωργικά εργαλεία και μηχανές. Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, 21, 275–286.

A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas

Year 2025, Issue: 37, 85 - 106, 31.12.2025

Ömer Can Yıldırım , Erhan Öztepe

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM

Abstract

This study investigates a collection of metal tools that were fortuitously discovered in 2018 within the rural area of Alexandria Troas, a prominent coastal city in the region of Troad. The assemblage comprises 32 metal artifacts, including 29 tools and three iron ingots. Among the tools are agricultural and everyday implements such as sickles, scythes, hammers, double-bladed axes, pitchforks, hoes, and plowshares. The iron tools exhibit characteristics similar to those found in hoards previously unearthed in Asia Minor. This study describes and compares the artifacts, evaluating their functions through both excavated parallels and depictions preserved in various genres of Byzantine art. The forms of the artifacts are particularly noteworthy, as they illustrate the continuity of hand tools used in agricultural life from the Roman to the Late Byzantine periods. This continuity implies that neither agricultural practices nor related craft traditions underwent significant changes during this era. In this context, the study contributes to the cultural history of the region by documenting the production tools utilized during the Byzantine period, specifically within Troas. Based on analogical analysis, these tools are suggested to date to the late Middle Byzantine and early Late Byzantine periods.

Keywords

Alexandria Troas Metal Tools Hoard Craftsmanship.

References

  • Aberg, F. A. (1957). The early plough in Europe. Gwerin: A Half-Yearly Journal of Folk Life, 1(3), 171–181.
  • Aitken, R. (1956). Virgil’s plough. The Journal of Roman Studies, 46(1–2), 97–106.
  • Amouretti, M. C. (1986). Le pain et l’huile dans la Grèce antique (Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 328). Belles Lettres.
  • Beckh, H. (1895). Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi scholastici de re rustica eclogue. Leipzig.
  • Bryer, A. (1986). Byzantine agricultural implements: The evidence of medieval illustrations of Hesiod’s Works and Days. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 81, 45–80.
  • Bryer, A. (2002). The means of agricultural production: Muscle and tools. In E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium: From the seventh through the fifteenth century (pp. 101–113). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Cassas, L. F. (1799). Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (Vol. 1). Paris.
  • Cholakov, I. D. (2010). Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria: The 1st–the beginning of the 7th century. Sofia.
  • Cohen, G. M. (1995). The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor. University of California Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1973). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study. Clarendon Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1999). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press.
  • Derenzini, G. (1978). Una fonte per l’iconografia e la nomenclatura greca degli attrezzi agricoli: I codici esiodei. SN, 4, 1–11.
  • Derenzini, G. (1995). I disegni nei manoscritti delle Opere e i Giorni di Esiodo: Problemi della tradizione iconografica e testuale. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 447–461). Àrgos.
  • Derenzini, G., & Maccagni, C. (1970). Per la storia degli attrezzi agricoli: Una tradizione iconografica nei codici esiodei? Le machine, 6–7, 65–93.
  • Diodorus Siculus. (1933–1967). Library of history (C. H. Oldfather, Trans.; Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press.
  • Gaitzsch, W. (2005). Eisenfunde aus Pergamon: Geräte, Werkzeuge und Waffen. Berlin.
  • Gow, A. S. F. (1914). The ancient plough. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 34, 249–275.
  • Halfmann, H. (1986). Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich. Steiner.
  • Harvey, A. (1989). Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henning, J. (1987). Südosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter: Archäologische Beiträge zur Landwirtschaft des 1. Jahrtausends u. Z. Berlin.
  • Henning, J. (2007). Catalogue of archaeological finds from Pliska. In J. Henning (Ed.), Post-Roman towns, trade and settlement in Europe and Byzantium (pp. 661–704). Berlin.
  • Hjohlman, J. (2005). Pyrgouthi in Late Antiquity. In J. Hjohlman, A. Penttinen, & B. Wells (Eds.), Pyrgouthi: A rural site in the Berbati Valley (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4°, 52). Stockholm.
  • Kaplan, M. (1992). Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle: Propriété et exploitation du sol (Byzantina Sorbonensia 10). Publications de la Sorbonne.
  • Lefort, J. (2002). The rural economy, seventh–twelfth centuries. In A. E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium (pp. 231–310). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Levick, B. (1967). Roman colonies in southern Asia Minor. Clarendon Press.
  • Magness, J., et al. (2018). The Huqoq Excavation Project: 2014–2017 interim report. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 380, 61–131.
  • Murdzhev, P. (2021). The introduction of the moldboard plow to Byzantine Thrace in the eleventh century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 75, 171–204.
  • Nouschi, A. (2006). Il Mediterraneo contemporaneo: Il XX secolo. Besa.
  • Ostuni, G. (1986). Les outils dans les Balkans du Moyen Âge à nos jours (A. Guillou, Ed.; 2 vols.). Maisonneuve et Larose.
  • Özdizbay, A. (2004). Eski Yunan’da tarım. İstanbul.
  • Öztepe, E. (2012). Alexandria Troas kazıları. Anadolu/Anatolia, 38, 301–320.
  • Papanikola-Bakirtzi, D. (Ed.). (2002). Everyday life in Byzantium. Athens.
  • Paribeni, A. (1995). Raffigurazioni di strumenti agricoli in un manoscritto di Esiodo nella Biblioteca Ariostea di Ferrara. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 411–434). Àrgos.
  • Pfuhl, E., & Möbius, H. (1979). Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs II. Mainz.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries (Vol. 2). London.
  • Ponti, G. (1995). Marmora Troadensia. In A. Fraschetti (Ed.), Roma e l’ellenismo (pp. 289–296). Edipuglia.
  • Popović, I. (1986). Les outils de labourage romains dans la région du Moyen Danube. Starinar, 37, 73–86.
  • Popović, I. (1988). Les outils antiques en fer en Serbie. National Museum.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). The historical geography of Asia Minor. AMS Press. (Original work published 1890).
  • Schwertheim, E. (2006). Alexandria Troas: Eine römische Colonia im Norden Kleinasiens (Asia Minor Studien 61). Habelt.
  • Schwertheim, E. (2008). Alexandria Troas – Colonia Augusta Troadensis. In R. A. Stucky, A. M. Wandl, & H. P. Mathys (Eds.), Eretria XXVII. Fouilles et recherches (pp. 171–181). Infolio.
  • Takaoğlu, T. (2021). Adapting to a diverse landscape: Agriculture in Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia. In D. Hollander & T. Howe (Eds.), A companion to ancient agriculture (pp. 363–382). Wiley-Blackwell. Ulrich, R. B. (2007). Roman woodworking. Yale University Press.
  • Völling, T. (2002). Early Byzantine agricultural implements from Olympia (5th/6th centuries AD). In Θέμελης & Β. Κοντή (Eds.), Πρωτοβυζαντινή Μεσσήνη και Ολυμπία (pp. 195–207). Αθήνα.
  • Vyazov, L. A., & Salova, J. A. (2023). On the origins of tilling tools of the migration period in the Middle Volga Region. Archaeologia Bulgarica, 26(1), 93–108.
  • Waldbaum, J. C. (1983). Metalwork from Sardis: The finds through 1974. University of Chicago Press.
  • White, K. D. (1967). Agricultural implements of the Roman world. Cambridge University Press.
  • Λιβέρη, A. (2000). Βυζαντινά γεωργικά εργαλεία και μηχανές. Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, 21, 275–286.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Greek and Roman Period Archeology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ömer Can Yıldırım 0000-0002-9671-4782

Erhan Öztepe 0000-0003-0558-8870

Submission Date October 3, 2025
Acceptance Date November 16, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
IZ https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 37

Cite

APA Yıldırım, Ö. C., & Öztepe, E. (2025). A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, 37, 85-106. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
AMA 1.Yıldırım ÖC, Öztepe E. A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas. TÜBA-AR. 2025;(37):85-106. doi:10.22520/tubaar.1796076
Chicago Yıldırım, Ömer Can, and Erhan Öztepe. 2025. “A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, nos. 37: 85-106. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076.
EndNote Yıldırım ÖC, Öztepe E (December 1, 2025) A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 37 85–106.
IEEE [1]Ö. C. Yıldırım and E. Öztepe, “A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas”, TÜBA-AR, no. 37, pp. 85–106, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.22520/tubaar.1796076.
ISNAD Yıldırım, Ömer Can - Öztepe, Erhan. “A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi. 37 (December 1, 2025): 85-106. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076.
JAMA 1.Yıldırım ÖC, Öztepe E. A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas. TÜBA-AR. 2025;:85–106.
MLA Yıldırım, Ömer Can, and Erhan Öztepe. “A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, no. 37, Dec. 2025, pp. 85-106, doi:10.22520/tubaar.1796076.
Vancouver 1.Yıldırım ÖC, Öztepe E. A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas. TÜBA-AR [Internet]. 2025 Dec. 1;(37):85-106. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM

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