Research Article
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Factors Affecting Customer Loyalty of Consumers Shopping on Social Media Platforms

Year 2024, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 1 - 16, 30.06.2024

Abstract

The relentless progress in information and communication technology has resulted in substantial alterations in individuals' consumer behavior. Originally intended for fostering personal connections, the utilization of social media has recently experienced a substantial transformation as businesses incorporate it into their e-commerce strategies. Social media platforms have become an integral part of the everyday routines of the ordinary consumer demographic, serving as a crucial tool for online purchase. The rise of e-commerce has sparked intense rivalry among firms, compelling them to enhance client loyalty through the use of social media platforms. The expectations and objectives of customers who participate in online purchase through these channels fundamentally differ from those of traditional in-person shoppers. This study aims to analyze the determinants that impact consumer loyalty among white-collar professionals that engage in online transactions via social media platforms. The primary aim of this study is to examine the phenomena of online consumer loyalty. This study has a cohort of 364 individuals employed in professional or managerial positions. Following the formulation of the hypotheses, data was gathered via a questionnaire. The acquired data was analyzed using a multiple regression model to examine the three hypotheses. The results indicate that individuals' loyalty towards a corporation is positively influenced by their judgments of corporate social responsibility, website service quality, and public relations. Furthermore, research demonstrates a substantial correlation between the frequency of online purchases and the level of consumer loyalty. The final section of the paper is an analysis of the practical consequences that result from the aforementioned findings.

Ethical Statement

The research’s ethics committee approval is given by Istanbul Gedik University Ethics Committee’s 21/09/2022 dated E-56365223-050,01,04-2022,137548,111-371 numbered decision.

References

  • Akkoyunlu, G. S., & Kalyoncuoğlu, S. (2014). İşletmelerin kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk çalışmalarının marka algısı üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(3), 125-144.
  • Aktan, C. C., & Börü, D. (2007). Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk. C. C. Aktan (Ed.) Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk: İşletmeler ve Sosyal Sorumluluk. (7-25).
  • Arı, E., & Yılmaz, V. (2015). Banka hizmet kalitesi boyutları ile banka sadakati arasındaki ilişkilerin servqual ve yapısal eşitlik modeli ile incelenmesi: İ.İ.B.F Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 20(3), 121-135.
  • Ashraf, S., Ilyas, R., Imtiaz, M., & Tahir, H. M. (2017). Impact of CSR on customer loyalty: Putting customer trust, customer ıdentification, customer satisfaction and customer commitment into equation-a study on the banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 5(6), 1362-1372.
  • Ball, D., Coelho, P. S., & Machas, A. (2004). The role of communication and trust in explaining customer loyalty an extension to the ECSI Model. European Journal of Marketing, 38(9/10), 1272-1293.
  • Barefoot, D., & Szabo, J. (2010). Friends with benefits: A social media marketing handbook. San Francisco/USA: No Starch Press.
  • Beba, A. (2018). Başıma icat çıkar. İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Carroll, A. B. (1999). CSR evolution of a definitional construct. Business & Society, 38(3), 268-295.
  • Chaffey, D., Smith, P. R. & Smith, P. R. (2013). E-marketing excellence: Planning and optimizing your digital marketing. Oxford Shire/UK: Routledge Publishing.
  • Chang, H. H., Wang, Y-H. & Yang, W-Y. (2009). The impact of e-service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty on e-marketing: Moderating effect of perceived value. Total Quality Management, 20(4), 423-443.
  • Chang, Y., Yu, H. & Lu, H. (2015). Persuasive messages, popularity cohesion and message diffusion in social media marketing. Journal of Business Research, 68(4), 777-782.
  • Chi, H. (2011). Interactive digital advertising vs. virtual brand community: exploratory study of user motivation and social media marketing responses in Taiwan. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 12(1), 44-61.
  • Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical assessment. Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
  • Cuesta-Valiño, P., Rodríguez, P. G. & Núñez-Barriopedro, E. (2018). The impact of corporate social responsibility on customer loyalty in hypermarkets: A new socially responsible strategy. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(4), 761-769.
  • Çatı, K., & Koçoğlu, C. M. (2008). Müşteri sadakati ile müşteri tatmini arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19, 167-188.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik: SPSS ve Lisrel Uygulamaları. Çankaya/Ankara: Pegem Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Dehghan, A., & Shahin, A. (2011). Customer loyalty assessment: A case study in MADDIRAN, the distributor of LG electronics in Iran. Business Management and Strategy, 2(1) E2, 1-24.
  • Desouza, K. C., Awazu, Y., Jha, S., Dombrowski, C., Papagari, S., Baloh, P., & Kim, J.Y. (2008). Customer-driven innovation. Research Technology Management, 51(3), 35-44.
  • Diker, E., & Koçyiğit, M. (2017). Halkla ilişkiler algısı ve marka itibarı arasındaki ilişkinin yapısal eşitlik modeli ile incelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 5(2), 574-590.
  • Durmuş, B., Yurtkoru, E. S., & Çinko, M. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS’le veri analizi. Cağaloğlu/ İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Ebrahim, R. S. (2020). The Role of trust in understanding the impact of social media marketing on brand equity and brand loyalty. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 19(4), 287-308.
  • Ekinci, Y., & Riley, M. (2003). An investigation of self-concept: Actual and ideal self-congruence compared in the context of service evaluation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 10(4), 201-214.
  • Fuey, G. S., & Idris, N. (2017). Assessing the validity of the elements of pre-service mathematics teacher education curriculum. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(12), 284-295.
  • Games, P. A., & Howell, J. F. (1976). Pairwise multiple comparison procedures with unequal n’s and/or variances: A Monte Carlo study. Journal of Educational Statistics, 1(2), 113-125.
  • Giao, H. N. K., Vuong, B. N., & Quan, T.N. (2020). The influence of website quality on consumer’s e-loyalty through the mediating role of e-trust, e-satisfaction and perceived enjoyment: An evidence from online shopping in Vietnam. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 8(2), 351-370.
  • Gonzalez, R. M. (2013). Organization public relationships on social media: The experience of those who “like” Oreo on Facebook. (Master’s Thesis). University of South Florida, Department of Mass Communication.
  • Günel, A. (2004). Regresyon denkleminin başarısını ölçmede kullanılan belirleme katsayısı ve kritiği. C. T. Gürsoy (Ed.), Prof. Dr. Zeyyat Hatiboğlu’na Armağan içinde (s. 199-211.). İstanbul: Lebib Yalkın Yayımları.
  • Hair J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152.
  • Herrera, J. & Heras-Rosas, C., (2020). Corporate social responsibility and human resource management: Towards sustainable business organizations. Business Sustainability, 12(3), 841, 1-24.
  • Hsieh, A-T., & Li, C-K. (2008). The moderating effect of brand image on public relations perception and customer loyalty. Marketing Intelligent & Planning, 26(1), 26-42.
  • Ismail, A. R. (2017). The influence of perceived social media marketing activities on brand loyalty: The mediation effect of brand and value consciousness. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 29(1), 129-144.
  • Joines, J., Scherer, C., & Scheufele, D. (2003). Exploring motivations for consumer web use and their implications for e-commerce. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 20(2), 90-108.
  • Kandampully, J., & Suhartanto, D. (2000). Customer loyalty in the hotel ındustry: The role of customer satisfaction and image. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. (6)12, s. 346-351.
  • Keller, K. L. (2003). Understanding brands, branding and brand equity. Interactive Marketing, 5(1), 7-20.
  • Kotler, P., & Lee, N. (2006). Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk. S. Kaçamak (Translator). İstanbul: MediaCat Yayınları.
  • Lervik, O. L., & Johnson, M. D. (2003). Service equity, satisfaction and loyalty: From transaction-specific to cumulative evaluations. Journal of Service Research, 5(3), 185-195.
  • Maignan, I. (2001). Consumer’s perceptions of corporate social responsibilities: A cross – cultural comparison. Journal of Business Ethics, 30(1), 57-72.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. NY/USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
  • Oyman, M. (2002). Müşteri sadakati sağlamada sadakat programlarının önemi. Kurgu Dergisi, 19, 169-185.
  • Puranik, R., & Bansal, A. (2014). A study of internet users’ perception towards e-shopping. Pacific Business Review International, 6(9), 37-44.
  • Rahi, S., & Ghani, M. A. (2016). Customer’s perceptions of public relation in e-commerce and its impact on e-loyalty with brand image and switching cost. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 21(3), 1-19.
  • Rasli, S., Khairi, N., Ayathuray, H., & Sudirman, M. S. (2018). The effects of e – business website quality on customer satisfaction. Selangor Business Review, 3(1), 37-45.
  • Smith, K. T. (2011). Digital marketing strategies that millennials find appealing, motivating, or just annoying. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 19(6), 489-499.
  • Tidd, J., & Bessant, J. (2016). Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market, Organizational Change. West Sussex/UK: Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Turanlı, M., Taşpınar Güriş, D., & Bozkır, Ö. (2012). Faktör analizi ile üniversiteye giriş sınavlarındaki başarı durumuna göre illerin sıralanması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, 8(17), 45-68.
  • Tuten, T. L. (2008). Advertising 2.0: Social media marketing in a web 2.0 world. Greenwood-Santa Barbara/USA: Praeger Publishers.
  • Uzunoğlu, E., & Öksüz, B. (2008). Kurumsal itibar risk yönetimi: halkla ilişkilerin rolü. Selçuk İletişim, 5(3), 111-123.
  • Van Marrewjik, M. (2003). Concepts and definitions of csr and corporate sustainability: Between agency and communion. Journal of Business Ethics 44(2), 95-105.
  • Yadav, M., & Rahman, Z. (2018). The influence of social media marketing activities on customer loyalty: A study of e-commerce industry. Benchmarking An International Journal, 25(9), 3882-3905.

Sosyal Medya Platformları Üzerinden Alışveriş Yapan Tüketicilerin Müşteri Sadakatini Etkileyen Etmenler

Year 2024, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 1 - 16, 30.06.2024

Abstract

Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerindeki sürekli ilerleme, insanların tüketici davranışlarında önemli değişiklikler meydana getirmiştir. Başlangıçta kişisel ilişkileri kolaylaştırmak için tasarlanan sosyal medya kullanımı, son zamanlarda işletmelerin e-ticaret taktiklerine entegre etmesiyle önemli bir değişim göstermiştir. Çağdaş toplumda, sosyal medya platformlarının çevrimiçi satın alma aracı olarak kullanılması, ortalama tüketici demografisinin günlük rutinlerinin temel bir bileşeni olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. E-ticaretin ortaya çıkışı, işletmeler arasında şiddetli bir rekabete yol açmış ve onları sosyal medya platformlarını kullanarak müşteri sadakatini artırmaya teşvik etmiştir. Bu platformlar aracılığıyla çevrimiçi satın alma işlemine katılan müşterilerin beklenti ve istekleri, geleneksel yüz yüze alışveriş yapanlardan temelde farklılık göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, sosyal medya platformları aracılığıyla çevrimiçi satın alma yapan beyaz yakalı profesyoneller arasında müşteri sadakatini etkileyen faktörleri incelemektir. Bu araştırmanın temel amacı, online tüketici sadakati olgusunu araştırmaktır. Bu çalışma 364 beyaz yakalı çalışandan oluşan bir örneklemi içermektedir. Hipotezlerin oluşturulması sonrasında anket yoluyla veriler toplanmıştır. Toplanan verilere dayanarak üç hipotezi araştırmak için çoklu regresyon modeli kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk, web sitesi hizmet kalitesi ve halkla ilişkiler algılarının çevrimiçi müşterilerin kuruma yönelik sadakati üzerinde olumlu bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, online satın alma sıklığı ile tüketici sadakatinin derecesi arasında kayda değer bir ilişki olduğu gösterilmiştir. Makalenin sonuç bölümünde, yukarıda bahsedilen bulgulardan kaynaklanan pragmatik çıkarımların bir analizi sunulmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

The research’s ethics committee approval is given by Istanbul Gedik University Ethics Committee’s 21/09/2022 dated E-56365223-050,01,04-2022,137548,111-371 numbered decision.

References

  • Akkoyunlu, G. S., & Kalyoncuoğlu, S. (2014). İşletmelerin kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk çalışmalarının marka algısı üzerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Niğde Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(3), 125-144.
  • Aktan, C. C., & Börü, D. (2007). Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk. C. C. Aktan (Ed.) Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk: İşletmeler ve Sosyal Sorumluluk. (7-25).
  • Arı, E., & Yılmaz, V. (2015). Banka hizmet kalitesi boyutları ile banka sadakati arasındaki ilişkilerin servqual ve yapısal eşitlik modeli ile incelenmesi: İ.İ.B.F Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 20(3), 121-135.
  • Ashraf, S., Ilyas, R., Imtiaz, M., & Tahir, H. M. (2017). Impact of CSR on customer loyalty: Putting customer trust, customer ıdentification, customer satisfaction and customer commitment into equation-a study on the banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 5(6), 1362-1372.
  • Ball, D., Coelho, P. S., & Machas, A. (2004). The role of communication and trust in explaining customer loyalty an extension to the ECSI Model. European Journal of Marketing, 38(9/10), 1272-1293.
  • Barefoot, D., & Szabo, J. (2010). Friends with benefits: A social media marketing handbook. San Francisco/USA: No Starch Press.
  • Beba, A. (2018). Başıma icat çıkar. İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Carroll, A. B. (1999). CSR evolution of a definitional construct. Business & Society, 38(3), 268-295.
  • Chaffey, D., Smith, P. R. & Smith, P. R. (2013). E-marketing excellence: Planning and optimizing your digital marketing. Oxford Shire/UK: Routledge Publishing.
  • Chang, H. H., Wang, Y-H. & Yang, W-Y. (2009). The impact of e-service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty on e-marketing: Moderating effect of perceived value. Total Quality Management, 20(4), 423-443.
  • Chang, Y., Yu, H. & Lu, H. (2015). Persuasive messages, popularity cohesion and message diffusion in social media marketing. Journal of Business Research, 68(4), 777-782.
  • Chi, H. (2011). Interactive digital advertising vs. virtual brand community: exploratory study of user motivation and social media marketing responses in Taiwan. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 12(1), 44-61.
  • Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical assessment. Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
  • Cuesta-Valiño, P., Rodríguez, P. G. & Núñez-Barriopedro, E. (2018). The impact of corporate social responsibility on customer loyalty in hypermarkets: A new socially responsible strategy. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(4), 761-769.
  • Çatı, K., & Koçoğlu, C. M. (2008). Müşteri sadakati ile müşteri tatmini arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19, 167-188.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik: SPSS ve Lisrel Uygulamaları. Çankaya/Ankara: Pegem Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Dehghan, A., & Shahin, A. (2011). Customer loyalty assessment: A case study in MADDIRAN, the distributor of LG electronics in Iran. Business Management and Strategy, 2(1) E2, 1-24.
  • Desouza, K. C., Awazu, Y., Jha, S., Dombrowski, C., Papagari, S., Baloh, P., & Kim, J.Y. (2008). Customer-driven innovation. Research Technology Management, 51(3), 35-44.
  • Diker, E., & Koçyiğit, M. (2017). Halkla ilişkiler algısı ve marka itibarı arasındaki ilişkinin yapısal eşitlik modeli ile incelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 5(2), 574-590.
  • Durmuş, B., Yurtkoru, E. S., & Çinko, M. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS’le veri analizi. Cağaloğlu/ İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
  • Ebrahim, R. S. (2020). The Role of trust in understanding the impact of social media marketing on brand equity and brand loyalty. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 19(4), 287-308.
  • Ekinci, Y., & Riley, M. (2003). An investigation of self-concept: Actual and ideal self-congruence compared in the context of service evaluation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 10(4), 201-214.
  • Fuey, G. S., & Idris, N. (2017). Assessing the validity of the elements of pre-service mathematics teacher education curriculum. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(12), 284-295.
  • Games, P. A., & Howell, J. F. (1976). Pairwise multiple comparison procedures with unequal n’s and/or variances: A Monte Carlo study. Journal of Educational Statistics, 1(2), 113-125.
  • Giao, H. N. K., Vuong, B. N., & Quan, T.N. (2020). The influence of website quality on consumer’s e-loyalty through the mediating role of e-trust, e-satisfaction and perceived enjoyment: An evidence from online shopping in Vietnam. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 8(2), 351-370.
  • Gonzalez, R. M. (2013). Organization public relationships on social media: The experience of those who “like” Oreo on Facebook. (Master’s Thesis). University of South Florida, Department of Mass Communication.
  • Günel, A. (2004). Regresyon denkleminin başarısını ölçmede kullanılan belirleme katsayısı ve kritiği. C. T. Gürsoy (Ed.), Prof. Dr. Zeyyat Hatiboğlu’na Armağan içinde (s. 199-211.). İstanbul: Lebib Yalkın Yayımları.
  • Hair J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152.
  • Herrera, J. & Heras-Rosas, C., (2020). Corporate social responsibility and human resource management: Towards sustainable business organizations. Business Sustainability, 12(3), 841, 1-24.
  • Hsieh, A-T., & Li, C-K. (2008). The moderating effect of brand image on public relations perception and customer loyalty. Marketing Intelligent & Planning, 26(1), 26-42.
  • Ismail, A. R. (2017). The influence of perceived social media marketing activities on brand loyalty: The mediation effect of brand and value consciousness. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 29(1), 129-144.
  • Joines, J., Scherer, C., & Scheufele, D. (2003). Exploring motivations for consumer web use and their implications for e-commerce. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 20(2), 90-108.
  • Kandampully, J., & Suhartanto, D. (2000). Customer loyalty in the hotel ındustry: The role of customer satisfaction and image. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. (6)12, s. 346-351.
  • Keller, K. L. (2003). Understanding brands, branding and brand equity. Interactive Marketing, 5(1), 7-20.
  • Kotler, P., & Lee, N. (2006). Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk. S. Kaçamak (Translator). İstanbul: MediaCat Yayınları.
  • Lervik, O. L., & Johnson, M. D. (2003). Service equity, satisfaction and loyalty: From transaction-specific to cumulative evaluations. Journal of Service Research, 5(3), 185-195.
  • Maignan, I. (2001). Consumer’s perceptions of corporate social responsibilities: A cross – cultural comparison. Journal of Business Ethics, 30(1), 57-72.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. NY/USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
  • Oyman, M. (2002). Müşteri sadakati sağlamada sadakat programlarının önemi. Kurgu Dergisi, 19, 169-185.
  • Puranik, R., & Bansal, A. (2014). A study of internet users’ perception towards e-shopping. Pacific Business Review International, 6(9), 37-44.
  • Rahi, S., & Ghani, M. A. (2016). Customer’s perceptions of public relation in e-commerce and its impact on e-loyalty with brand image and switching cost. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 21(3), 1-19.
  • Rasli, S., Khairi, N., Ayathuray, H., & Sudirman, M. S. (2018). The effects of e – business website quality on customer satisfaction. Selangor Business Review, 3(1), 37-45.
  • Smith, K. T. (2011). Digital marketing strategies that millennials find appealing, motivating, or just annoying. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 19(6), 489-499.
  • Tidd, J., & Bessant, J. (2016). Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market, Organizational Change. West Sussex/UK: Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Turanlı, M., Taşpınar Güriş, D., & Bozkır, Ö. (2012). Faktör analizi ile üniversiteye giriş sınavlarındaki başarı durumuna göre illerin sıralanması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, 8(17), 45-68.
  • Tuten, T. L. (2008). Advertising 2.0: Social media marketing in a web 2.0 world. Greenwood-Santa Barbara/USA: Praeger Publishers.
  • Uzunoğlu, E., & Öksüz, B. (2008). Kurumsal itibar risk yönetimi: halkla ilişkilerin rolü. Selçuk İletişim, 5(3), 111-123.
  • Van Marrewjik, M. (2003). Concepts and definitions of csr and corporate sustainability: Between agency and communion. Journal of Business Ethics 44(2), 95-105.
  • Yadav, M., & Rahman, Z. (2018). The influence of social media marketing activities on customer loyalty: A study of e-commerce industry. Benchmarking An International Journal, 25(9), 3882-3905.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Digital Marketing, Consumer Behaviour
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ahmet Erkasap 0000-0002-6239-1700

Publication Date June 30, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Erkasap, A. (2024). Factors Affecting Customer Loyalty of Consumers Shopping on Social Media Platforms. Turkish Journal of Marketing Research, 3(1), 1-16.