<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="reviewer-report"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>turajas</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Turkish Research Journal of Academic Social Science</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2667-4491</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2667-4491</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Hüdaverdi BİRCAN</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.59372/turajas.1494323</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Finance and Investment (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Finans ve Yatırım (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                                                            <article-title>A conceptual Paper on TISHIP and Moopen’s Golden Triangle of Ideal Healthcare Benefits for Students</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3762-447X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Akpan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Sunday</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>University of Uyo, Nigeria</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260103">
                    <day>01</day>
                    <month>03</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>8</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>244</fpage>
                                        <lpage>254</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20240602">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>02</month>
                        <year>2024</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250825">
                        <day>08</day>
                        <month>25</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2018, Turkish Research Journal of Academic Social Science</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Turkish Research Journal of Academic Social Science</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                                        <abstract><p>This conceptual paper aims to examine the notion that Tertiary Institutions Social Health Insurance Programme (TISHIP) is a scheme that provides healthcare benefits specified in the Moopen’s Golden Triangle (MG∆) to students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. The argument that in some disciplines vis-a-vis huma problems the major challenge could be conceptual and addressing them must be done conceptually where greater emphasis is placed on the generation of big ideas that usually underscore a conceptual paper. This study is therefore, an attempt to develop a conceptual model that can be used in assessing the efficacy or accountability of TISHIP in terms of health care benefits for students. The method adopted in the study is qualitative with focus on exploratory research design. From the exploratory examination, a model for the assessment of the benefits of TISHIP for students in Nigerian Universities is proposed for use based on the tenets of the theory of demand for health insurance and on MG∆ of ideal healthcare which consists of accessibility, affordability and quality. Our proposed model is an extension of Moopen’s golden triangle with the addition of variety of health care services to capture the full objective of TISHIP. The application of this model could help in evaluating how effective the scheme has been since 2009 when it was implemented in Nigeria and could be used in assessing the deliveries or the accountability of TISHIP scheme in Nigerian Universities</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>TISHIP</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Social Insurance</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  healthcare benefits</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                                                                                                    </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abdulraheem, I. S., Olapipo, A R, and Amodu, M. O. (2012). Primary health care services in Nigeria: critical issues and strategies for enhancing the use by the rural communities, Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology; 4:5-13.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abimbola, S; Okoli, U; Olubajo, O; Abdullahi, M. J; and Pate, M. A. (2012). The Midwives Service Scheme in Nigeria. Plos Med 2012; 9 (5): e1001211. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001211.
Access to Insurance Initiative (A2ii, n.d). Insurance and the Sustainable Development Goals. https://a2ii.org/en/sustainable-development-goals</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Adesina, D. (2009) National Health Insurance Scheme. Available from http://thenigeriandoctor.org/news
Agbo, H. A. and Okoh, E. O. (2014). Assessment of the Tertiary Institution Social Health Insurance Programme at the University of Jos Health Center, Journal of Biological and Chemical Research, 2014</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akande, T. M., &amp; Monehin, J. O. (2004). Health management information system in private clinics in Ilorin, Nigeria. Nigerian Medical Practitioner, 46(5), 103-107.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Anetoh, M. U., Jibuaku, C. H., Nduka, S. O., &amp; Uzodinma, S. U. (2017). Knowledge and Implementation of Tertiary Institutions’ Social Health Insurance Programme (TISHIP) in Nigeria: a case study of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Pan African Medical Journal, 28(1).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Asekun-Olarinmoye, E. O., Bamidele, J. O., Egbewale, B. E., Asekun-Olarinmoye, I. O., &amp; Ojofeitimi, E. O. (2009). Consumer assessment of perceived quality of antenatal care services in a tertiary health care institution in Osun State, Nigeria. J Turkish-German GynecolAssoc, 10, 89-94.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bamtefa, I. M., Okunade, I. E., Babalola, O., Ilori, T., Adeniji, F. I., Fafiolu, A. S., &amp; Obembe, T. A. (2025). Tertiary institutions’ social health insurance program (TISHIP) in Southwestern Nigeria: How knowledgeable are the end-users?. PLOS Global Public Health, 5(5), 1-16</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bertelsmann Stiftung (2022). Sustainable Governance Indicators. Accessed Dec. 10, 2022). Available from https://www.sgi-network.org/2022/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bey, T. A., Hahn, S. A., &amp; Moecke, H. (2008). The current state of hospital-based emergency medicine in Germany. International journal of emergency medicine, 1(4), 273-277.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bhattacharya, C. B., Sen, S., &amp; Korschun, D. (2008). Using corporate social responsibility to win the war for talent. MIT Sloan management review, 49(2).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">CARE-NET (2005). Repositioning the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) for effective take-off: From policy to Action Health Insurance. 2005. Jan. Accessed on Dec 10, 2022. Available: http://www.carenet.info/files/Health_Insuran</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">De Stampa, M., Vedel, I., Mauriat, C., Bagaragaza, E., Routelous, C., Bergman, H. ... &amp; Henrard, J. C. (2010). Diagnostic study, design and implementation of an integrated model of care in France: a bottom-up process with a continuous leadership. International Journal of Integrated Care, 10, e034.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Derakhshani, N., Doshmangir, L., Ahmadi, A., Fakhri, A., Sadeghi-Bazargani, H., &amp; Gordeev, V. S. (2020). Monitoring process barriers and enablers towards universal health coverage within the sustainable development goals: a systematic review and content analysis. ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research, 459-472.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Doetinchem, O., Carrin, G., &amp; Evans, D. (2010). Thinking of introducing social health insurance? Ten questions. World health report. Background paper, No. 26</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dougherty, D., &amp; Conway, P. H. (2008). The “3T’s” road map to transform US health care: the “how” of high-quality care. Jama, 299(19), 2319-2321.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Elias C, A., Anne C, N., Chinonso J, O., Pamela C, O., Anthony C, O., &amp; Chukwuebuka V, O. (2019). Utilization of tertiary institutions social health insurance programme (TISHIP) among undergraduate students in Enugu State. Nigerian Journal of Medicine, 28(4), 413-422.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Essien, N. L. (2025). Financial risk protection and Nigeria’s journey towards universal health coverage. npj Health Systems, 2(1), 1-9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Geofery, L., Joshua, E. A., Njiti, M., Ivor, N. C., Malgwi, F. A., Hassan, J. M., ... &amp; Dick, O. A. (2018). The Practice of Universal Precautions among Student Radiographers in Their Clinical Phase of Training. Nigerian Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy, 7(1).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Green-Pedersen, C., &amp; Wilkerson, J. (2006). How agenda-setting attributes shape politics: basic dilemmas, problem attention and health politics developments in Denmark and the US. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(7), 1039-1052.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Habib, S. S., &amp; Zaidi, S. (2021). Exploring willingness to pay for health insurance and preferences for a benefits package from the perspective of women from low-income households of Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1-9.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Harishchandra, Navindu. (2021). Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371685764_Adverse_Selection_and_Moral_Hazard
Health Insurance report. Repositioning the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS, 2005) for effective take-off: From policy to Action. Quart Health Insur J.; 7:1–4</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ibiwoye, A., &amp; Adeleke, A. A. (2007). The impact of health insurance on health care provision in developing countries. Ghana Journal of Development Studies, 4(2), 49-58.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jeremiah, V. T., Joseph, O. I., &amp; Innocent, N. O. (2019). Awareness and patronage of the tertiary institutions social health insurance programme (TISHIP) among students of tertiary institutions in Abuja, Nigeria. Global Journal of Applied Management and Social Science, 17, 32-37.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Joint Learning Network for universal health coverage. (2013). Nigeria National Health Insurance System. Available from Http://www.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lee, J. J., &amp; Kim, H. (2023). Conceptual articles may disrupt the field of marketing but continue to decline in numbers: Evidence from a GPT-assisted study. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.14724.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lewis M. (2016) “Governance and corruption in public health care systems.” Center for Global Development Working Paper No 78. 2006. Accessed on Dec. 10, 2022.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">MacInnis, D. J. (2004). Where have all the papers gone? Reflections on the decline of conceptual articles. Association for Consumer Research Newsletter, 1, 1-3.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Moopen, A. (2020). The importance of accessible and sustainable healthcare. https://insights.omnia-health.com/management/importance-accessible-and-sustainable-healthcare</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">National Health Act, (2014)</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (2005) Public Use Data Release – CDC
NHIS Newsletter, VCSHIP and CBSHIP (2012). Giant strides towards universal coverage. NHIS Publications. 2012; 1 (2). 18.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nigeria National Health Conference (2009) Communique. Abuja, Nigeria. Accessed on Nov. 5, 2022. Available from: http://www.ngnhc.org</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nyman, J. A. (2003). The theory of demand for health insurance. Stanford University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Obiechina, G. O., &amp; Ekenedo, G. O. (2013). Factors affecting utilization of university health services in a tertiary institution in South West Nigeria. Nigerian journal of clinical practice, 16(4).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Odoch, W. D., Senkubuge, F., &amp; Hongoro, C. (2021). How has sustainable development goals declaration influenced health financing reforms for universal health coverage at the country level? A scoping review of literature. Globalization and health, 17(1), 50.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ofili, A. N., &amp; Ofovwe, C. E. (2005). Patients&#039; assessment of efficiency of services at a teaching hospital in a developing country. Annals of African Medicine, 4(4).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Okaro, A. O., Ohagwu, C. C., &amp; Njoku, J. (2010). Awareness and perception of national health insurance scheme (NHIS) among radiographers in south east Nigeria. American Journal of Scientific Research, 8(1), 18-25.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Olarewanju, T. (2011): National Health Insurance Scheme: Of what Benefit to Nigerian Masses. Nigerian Tribune Newspaper Published in November, 2011</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Omoruan, A. I., Bamidele, A. P., &amp; Phillips, O. F. (2009). Social health insurance and sustainable healthcare reform in Nigeria. Studies on Ethno-Medicine, 3(2), 105-110.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Onwujekwe, O., Onoka, C., Uguru, N., Nnenna, T., Uzochukwu, B., Eze, S. ... &amp; Petu, A. (2010). Preferences for benefit packages for community-based health insurance: an exploratory study in Nigeria. BMC health services research, 10(1), 1-7.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Oriolowo, O. B., Asarya, A., &amp; Olarongbe, G. (2022). Awareness and Perceptions of College Students on Tertiary Institution Social Health Insurance Pro-gramme (TISHIP). Medicon Medical Sciences, 3, 04-12.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Osuchukwu Nelson, C., Osonwa Kalu, O., Eko Jimmy, E., Uwanede, C. C., &amp; Abeshi, S. E. (2013). Evaluating the impact of national health insurance scheme on health care consumers in calabar metropolis, southern Nigeria. International Journal of Learning and Development, 3(4), 30-45.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Prohealth HMO. (2013). TISHIP. Available from http://prohealthhmo.com</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Quirke, V., &amp; Gaudillière, J. P. (2008). The era of biomedicine: science, medicine, and public health in Britain and France after the Second World War. Medical history, 52(4), 441-452.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Senate, Federal Republic of Nigeria (Senate, 2008). National health bill 2008 (SB.50) Accessed on Dec. 10, 2010. Available from: http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/ng_publications_national _health_bill_2008.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shagaya, Y. J. (2015). Assessment of student’s satisfaction and quality of patient care under the Nigerian Tertiary Institutions Social Health Insurance Programme (TISHIP). European Journal of Business and Management, 7(6), 20-31.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sheth, J. N., &amp; Sisodia, R. S. (1999). Revisiting marketing’s lawlike generalizations. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 27(1), 71-87.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Spoz, A. (2024). Insurance sector and SDGs. In The Role of Financial Markets in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (pp. 93-116). Edward Elgar Publishing.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Staelin, R. (2005). Influencing the practice through big new ideas. Journal of Marketing, 69(4), 21-22.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Steinberger, R., Fuart, F., van der Goot, E., Best, C., von Etter, P., &amp; Yangarber, R. (2008). Text mining from the web for medical intelligence. In Mining massive data sets for security (pp. 295-310). IOS Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stewart, D. W., &amp; Zinkhan, G. M. (2006). Enhancing marketing theory in academic research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34, 477-480.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sule, H. H. (2020). Challenges of Implementing Tertiary Institution Social Health Insurance Programme: Empirical Evidence from Southwest Nigeria. Canadian Social Science, 16(6), 21-31.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Torcson P. (2005) Customers Satisfaction on the Hospital’s services</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Toscany Academy (2013) Health Insurance for Students in Nigeria. Available from: http://toscanyacademy.com/blog/student health insurance /insurance heath for students in Nigeria</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Webster, F. E. (2005). Back to the future: integrating marketing as tactics, strategy, and organizational culture. Journal of Marketing, 69(4), 4-6.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Welcome M. O. (2011). The Nigerian health care system: Need for integrating adequate medical intelligence and surveillance systems. Journal of pharmacy &amp; bioallied sciences, 3(4), 470–478. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.90100</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">World Bank (2023). Universal Health Coverage as a Sustainable Development Goal. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/stories/universal-health-coverage-as-a-sustainable-development-goal.html</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yadav, M. S. (2010). The decline of conceptual articles and implications for knowledge development. Journal of Marketing, 74(1), 1-19.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yan, Z., &amp; Lee, H. (2023). Insurance Contracting with Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard. Journal of Finance Issues, 21(2), 75-100.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
