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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">2148-2306</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2528-858X</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Siirt University</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19159/tutad.1687443</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Medicinal and Aromatic Plants </subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Haşhaş (Papaver somniferum L.)’ta Heterosis</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Heterosis in Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3066-2534</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Valizadeh</surname>
                                    <given-names>Negar</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Doğu Azerbaycan Tarım ve Doğal Kaynaklar Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi, Tarımsal Araştırma, Eğitim ve Yayım Organizasyonu (AREEO), Tebriz, İRAN</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8853-4746</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Ağamirzaoğlu</surname>
                                    <given-names>Muhsin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Siirt Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarımsal Biyoteknoloji Bölümü, Siirt, TÜRKİYE</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20250630">
                    <day>06</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>12</volume>
                                        <issue>2</issue>
                                        <fpage>215</fpage>
                                        <lpage>223</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250430">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>30</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250626">
                        <day>06</day>
                        <month>26</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014, Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Haşhaş (Papaver somniferum L.) içerdiği alkaloidler ve yüksek yağ oranı nedeniyle hem tıbbi hem de endüstriyel açıdan önemli bir bitkidir. Türkiye başta olmak üzere birçok ülkede geleneksel olarak yetiştirilen haşhaş, tohumları, kapsülleri ve çiçekleriyle gıda, ilaç, kozmetik ve boya sanayi gibi alanlarda kullanılmaktadır. Haşhaş ıslahında, yüksek verimli, kaliteli ve çevre koşullarına dayanıklı yeni çeşitlerin geliştirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu hedeflere ulaşmak için kullanılan yöntemlerden biri de heterosis (melez gücü) olgusudur. Heterosis, genetik olarak farklı iki bireyin melezlenmesi sonucu elde edilen F1 neslinde, anaçlara kıyasla gözlenen üstün performansı tanımlar. Bu üstünlük; erkencilik, fide gelişimi, kök yapısı, kapsül sayısı, tohum verimi, alkaloid içeriği ve çevresel stres faktörlerine karşı dayanıklılık gibi özelliklerde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Literatürde haşhaş bitkisinde kapsül ve tohum verimi için % 20 ile % 80 arasında, morfin verimi için ise % 10 ile % 60 arasında heterosis değerleri bildirilmiştir. Erkek kısırlığı, melez tohum üretiminde kullanılabilecek önemli bir araç olup, bazı çalışmalar gama ışınlaması ve türler arası melezlemelerle haşhaşta indüklenmiş erkek kısırlık hatlarının geliştirilebildiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, heterosisin genetik temelleri, ebeveyn hatlar arasındaki genetik mesafeye, kombinasyon yeteneklerine ve çevresel faktörlere bağlı olarak değişiklik gösterebilmektedir. Heterosis, yalnızca morfin ve tohum verimi gibi ekonomik öneme sahip özelliklerde değil, aynı zamanda bitkinin morfolojik ve fenolojik özelliklerinde de olumlu etkiler yaratmaktadır. Hibrit hatlarda bitki boyu, kapsül büyüklüğü, çiçeklenme süresi ve alkaloid profili bakımından önemli farklılıklar gözlemlenmiştir. Bu nedenle heterosis, haşhaş ıslahında kullanılabilecek etkili bir strateji olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu derlemede, P. somniferum bitkisinde heterosis olgusunun biyolojik temelleri, uygulama yöntemleri ve ıslah programlarındaki yeri güncel literatür verileri ışığında kapsamlı şekilde ele alınmıştır.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important plant that is used in oharmaceutical and other industries due to the presence of alkaloids and its high oil contents. It is traditionally grown in many countries, including Türkiye. Poppy seeds, capsules and flowers are used in areas like food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and paint industries. The development of new high yielding, with high quality and resistance to environmental conditions is of great importance. One of the methods used to achieve these goals is the phenomenon of heterosis (hybrid vigor). Heterosis describes the superior performance observed in the F1 generation obtained as a result of the crossbreeding of two genetically different individuals, compared to the parents. This superiority is evident in features such as earliness, seedling development, root structure, number of capsules seed yield, alkaloid contents and resistance to environmental stress factors. Heterosis values between 20% to 80% for capsule and seed yields and between 10% to 60% for morphine yield have been reported in poppy plants. Male sterility is an important tool that can be used in hybrid seed production. Some studies show that induced male sterile lines can be developed in poppy by gamma irradiation and interspecific cross breeding. The genetic basis of heterosis may vary depending on the genetic distance between parental lines, their combining abilities and environmental factors. Heterosis has positive effects not only on economically important traits such as morphology and seed yield, but also on the morphological and phenological characteristics of the plant. Significant differences were observed in hybrid lines in terms of plant height, capsule size, flowering time and alkaloid profile. Therefore, heterosis stands out as an effective strategy that can be used in poppy breeding. Biological basis of heterosis in P. somniferum, its application methods and its place in breeding programs were comprehensively discussed in the light of current literature data in this review.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Haşhaş</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Papaver somniferum</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ıslah</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  heterosis</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  alkaloid</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Poppy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Papaver somniferum</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  breeding</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  heterosis</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  alkaloid</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
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