Phytochemicals in Grape and Their Effects on Human Health
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 78 - 86, 31.07.2021
Özlem Çalkan Sağlam
,
Hayri Sağlam
,
Emre Mert
Öz
their protectiveness against some types of cancer and heart diseases. The most important health effects of these compounds are that they act as antioxidants that react with free oxygen molecules and free radicals in the human body. As in all fruit types, the fruit content of grapes is of great importance in terms of nutrition. Grape fruit is very valuable because it contains important compounds in terms of health as well as nutrition. In addition to the physical properties of table grape varieties, their chemical properties, especially the potential in terms of phenolic compounds, have gained importance as quality elements. Grape is one of the foodstuffs that must be included in our daily diet because of its richness in phenolic compounds and important bioactive properties for human health. In this study, the phytochemical contents of grapes and their effects on human health were determined.
Kaynakça
- Ahmad, S., 1995. Antioxidant Mechanisms of the Enzymes and Proteins (pp.238-265). Oxidative stress and antioxidant defences in biology., Eds. S.Ahmad,Chapman and Hall, America.
- Ahmad, S., 1995. Antioxidant Mechanisms of the Enzymes and Proteins (pp.238-265). Oxidative stress and antioxidant defences in biology., Eds. S.Ahmad,Chapman and Hall, America.
- Ames, B. N., Shigena, M. K., Hagen, T. M., 1993. Oxidants , Antioksidants And The Degenerative Diseases Of Aging The Procceeding Of The National Acedemy Of Sciences (USA ). 90:7915–7922
- Ames, B. N., Shigena, M. K., Hagen, T. M., 1993. Oxidants , Antioksidants And The Degenerative Diseases Of Aging The Procceeding Of The National Acedemy Of Sciences (USA ). 90:7915–7922
- Arakawa, H., Kanemitsu, M., Tajima, N., and Maeda, M., 2002. Chemiluminescence Assay for Catechin Based on Generation of Hydrojen Peroxide in Basic Solution. Analy. Chim. Acta, 472, 75-82.
- Arakawa, H., Kanemitsu, M., Tajima, N., and Maeda, M., 2002. Chemiluminescence Assay for Catechin Based on Generation of Hydrojen Peroxide in Basic Solution. Analy. Chim. Acta, 472, 75-82.
- Arı, M., Serdal Öğüt, S., Kaçar Döğer, F., 2017. Kanserin Önlenmesinde Antioksidanların Rolü, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi C.1, S.2, s.67-74
- Arı, M., Serdal Öğüt, S., Kaçar Döğer, F., 2017. Kanserin Önlenmesinde Antioksidanların Rolü, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi C.1, S.2, s.67-74
- Arts, I. C. and Hollman, P. C., 2005. Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies (pp.317S-325). Am J Clin Nutr
- Arts, I. C. and Hollman, P. C., 2005. Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies (pp.317S-325). Am J Clin Nutr
- Atak, A., Altındişli, A. and Göksel, Z., 2011. Phytochemical Properties of Some Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)Hybrids. Americ. Journal of Food Technology 6 (9)¸843-850. https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajft.2011.843.850
- Atak, A., Altındişli, A. and Göksel, Z., 2011. Phytochemical Properties of Some Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)Hybrids. Americ. Journal of Food Technology 6 (9)¸843-850. https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajft.2011.843.850
- Atak, A., Göksel, Z., 2019. Determination of Some Phenolic Substance Changes in Cultivar/Genotypes of Different Vitis Species, Ege Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 56 (2):153-161, DOI: 10.20289/zfdergi.467136
- Atak, A., Göksel, Z., 2019. Determination of Some Phenolic Substance Changes in Cultivar/Genotypes of Different Vitis Species, Ege Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 56 (2):153-161, DOI: 10.20289/zfdergi.467136
- Atasoy, Ö. B., Erbaş, O., 2017. Melatonin hormonunun fizyolojik etkileri. FNG & Bilim Tıp Dergisi, 2017; 3 (1): 52-62, Doi: 10.5606/fng.btd.2017.011.
- Atasoy, Ö. B., Erbaş, O., 2017. Melatonin hormonunun fizyolojik etkileri. FNG & Bilim Tıp Dergisi, 2017; 3 (1): 52-62, Doi: 10.5606/fng.btd.2017.011.
- Ateş, S., 2015. Farklı Üzüm Çeşitlerinin Olgunlaşma sürecinde Polifenol İçerikleri ile Antioksidan Kapasitelerinin Belirlenmesi, İnönü Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 100 s.
- Ateş, S., 2015. Farklı Üzüm Çeşitlerinin Olgunlaşma sürecinde Polifenol İçerikleri ile Antioksidan Kapasitelerinin Belirlenmesi, İnönü Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 100 s.
- Benov, L. and Frıdovıch, I., 998. Growth in iron-enriched medium partially compensates Escherichia coli for the lack of manganase and iron süperoxide dismutase, The J. of Biolo. Chem.,273, 10313-10316.
- Benov, L. and Frıdovıch, I., 998. Growth in iron-enriched medium partially compensates Escherichia coli for the lack of manganase and iron süperoxide dismutase, The J. of Biolo. Chem.,273, 10313-10316.
- Bravo, L., 1998. Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutr Rev, 56, 317-333.
- Bravo, L., 1998. Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutr Rev, 56, 317-333.
- Cabaroğlu, T., 2003. Üzümlerde Aroma Maddeleri ve Şarapçılık Açısından Önemi. Gıda Dergisi, 28, 599-605.
- Cabaroğlu, T., 2003. Üzümlerde Aroma Maddeleri ve Şarapçılık Açısından Önemi. Gıda Dergisi, 28, 599-605.
- Cadenas, E., Packer, L., 2002. Handbook of Antioxidants, Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel, 0-8247-0547-5.
- Cadenas, E., Packer, L., 2002. Handbook of Antioxidants, Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel, 0-8247-0547-5.
- Cornelli, U., 2009. Antioxidant use in nutraceucitals. Clin Dermatol.27; 175-94
- Cornelli, U., 2009. Antioxidant use in nutraceucitals. Clin Dermatol.27; 175-94
- Çelik, H., Ağaoğlu, Y., Fidan, Y., Marasalı, B., ve Söylemezoğlu, G., 1998. Genel Bağcılık. Ankara: Sun Fidan A.Ş. Mesleki Kitaplar Serisi 1.
- Çelik, H., Ağaoğlu, Y., Fidan, Y., Marasalı, B., ve Söylemezoğlu, G., 1998. Genel Bağcılık. Ankara: Sun Fidan A.Ş. Mesleki Kitaplar Serisi 1.
- Çetin, E., 2005. Melatonin ve Bağışıklık Sistemi. Erciyes Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg., 2005; 2: 119-23.
- Çetin, E., 2005. Melatonin ve Bağışıklık Sistemi. Erciyes Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg., 2005; 2: 119-23.
- Edreva, A., 1998. Molecular bases of stress in plants. Bitkilerde stres fizyolojisinin moleküler temelleri, 1-33. İzmir: E. Ü. Bilim-Teknoloji Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi.
- Edreva, A., 1998. Molecular bases of stress in plants. Bitkilerde stres fizyolojisinin moleküler temelleri, 1-33. İzmir: E. Ü. Bilim-Teknoloji Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi.
- Ergezer, H., Çam, M., 2008. Tanenler: Sınıflandırma, Yapıları ve Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri, Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi; 21-23 Mayıs 2008, Erzurum.
- Ergezer, H., Çam, M., 2008. Tanenler: Sınıflandırma, Yapıları ve Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri, Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi; 21-23 Mayıs 2008, Erzurum.
- Frankel, E. N., Waterhouse, A. L., Kinsella, J. E., 1993. Inhibition of human LDL oxidation by resveratrol. The Lancet, , 341 (8852):1103-1104.
- Frankel, E. N., Waterhouse, A. L., Kinsella, J. E., 1993. Inhibition of human LDL oxidation by resveratrol. The Lancet, , 341 (8852):1103-1104.
- Gagne, S., Saucier, C. and Genly, L., 2006. Composition and cellular localization of tannins in Cabernet Sauvignon skins during growth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(25): pp.9465-9471.
- Gagne, S., Saucier, C. and Genly, L., 2006. Composition and cellular localization of tannins in Cabernet Sauvignon skins during growth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(25): pp.9465-9471.
- Gencer, S., 2004. Fakoemülsifikasyon Cerrahisinde Serbest Radikal Hasarına Karşı İntraoperatif Askorbik Asit Kullanımı. İstanbul.
- Gencer, S., 2004. Fakoemülsifikasyon Cerrahisinde Serbest Radikal Hasarına Karşı İntraoperatif Askorbik Asit Kullanımı. İstanbul.
- Gorham, J., and Coughlan, S. J., 1980. Inhibition of Photosynthesis by Stilbenoids, Phytochem.,19(10), 2059-2064
- Gorham, J., and Coughlan, S. J., 1980. Inhibition of Photosynthesis by Stilbenoids, Phytochem.,19(10), 2059-2064
- Gök, V., Kayacıer, A., Telli, R., 2006. Hayvansal ve Mikrobiyal Doğal Antioksidanlar, Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 2, 35-40.
- Göktürk Baydar, N., Babalık, Z., Hallaç Türk, F. and Çetin, S., 2011. Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Wines and Extracts of Some Grape Varieties Grown in Turkey. Journal og Agricultural Sciences (17) (2011) 67-76.
- Göktürk Baydar, N., Babalık, Z., Hallaç Türk, F. and Çetin, S., 2011. Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Wines and Extracts of Some Grape Varieties Grown in Turkey. Journal og Agricultural Sciences (17) (2011) 67-76.
- Gülcü, M., Demirci, A. Ş., Güner, K. G., 2008. Siyah Üzüm; Zengin Besin İçeriği ve Sağlık Açısından Önemi, Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi; 21-23 Mayıs 2008, Erzurum.
- Gülcü, M., Demirci, A. Ş., Güner, K. G., 2008. Siyah Üzüm; Zengin Besin İçeriği ve Sağlık Açısından Önemi, Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi; 21-23 Mayıs 2008, Erzurum.
- Güzelhan, Y., Sayar, K., Öztürk, M., ve Kara, İ., 2000. Şizofrenide serbest radikaller. Klinik Psikofarmokoloji Bülteni, 90-96.
- Güzelhan, Y., Sayar, K., Öztürk, M., ve Kara, İ., 2000. Şizofrenide serbest radikaller. Klinik Psikofarmokoloji Bülteni, 90-96.
- Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J. M. C., 1990. Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease. Methods Enzymol. 186; 1-85.
- Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J. M. C., 1990. Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease. Methods Enzymol. 186; 1-85.
- Harbertson, J. F., Kennedy, J. A. and Adams, D. O., 2002. Tannin in skins and seeds of Cabernet sauvignon, Syrah, and Pinot noir berries during ripening. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 53(1): pp.54-59.
- Harbertson, J. F., Kennedy, J. A. and Adams, D. O., 2002. Tannin in skins and seeds of Cabernet sauvignon, Syrah, and Pinot noir berries during ripening. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 53(1): pp.54-59.
- Harborne, J. B. and Williams, C.A., 2001. Anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Nat. Prod. Rep., 18: pp.310-333.
- Harborne, J. B. and Williams, C.A., 2001. Anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Nat. Prod. Rep., 18: pp.310-333.
- Haslam, E., 1998. Practical polyphenolics. from structure to molecular recognition and physiological action. Cambridge University Press, p. 422.
- Haslam, E., 1998. Practical polyphenolics. from structure to molecular recognition and physiological action. Cambridge University Press, p. 422.
- Ho, P., Silvia, M. C. and Hogg, T.A., 2001. Changes in colour and phenolic composition during the early stages of maturation of port in wood, stainless steel and glass. J. Science of Food and Agric, 81, 1269-1280.
- Ho, P., Silvia, M. C. and Hogg, T.A., 2001. Changes in colour and phenolic composition during the early stages of maturation of port in wood, stainless steel and glass. J. Science of Food and Agric, 81, 1269-1280.
- Iriti, M., Faoro, F., 2006. Grape phytochemicals: A bouquet of old and new nutraceuticals for human health. Med. Hypoth. 67, 833-838.
- Iriti, M., Faoro, F., 2009. Bioactivity of grape chemicals for human health. Nat Prod Commun, 4, 611-634.
- Kannan, S, Kolandaivel, P. J., 2018. The inhibitory performance of flavonoid cyanidin-3-sambubiocide against H274Y mutation in H1N1 influenza virus. Biomol Struct Dyn. 2018 Dec;36(16):4255-4269. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1413422.
- Kannan, S, Kolandaivel, P. J., 2018. The inhibitory performance of flavonoid cyanidin-3-sambubiocide against H274Y mutation in H1N1 influenza virus. Biomol Struct Dyn. 2018 Dec;36(16):4255-4269. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1413422.
- Kanner, J., Frankel, E., Granit, R., German, B. and Kinsella, J. E., 1994. Natural antioxidants in grape ads wines. Ibid. 42: pp.64-69.
- Kanner, J., Frankel, E., Granit, R., German, B. and Kinsella, J. E., 1994. Natural antioxidants in grape ads wines. Ibid. 42: pp.64-69.
- Kar, P., Laight, D., Shaw, K. M. and Cummings, M. H., 2006. Flavonoid‐rich grapeseed extracts: a new approach in high cardiovascular risk patients?. International journal of clinical practice, 60(11), 1484-1492.
- Kar, P., Laight, D., Shaw, K. M. and Cummings, M. H., 2006. Flavonoid‐rich grapeseed extracts: a new approach in high cardiovascular risk patients?. International journal of clinical practice, 60(11), 1484-1492.
- Karaca, Ş., Güder, H., 2009. Dermatolojide Antioksidan Sistem, Turkish Journal of Dermatology, 3, 32-39.
- Karaca, Ş., Güder, H., 2009. Dermatolojide Antioksidan Sistem, Turkish Journal of Dermatology, 3, 32-39.
- Keskin, N., Gökçen İ. S., Kunter, B., Cantürk, S., Karadoğan, B., 2017. Üzüm Fitokimyasalları ve Türkiye’de Yetiştirilen Üzüm Çeşitleri Üzerindeki Araştırmalar, Turkish Journal of Forest Science 1(1) 2017: 93-111.
- Keskin, N., Gökçen İ. S., Kunter, B., Cantürk, S., Karadoğan, B., 2017. Üzüm Fitokimyasalları ve Türkiye’de Yetiştirilen Üzüm Çeşitleri Üzerindeki Araştırmalar, Turkish Journal of Forest Science 1(1) 2017: 93-111.
- Kunter, B., Cantürk, S. ve Keskin, N., 2013. Üzüm tanesinin histokimyasal yapısı. Iğdır Üni. Fen Bilimleri Enst. Der, 3, 17-24.
- Kunter, B., Cantürk, S. ve Keskin, N., 2013. Üzüm tanesinin histokimyasal yapısı. Iğdır Üni. Fen Bilimleri Enst. Der, 3, 17-24.
- Lim, T., 2013. Fruits Vitaceae. T. Lim içinde, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants (Cilt VI, s. 450-482). Dordrecht, Holland: Springer Science and Business Media.
- Lim, T., 2013. Fruits Vitaceae. T. Lim içinde, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants (Cilt VI, s. 450-482). Dordrecht, Holland: Springer Science and Business Media.
- Mattivi, F., Guzzon, R., Vrhovsek, U., Stefanini, M. and Velasco, R., 2006. Metabolite profiling of grape: flavonols and anthocyanins. J. Agric. Food Chem, 54, 7692-7702.
- Mattivi, F., Guzzon, R., Vrhovsek, U., Stefanini, M. and Velasco, R., 2006. Metabolite profiling of grape: flavonols and anthocyanins. J. Agric. Food Chem, 54, 7692-7702.
- McKersie, B. and Leshem, Y., 1994 Stress and stress coping in cultivated plants. Nederland: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- McKersie, B. and Leshem, Y., 1994 Stress and stress coping in cultivated plants. Nederland: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Merken, H. M. and Beecher, G., 2000. Measurement of food flavonoids by highperformance liquid chromatography: A review. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48(3): pp.577-599.
- Merken, H. M. and Beecher, G., 2000. Measurement of food flavonoids by highperformance liquid chromatography: A review. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48(3): pp.577-599.
- Mohammadi Pour, P., Fakhri, S., Asgary, S., Farzaei, M. H., Echeverría, J., 2019 .The Signaling Pathways, and Therapeutic Targets of Antiviral Agents: Focusing on the Antiviral Approaches and Clinical Perspectives of Anthocyanins in the Management of Viral Diseases. .Front Pharmacol Nov 8;10:1207. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01207.
- Mohammadi Pour, P., Fakhri, S., Asgary, S., Farzaei, M. H., Echeverría, J., 2019 .The Signaling Pathways, and Therapeutic Targets of Antiviral Agents: Focusing on the Antiviral Approaches and Clinical Perspectives of Anthocyanins in the Management of Viral Diseases. .Front Pharmacol Nov 8;10:1207. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01207.
- Mullins, M., Bouquet, A. and Williams, L., 1992. Biology Of The Grapevine. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge Univ. Press.
- Mullins, M., Bouquet, A. and Williams, L., 1992. Biology Of The Grapevine. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge Univ. Press.
- Oraman, M. N., 1972. Bağcılık tekniği II. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 470, 402.
- Oraman, M. N., 1972. Bağcılık tekniği II. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 470, 402.
- Pace-Asciak, C. R., Hahn, S. E., Diamandis, E. P., Soleas, G. and Goldberg, D. M., 1995. The red wine phenolics trans-resveratrol and quercetin block human latelet aggregation and eicosanoid synthesis: implication for protection againist coronary heart disease. Clin. Chim. Acta, 235, 207-219.
- Pace-Asciak, C. R., Hahn, S. E., Diamandis, E. P., Soleas, G. and Goldberg, D. M., 1995. The red wine phenolics trans-resveratrol and quercetin block human latelet aggregation and eicosanoid synthesis: implication for protection againist coronary heart disease. Clin. Chim. Acta, 235, 207-219.
- Pazourek, J., Gajdosova, D., Spanila, M., Farkova, M., Novotna, K. and Havel, J., 2005. Analysis of polyphenols in wines: correlation between total polyphenolic content and antioxidant potential from photometric measurements prediction of cultivars and vintage from capillary zone electrophoresis fingerprints using artificial neural network. J. of Chromatography A.,1081, 48-54.
- Pazourek, J., Gajdosova, D., Spanila, M., Farkova, M., Novotna, K. and Havel, J., 2005. Analysis of polyphenols in wines: correlation between total polyphenolic content and antioxidant potential from photometric measurements prediction of cultivars and vintage from capillary zone electrophoresis fingerprints using artificial neural network. J. of Chromatography A.,1081, 48-54.
- Pfander, H., 1987. Key to Carotenoids, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel.
- Pfander, H., 1987. Key to Carotenoids, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel.
- Rathod, N. R, 2009. Free radical scavenging activity of Calotropis gigantea on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 71(6), 615-621.
- Rathod, N. R, 2009. Free radical scavenging activity of Calotropis gigantea on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 71(6), 615-621.
- Renaud, S. and De Lorgeril, M., 1992. Wine, alcohol, platelets and the French paradox for coronery heart disease. The Lancet. 339: pp.1523-1526.
- Renaud, S. and De Lorgeril, M., 1992. Wine, alcohol, platelets and the French paradox for coronery heart disease. The Lancet. 339: pp.1523-1526.
- Ribéreau-Gayon, P., Glories, Y., Maujean, A. and Dubourdieea, U., 2000. Handbook of Enology, Volume 2: The Chemistry of Wine and Stabilization and Treatments, 441 p, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
- Ribéreau-Gayon, P., Glories, Y., Maujean, A. and Dubourdieea, U., 2000. Handbook of Enology, Volume 2: The Chemistry of Wine and Stabilization and Treatments, 441 p, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
- Richard, A. Larson, 1997. Naturally Occuring Antioxidants, Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers.
- Richard, A. Larson, 1997. Naturally Occuring Antioxidants, Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers.
- Rodriguez-Montealegre, R., Romero Peces, R., Chacon Vozmediano, J. L., Martinez Gascuena, J. and Garcia Romero, E., 2006. Phenolic compounds in skins and seeds of ten grape Vitis vinifera varieties grown in a warm climate. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19, 687-693.
- Rodriguez-Montealegre, R., Romero Peces, R., Chacon Vozmediano, J. L., Martinez Gascuena, J. and Garcia Romero, E., 2006. Phenolic compounds in skins and seeds of ten grape Vitis vinifera varieties grown in a warm climate. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19, 687-693.
- Savaş, G., 2010. Farklı pişirme yöntemlerinin siyah pirincin fenolik bileşenlere ve antioksidan aktivitesi üzerine etkisi. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Savaş, G., 2010. Farklı pişirme yöntemlerinin siyah pirincin fenolik bileşenlere ve antioksidan aktivitesi üzerine etkisi. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Sıes, H., Stahl, W., 1995. Vitamins E and C, β-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62, 1315-1321.
- Sıes, H., Stahl, W., 1995. Vitamins E and C, β-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62, 1315-1321.
- Sivritepe, N., 2001. Doğada Oksidatif Stres: Asma, Üzüm ve Şarapta Antioksidantlar. ANADOLU(2), 108-135.
- Sivritepe, N., 2001. Doğada Oksidatif Stres: Asma, Üzüm ve Şarapta Antioksidantlar. ANADOLU(2), 108-135.
- Sivritepe, N.,2000. Asma, üzüm ve şaraptaki antioksidantlar. Gıda. Dünya Yayınları. 12, 73-78.
- Tomera, J.F., 1999. Current Knowledge of the Health Benefits and Disadvantages of Wine Consumption. Trends in Food Science Technology. 10: pp.129-138.
- Tomera, J.F., 1999. Current Knowledge of the Health Benefits and Disadvantages of Wine Consumption. Trends in Food Science Technology. 10: pp.129-138.
- Toprak, F. E., 2011. Ankara ve Nevşehir İllerinde Yetiştirilen Kalecik Karası Üzüm Çeşidinin Fitokimyasal Özellikleri Üzerine araştırmalar, Ankara Üniversitesi fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 64 s.
- Toprak, F. E., 2011. Ankara ve Nevşehir İllerinde Yetiştirilen Kalecik Karası Üzüm Çeşidinin Fitokimyasal Özellikleri Üzerine araştırmalar, Ankara Üniversitesi fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 64 s.
- Vinayaka, K.S., 2009. Free radical scavenging and insecticidal activitiy of Elaeagnus kologa Schldl., Drug Invention, 1(1), 74-77.
- Vinayaka, K.S., 2009. Free radical scavenging and insecticidal activitiy of Elaeagnus kologa Schldl., Drug Invention, 1(1), 74-77.
- Visioli, F. and Galli, C., 1998. Olive oil Polyphenols and Their Potential Effects on Human Health. J.Agric. Food Chem., pp.4292-4296.
- Visioli, F. and Galli, C., 1998. Olive oil Polyphenols and Their Potential Effects on Human Health. J.Agric. Food Chem., pp.4292-4296.
- Voinea, M., Georgescu, A., Manea, A., Dragomir, E., Manduteanu, I., Popov, D. and Simionescu, M., 2004. Superoxide dismutase entrapped-liposomes restore the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation of resistance arteries in experimental diabetes. Eur. J. of Pharma.,484, 111 – 118.
- Voinea, M., Georgescu, A., Manea, A., Dragomir, E., Manduteanu, I., Popov, D. and Simionescu, M., 2004. Superoxide dismutase entrapped-liposomes restore the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation of resistance arteries in experimental diabetes. Eur. J. of Pharma.,484, 111 – 118.
- Wang, Q., Xu, J., Rottinghaus, G. E., Simonyi, A., Lubahn, D., Sun, G. Y., Sun, A. Y., 2002. Resveratrol protects against global cerebral ischemic injury in gerbils. Brain Res., 27; 958(2): 439-47.
- Wang, Q., Xu, J., Rottinghaus, G. E., Simonyi, A., Lubahn, D., Sun, G. Y., Sun, A. Y., 2002. Resveratrol protects against global cerebral ischemic injury in gerbils. Brain Res., 27; 958(2): 439-47.
- Xia, E. Q., Feng Deng, G., Guo, Y-J. and Li H-B., 2010. Biological Activities of Polyphenols from Grapes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 622-646; doi:10.3390/ijms11020622.
- Xia, E. Q., Feng Deng, G., Guo, Y-J. and Li H-B., 2010. Biological Activities of Polyphenols from Grapes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 622-646; doi:10.3390/ijms11020622.
- Yang, J., Xiao, Y.Y., 2013. Grape phytochemicals and associated health benefits. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53, 1202-1225.
- Yang, J., Xiao, Y.Y., 2013. Grape phytochemicals and associated health benefits. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53, 1202-1225.
- Zhao, D., Simon, J. E. and Wu, Q., 2020. A critical review on grape polyphenols for neuroprotection: Strategies to enhance bioefficacy, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60:4, 597-625, DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1546668.
- Zhao, D., Simon, J. E. and Wu, Q., 2020. A critical review on grape polyphenols for neuroprotection: Strategies to enhance bioefficacy, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60:4, 597-625, DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1546668.
Üzümde Bulunan Fitokimyasallar ve İnsan Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 78 - 86, 31.07.2021
Özlem Çalkan Sağlam
,
Hayri Sağlam
,
Emre Mert
Öz
Fitokimyasallar, son yıllarda sağlık üzerindeki olumlu etkileri ve özellikle bazı kanser türleri ve kalp hastalıklarına karşı koruyucu olmalarıyla dikkat çekmektedir. Bu bileşiklerin sağlık açısından en önemli etkisi, vücutta serbest oksijen molekülleri ve serbest radikallerle reaksiyona giren antioksidanlar gibi işlev görmeleridir. Tüm meyve türlerinde olduğu gibi üzümde de meyve içeriği beslenme açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Üzüm meyvesi beslenme açısından önemli olduğu kadar sağlık açısından da önemli bileşikler içermesi nedeniyle oldukça değerlidir. Sofralık üzüm çeşitlerinin fiziksel özelliklerinin yanında kimyasal nitelikleri, başta fenolik bileşikler bakımından sahip olunan potansiyel, kalite unsurları olarak önem kazanmıştır. Üzüm gerek sofralık tüketim ve gerekse bunlardan elde edilen çok çeşitli üzüm ürünlerinin fenolik bileşikler bakımından çok zengin olması ve insan sağlığı açısından önemli bioaktif özellikleri sebebiyle günlük beslenmemizde mutlaka yer alması gereken gıda maddelerindendir. Bu çalışmada üzümün fitokimyasal içerikleri ile bu içeriklerin insan sağlığına olan etkileri incelenmiştir.
Kaynakça
- Ahmad, S., 1995. Antioxidant Mechanisms of the Enzymes and Proteins (pp.238-265). Oxidative stress and antioxidant defences in biology., Eds. S.Ahmad,Chapman and Hall, America.
- Ahmad, S., 1995. Antioxidant Mechanisms of the Enzymes and Proteins (pp.238-265). Oxidative stress and antioxidant defences in biology., Eds. S.Ahmad,Chapman and Hall, America.
- Ames, B. N., Shigena, M. K., Hagen, T. M., 1993. Oxidants , Antioksidants And The Degenerative Diseases Of Aging The Procceeding Of The National Acedemy Of Sciences (USA ). 90:7915–7922
- Ames, B. N., Shigena, M. K., Hagen, T. M., 1993. Oxidants , Antioksidants And The Degenerative Diseases Of Aging The Procceeding Of The National Acedemy Of Sciences (USA ). 90:7915–7922
- Arakawa, H., Kanemitsu, M., Tajima, N., and Maeda, M., 2002. Chemiluminescence Assay for Catechin Based on Generation of Hydrojen Peroxide in Basic Solution. Analy. Chim. Acta, 472, 75-82.
- Arakawa, H., Kanemitsu, M., Tajima, N., and Maeda, M., 2002. Chemiluminescence Assay for Catechin Based on Generation of Hydrojen Peroxide in Basic Solution. Analy. Chim. Acta, 472, 75-82.
- Arı, M., Serdal Öğüt, S., Kaçar Döğer, F., 2017. Kanserin Önlenmesinde Antioksidanların Rolü, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi C.1, S.2, s.67-74
- Arı, M., Serdal Öğüt, S., Kaçar Döğer, F., 2017. Kanserin Önlenmesinde Antioksidanların Rolü, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi C.1, S.2, s.67-74
- Arts, I. C. and Hollman, P. C., 2005. Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies (pp.317S-325). Am J Clin Nutr
- Arts, I. C. and Hollman, P. C., 2005. Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies (pp.317S-325). Am J Clin Nutr
- Atak, A., Altındişli, A. and Göksel, Z., 2011. Phytochemical Properties of Some Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)Hybrids. Americ. Journal of Food Technology 6 (9)¸843-850. https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajft.2011.843.850
- Atak, A., Altındişli, A. and Göksel, Z., 2011. Phytochemical Properties of Some Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)Hybrids. Americ. Journal of Food Technology 6 (9)¸843-850. https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajft.2011.843.850
- Atak, A., Göksel, Z., 2019. Determination of Some Phenolic Substance Changes in Cultivar/Genotypes of Different Vitis Species, Ege Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 56 (2):153-161, DOI: 10.20289/zfdergi.467136
- Atak, A., Göksel, Z., 2019. Determination of Some Phenolic Substance Changes in Cultivar/Genotypes of Different Vitis Species, Ege Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 56 (2):153-161, DOI: 10.20289/zfdergi.467136
- Atasoy, Ö. B., Erbaş, O., 2017. Melatonin hormonunun fizyolojik etkileri. FNG & Bilim Tıp Dergisi, 2017; 3 (1): 52-62, Doi: 10.5606/fng.btd.2017.011.
- Atasoy, Ö. B., Erbaş, O., 2017. Melatonin hormonunun fizyolojik etkileri. FNG & Bilim Tıp Dergisi, 2017; 3 (1): 52-62, Doi: 10.5606/fng.btd.2017.011.
- Ateş, S., 2015. Farklı Üzüm Çeşitlerinin Olgunlaşma sürecinde Polifenol İçerikleri ile Antioksidan Kapasitelerinin Belirlenmesi, İnönü Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 100 s.
- Ateş, S., 2015. Farklı Üzüm Çeşitlerinin Olgunlaşma sürecinde Polifenol İçerikleri ile Antioksidan Kapasitelerinin Belirlenmesi, İnönü Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 100 s.
- Benov, L. and Frıdovıch, I., 998. Growth in iron-enriched medium partially compensates Escherichia coli for the lack of manganase and iron süperoxide dismutase, The J. of Biolo. Chem.,273, 10313-10316.
- Benov, L. and Frıdovıch, I., 998. Growth in iron-enriched medium partially compensates Escherichia coli for the lack of manganase and iron süperoxide dismutase, The J. of Biolo. Chem.,273, 10313-10316.
- Bravo, L., 1998. Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutr Rev, 56, 317-333.
- Bravo, L., 1998. Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutr Rev, 56, 317-333.
- Cabaroğlu, T., 2003. Üzümlerde Aroma Maddeleri ve Şarapçılık Açısından Önemi. Gıda Dergisi, 28, 599-605.
- Cabaroğlu, T., 2003. Üzümlerde Aroma Maddeleri ve Şarapçılık Açısından Önemi. Gıda Dergisi, 28, 599-605.
- Cadenas, E., Packer, L., 2002. Handbook of Antioxidants, Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel, 0-8247-0547-5.
- Cadenas, E., Packer, L., 2002. Handbook of Antioxidants, Marcel Dekker, New York-Basel, 0-8247-0547-5.
- Cornelli, U., 2009. Antioxidant use in nutraceucitals. Clin Dermatol.27; 175-94
- Cornelli, U., 2009. Antioxidant use in nutraceucitals. Clin Dermatol.27; 175-94
- Çelik, H., Ağaoğlu, Y., Fidan, Y., Marasalı, B., ve Söylemezoğlu, G., 1998. Genel Bağcılık. Ankara: Sun Fidan A.Ş. Mesleki Kitaplar Serisi 1.
- Çelik, H., Ağaoğlu, Y., Fidan, Y., Marasalı, B., ve Söylemezoğlu, G., 1998. Genel Bağcılık. Ankara: Sun Fidan A.Ş. Mesleki Kitaplar Serisi 1.
- Çetin, E., 2005. Melatonin ve Bağışıklık Sistemi. Erciyes Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg., 2005; 2: 119-23.
- Çetin, E., 2005. Melatonin ve Bağışıklık Sistemi. Erciyes Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg., 2005; 2: 119-23.
- Edreva, A., 1998. Molecular bases of stress in plants. Bitkilerde stres fizyolojisinin moleküler temelleri, 1-33. İzmir: E. Ü. Bilim-Teknoloji Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi.
- Edreva, A., 1998. Molecular bases of stress in plants. Bitkilerde stres fizyolojisinin moleküler temelleri, 1-33. İzmir: E. Ü. Bilim-Teknoloji Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi.
- Ergezer, H., Çam, M., 2008. Tanenler: Sınıflandırma, Yapıları ve Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri, Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi; 21-23 Mayıs 2008, Erzurum.
- Ergezer, H., Çam, M., 2008. Tanenler: Sınıflandırma, Yapıları ve Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri, Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi; 21-23 Mayıs 2008, Erzurum.
- Frankel, E. N., Waterhouse, A. L., Kinsella, J. E., 1993. Inhibition of human LDL oxidation by resveratrol. The Lancet, , 341 (8852):1103-1104.
- Frankel, E. N., Waterhouse, A. L., Kinsella, J. E., 1993. Inhibition of human LDL oxidation by resveratrol. The Lancet, , 341 (8852):1103-1104.
- Gagne, S., Saucier, C. and Genly, L., 2006. Composition and cellular localization of tannins in Cabernet Sauvignon skins during growth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(25): pp.9465-9471.
- Gagne, S., Saucier, C. and Genly, L., 2006. Composition and cellular localization of tannins in Cabernet Sauvignon skins during growth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(25): pp.9465-9471.
- Gencer, S., 2004. Fakoemülsifikasyon Cerrahisinde Serbest Radikal Hasarına Karşı İntraoperatif Askorbik Asit Kullanımı. İstanbul.
- Gencer, S., 2004. Fakoemülsifikasyon Cerrahisinde Serbest Radikal Hasarına Karşı İntraoperatif Askorbik Asit Kullanımı. İstanbul.
- Gorham, J., and Coughlan, S. J., 1980. Inhibition of Photosynthesis by Stilbenoids, Phytochem.,19(10), 2059-2064
- Gorham, J., and Coughlan, S. J., 1980. Inhibition of Photosynthesis by Stilbenoids, Phytochem.,19(10), 2059-2064
- Gök, V., Kayacıer, A., Telli, R., 2006. Hayvansal ve Mikrobiyal Doğal Antioksidanlar, Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 2, 35-40.
- Göktürk Baydar, N., Babalık, Z., Hallaç Türk, F. and Çetin, S., 2011. Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Wines and Extracts of Some Grape Varieties Grown in Turkey. Journal og Agricultural Sciences (17) (2011) 67-76.
- Göktürk Baydar, N., Babalık, Z., Hallaç Türk, F. and Çetin, S., 2011. Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Wines and Extracts of Some Grape Varieties Grown in Turkey. Journal og Agricultural Sciences (17) (2011) 67-76.
- Gülcü, M., Demirci, A. Ş., Güner, K. G., 2008. Siyah Üzüm; Zengin Besin İçeriği ve Sağlık Açısından Önemi, Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi; 21-23 Mayıs 2008, Erzurum.
- Gülcü, M., Demirci, A. Ş., Güner, K. G., 2008. Siyah Üzüm; Zengin Besin İçeriği ve Sağlık Açısından Önemi, Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi; 21-23 Mayıs 2008, Erzurum.
- Güzelhan, Y., Sayar, K., Öztürk, M., ve Kara, İ., 2000. Şizofrenide serbest radikaller. Klinik Psikofarmokoloji Bülteni, 90-96.
- Güzelhan, Y., Sayar, K., Öztürk, M., ve Kara, İ., 2000. Şizofrenide serbest radikaller. Klinik Psikofarmokoloji Bülteni, 90-96.
- Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J. M. C., 1990. Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease. Methods Enzymol. 186; 1-85.
- Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J. M. C., 1990. Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease. Methods Enzymol. 186; 1-85.
- Harbertson, J. F., Kennedy, J. A. and Adams, D. O., 2002. Tannin in skins and seeds of Cabernet sauvignon, Syrah, and Pinot noir berries during ripening. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 53(1): pp.54-59.
- Harbertson, J. F., Kennedy, J. A. and Adams, D. O., 2002. Tannin in skins and seeds of Cabernet sauvignon, Syrah, and Pinot noir berries during ripening. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 53(1): pp.54-59.
- Harborne, J. B. and Williams, C.A., 2001. Anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Nat. Prod. Rep., 18: pp.310-333.
- Harborne, J. B. and Williams, C.A., 2001. Anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Nat. Prod. Rep., 18: pp.310-333.
- Haslam, E., 1998. Practical polyphenolics. from structure to molecular recognition and physiological action. Cambridge University Press, p. 422.
- Haslam, E., 1998. Practical polyphenolics. from structure to molecular recognition and physiological action. Cambridge University Press, p. 422.
- Ho, P., Silvia, M. C. and Hogg, T.A., 2001. Changes in colour and phenolic composition during the early stages of maturation of port in wood, stainless steel and glass. J. Science of Food and Agric, 81, 1269-1280.
- Ho, P., Silvia, M. C. and Hogg, T.A., 2001. Changes in colour and phenolic composition during the early stages of maturation of port in wood, stainless steel and glass. J. Science of Food and Agric, 81, 1269-1280.
- Iriti, M., Faoro, F., 2006. Grape phytochemicals: A bouquet of old and new nutraceuticals for human health. Med. Hypoth. 67, 833-838.
- Iriti, M., Faoro, F., 2009. Bioactivity of grape chemicals for human health. Nat Prod Commun, 4, 611-634.
- Kannan, S, Kolandaivel, P. J., 2018. The inhibitory performance of flavonoid cyanidin-3-sambubiocide against H274Y mutation in H1N1 influenza virus. Biomol Struct Dyn. 2018 Dec;36(16):4255-4269. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1413422.
- Kannan, S, Kolandaivel, P. J., 2018. The inhibitory performance of flavonoid cyanidin-3-sambubiocide against H274Y mutation in H1N1 influenza virus. Biomol Struct Dyn. 2018 Dec;36(16):4255-4269. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1413422.
- Kanner, J., Frankel, E., Granit, R., German, B. and Kinsella, J. E., 1994. Natural antioxidants in grape ads wines. Ibid. 42: pp.64-69.
- Kanner, J., Frankel, E., Granit, R., German, B. and Kinsella, J. E., 1994. Natural antioxidants in grape ads wines. Ibid. 42: pp.64-69.
- Kar, P., Laight, D., Shaw, K. M. and Cummings, M. H., 2006. Flavonoid‐rich grapeseed extracts: a new approach in high cardiovascular risk patients?. International journal of clinical practice, 60(11), 1484-1492.
- Kar, P., Laight, D., Shaw, K. M. and Cummings, M. H., 2006. Flavonoid‐rich grapeseed extracts: a new approach in high cardiovascular risk patients?. International journal of clinical practice, 60(11), 1484-1492.
- Karaca, Ş., Güder, H., 2009. Dermatolojide Antioksidan Sistem, Turkish Journal of Dermatology, 3, 32-39.
- Karaca, Ş., Güder, H., 2009. Dermatolojide Antioksidan Sistem, Turkish Journal of Dermatology, 3, 32-39.
- Keskin, N., Gökçen İ. S., Kunter, B., Cantürk, S., Karadoğan, B., 2017. Üzüm Fitokimyasalları ve Türkiye’de Yetiştirilen Üzüm Çeşitleri Üzerindeki Araştırmalar, Turkish Journal of Forest Science 1(1) 2017: 93-111.
- Keskin, N., Gökçen İ. S., Kunter, B., Cantürk, S., Karadoğan, B., 2017. Üzüm Fitokimyasalları ve Türkiye’de Yetiştirilen Üzüm Çeşitleri Üzerindeki Araştırmalar, Turkish Journal of Forest Science 1(1) 2017: 93-111.
- Kunter, B., Cantürk, S. ve Keskin, N., 2013. Üzüm tanesinin histokimyasal yapısı. Iğdır Üni. Fen Bilimleri Enst. Der, 3, 17-24.
- Kunter, B., Cantürk, S. ve Keskin, N., 2013. Üzüm tanesinin histokimyasal yapısı. Iğdır Üni. Fen Bilimleri Enst. Der, 3, 17-24.
- Lim, T., 2013. Fruits Vitaceae. T. Lim içinde, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants (Cilt VI, s. 450-482). Dordrecht, Holland: Springer Science and Business Media.
- Lim, T., 2013. Fruits Vitaceae. T. Lim içinde, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants (Cilt VI, s. 450-482). Dordrecht, Holland: Springer Science and Business Media.
- Mattivi, F., Guzzon, R., Vrhovsek, U., Stefanini, M. and Velasco, R., 2006. Metabolite profiling of grape: flavonols and anthocyanins. J. Agric. Food Chem, 54, 7692-7702.
- Mattivi, F., Guzzon, R., Vrhovsek, U., Stefanini, M. and Velasco, R., 2006. Metabolite profiling of grape: flavonols and anthocyanins. J. Agric. Food Chem, 54, 7692-7702.
- McKersie, B. and Leshem, Y., 1994 Stress and stress coping in cultivated plants. Nederland: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- McKersie, B. and Leshem, Y., 1994 Stress and stress coping in cultivated plants. Nederland: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Merken, H. M. and Beecher, G., 2000. Measurement of food flavonoids by highperformance liquid chromatography: A review. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48(3): pp.577-599.
- Merken, H. M. and Beecher, G., 2000. Measurement of food flavonoids by highperformance liquid chromatography: A review. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48(3): pp.577-599.
- Mohammadi Pour, P., Fakhri, S., Asgary, S., Farzaei, M. H., Echeverría, J., 2019 .The Signaling Pathways, and Therapeutic Targets of Antiviral Agents: Focusing on the Antiviral Approaches and Clinical Perspectives of Anthocyanins in the Management of Viral Diseases. .Front Pharmacol Nov 8;10:1207. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01207.
- Mohammadi Pour, P., Fakhri, S., Asgary, S., Farzaei, M. H., Echeverría, J., 2019 .The Signaling Pathways, and Therapeutic Targets of Antiviral Agents: Focusing on the Antiviral Approaches and Clinical Perspectives of Anthocyanins in the Management of Viral Diseases. .Front Pharmacol Nov 8;10:1207. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01207.
- Mullins, M., Bouquet, A. and Williams, L., 1992. Biology Of The Grapevine. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge Univ. Press.
- Mullins, M., Bouquet, A. and Williams, L., 1992. Biology Of The Grapevine. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge Univ. Press.
- Oraman, M. N., 1972. Bağcılık tekniği II. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 470, 402.
- Oraman, M. N., 1972. Bağcılık tekniği II. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, 470, 402.
- Pace-Asciak, C. R., Hahn, S. E., Diamandis, E. P., Soleas, G. and Goldberg, D. M., 1995. The red wine phenolics trans-resveratrol and quercetin block human latelet aggregation and eicosanoid synthesis: implication for protection againist coronary heart disease. Clin. Chim. Acta, 235, 207-219.
- Pace-Asciak, C. R., Hahn, S. E., Diamandis, E. P., Soleas, G. and Goldberg, D. M., 1995. The red wine phenolics trans-resveratrol and quercetin block human latelet aggregation and eicosanoid synthesis: implication for protection againist coronary heart disease. Clin. Chim. Acta, 235, 207-219.
- Pazourek, J., Gajdosova, D., Spanila, M., Farkova, M., Novotna, K. and Havel, J., 2005. Analysis of polyphenols in wines: correlation between total polyphenolic content and antioxidant potential from photometric measurements prediction of cultivars and vintage from capillary zone electrophoresis fingerprints using artificial neural network. J. of Chromatography A.,1081, 48-54.
- Pazourek, J., Gajdosova, D., Spanila, M., Farkova, M., Novotna, K. and Havel, J., 2005. Analysis of polyphenols in wines: correlation between total polyphenolic content and antioxidant potential from photometric measurements prediction of cultivars and vintage from capillary zone electrophoresis fingerprints using artificial neural network. J. of Chromatography A.,1081, 48-54.
- Pfander, H., 1987. Key to Carotenoids, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel.
- Pfander, H., 1987. Key to Carotenoids, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel.
- Rathod, N. R, 2009. Free radical scavenging activity of Calotropis gigantea on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 71(6), 615-621.
- Rathod, N. R, 2009. Free radical scavenging activity of Calotropis gigantea on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 71(6), 615-621.
- Renaud, S. and De Lorgeril, M., 1992. Wine, alcohol, platelets and the French paradox for coronery heart disease. The Lancet. 339: pp.1523-1526.
- Renaud, S. and De Lorgeril, M., 1992. Wine, alcohol, platelets and the French paradox for coronery heart disease. The Lancet. 339: pp.1523-1526.
- Ribéreau-Gayon, P., Glories, Y., Maujean, A. and Dubourdieea, U., 2000. Handbook of Enology, Volume 2: The Chemistry of Wine and Stabilization and Treatments, 441 p, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
- Ribéreau-Gayon, P., Glories, Y., Maujean, A. and Dubourdieea, U., 2000. Handbook of Enology, Volume 2: The Chemistry of Wine and Stabilization and Treatments, 441 p, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
- Richard, A. Larson, 1997. Naturally Occuring Antioxidants, Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers.
- Richard, A. Larson, 1997. Naturally Occuring Antioxidants, Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers.
- Rodriguez-Montealegre, R., Romero Peces, R., Chacon Vozmediano, J. L., Martinez Gascuena, J. and Garcia Romero, E., 2006. Phenolic compounds in skins and seeds of ten grape Vitis vinifera varieties grown in a warm climate. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19, 687-693.
- Rodriguez-Montealegre, R., Romero Peces, R., Chacon Vozmediano, J. L., Martinez Gascuena, J. and Garcia Romero, E., 2006. Phenolic compounds in skins and seeds of ten grape Vitis vinifera varieties grown in a warm climate. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19, 687-693.
- Savaş, G., 2010. Farklı pişirme yöntemlerinin siyah pirincin fenolik bileşenlere ve antioksidan aktivitesi üzerine etkisi. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Savaş, G., 2010. Farklı pişirme yöntemlerinin siyah pirincin fenolik bileşenlere ve antioksidan aktivitesi üzerine etkisi. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Sıes, H., Stahl, W., 1995. Vitamins E and C, β-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62, 1315-1321.
- Sıes, H., Stahl, W., 1995. Vitamins E and C, β-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 62, 1315-1321.
- Sivritepe, N., 2001. Doğada Oksidatif Stres: Asma, Üzüm ve Şarapta Antioksidantlar. ANADOLU(2), 108-135.
- Sivritepe, N., 2001. Doğada Oksidatif Stres: Asma, Üzüm ve Şarapta Antioksidantlar. ANADOLU(2), 108-135.
- Sivritepe, N.,2000. Asma, üzüm ve şaraptaki antioksidantlar. Gıda. Dünya Yayınları. 12, 73-78.
- Tomera, J.F., 1999. Current Knowledge of the Health Benefits and Disadvantages of Wine Consumption. Trends in Food Science Technology. 10: pp.129-138.
- Tomera, J.F., 1999. Current Knowledge of the Health Benefits and Disadvantages of Wine Consumption. Trends in Food Science Technology. 10: pp.129-138.
- Toprak, F. E., 2011. Ankara ve Nevşehir İllerinde Yetiştirilen Kalecik Karası Üzüm Çeşidinin Fitokimyasal Özellikleri Üzerine araştırmalar, Ankara Üniversitesi fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 64 s.
- Toprak, F. E., 2011. Ankara ve Nevşehir İllerinde Yetiştirilen Kalecik Karası Üzüm Çeşidinin Fitokimyasal Özellikleri Üzerine araştırmalar, Ankara Üniversitesi fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 64 s.
- Vinayaka, K.S., 2009. Free radical scavenging and insecticidal activitiy of Elaeagnus kologa Schldl., Drug Invention, 1(1), 74-77.
- Vinayaka, K.S., 2009. Free radical scavenging and insecticidal activitiy of Elaeagnus kologa Schldl., Drug Invention, 1(1), 74-77.
- Visioli, F. and Galli, C., 1998. Olive oil Polyphenols and Their Potential Effects on Human Health. J.Agric. Food Chem., pp.4292-4296.
- Visioli, F. and Galli, C., 1998. Olive oil Polyphenols and Their Potential Effects on Human Health. J.Agric. Food Chem., pp.4292-4296.
- Voinea, M., Georgescu, A., Manea, A., Dragomir, E., Manduteanu, I., Popov, D. and Simionescu, M., 2004. Superoxide dismutase entrapped-liposomes restore the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation of resistance arteries in experimental diabetes. Eur. J. of Pharma.,484, 111 – 118.
- Voinea, M., Georgescu, A., Manea, A., Dragomir, E., Manduteanu, I., Popov, D. and Simionescu, M., 2004. Superoxide dismutase entrapped-liposomes restore the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation of resistance arteries in experimental diabetes. Eur. J. of Pharma.,484, 111 – 118.
- Wang, Q., Xu, J., Rottinghaus, G. E., Simonyi, A., Lubahn, D., Sun, G. Y., Sun, A. Y., 2002. Resveratrol protects against global cerebral ischemic injury in gerbils. Brain Res., 27; 958(2): 439-47.
- Wang, Q., Xu, J., Rottinghaus, G. E., Simonyi, A., Lubahn, D., Sun, G. Y., Sun, A. Y., 2002. Resveratrol protects against global cerebral ischemic injury in gerbils. Brain Res., 27; 958(2): 439-47.
- Xia, E. Q., Feng Deng, G., Guo, Y-J. and Li H-B., 2010. Biological Activities of Polyphenols from Grapes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 622-646; doi:10.3390/ijms11020622.
- Xia, E. Q., Feng Deng, G., Guo, Y-J. and Li H-B., 2010. Biological Activities of Polyphenols from Grapes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 622-646; doi:10.3390/ijms11020622.
- Yang, J., Xiao, Y.Y., 2013. Grape phytochemicals and associated health benefits. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53, 1202-1225.
- Yang, J., Xiao, Y.Y., 2013. Grape phytochemicals and associated health benefits. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53, 1202-1225.
- Zhao, D., Simon, J. E. and Wu, Q., 2020. A critical review on grape polyphenols for neuroprotection: Strategies to enhance bioefficacy, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60:4, 597-625, DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1546668.
- Zhao, D., Simon, J. E. and Wu, Q., 2020. A critical review on grape polyphenols for neuroprotection: Strategies to enhance bioefficacy, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60:4, 597-625, DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1546668.