<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>uksad</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2587-1269</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Mehmet Seyfettin EROL</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>American Studies</subject>
                                                            <subject>Globalisation</subject>
                                                            <subject>International Security</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Amerika Çalışmaları</subject>
                                                            <subject>Küreselleşme</subject>
                                                            <subject>Uluslararası Güvenlik</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Economic Security in US National Security Strategy Documents During the Cold War (Before 1990)</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Soğuk Savaş Dönemi (1990 Öncesi) ABD Ulusal Güvenlik Strateji Belgelerinde Ekonomi Güvenliği</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8314-6966</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Yel</surname>
                                    <given-names>Fatih</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>MİLLİ SAVUNMA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MİLLİ SAVUNMA VE GÜVENLİK ENSTİTÜSÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20250531">
                    <day>05</day>
                    <month>31</month>
                    <year>2025</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>9</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>22</fpage>
                                        <lpage>52</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20250322">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>22</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20250526">
                        <day>05</day>
                        <month>26</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017, Journal of Crises and Political Research</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2017</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Journal of Crises and Political Research</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>The US national security strategies have reached a comprehensive framework where economic and military elements are combined after World War II. Export controls were expanded from the 1940s onwards, and trade policies and sanctions were used as strategic tools to limit the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The Carter and Reagan administrations strengthened NATO by increasing military spending, and considered economic competition an integral part of national security. Terrorism and state-sponsored threats were also added to the strategy documents in the late 1980s. The US aimed to ensure global stability through free trade and investments, and strengthened its economic relations with its allies. Supply chain vulnerabilities, debt burdens and protectionist policies were considered as security threats. The US adopted a free market approach in international trade policies, focusing on economic stability and technological progress, and used sanctions as a power element when necessary.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>ABD’nin ulusal güvenlik stratejileri, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası ekonomik ve askeri unsurların birleştiği kapsamlı bir çerçeveye ulaşmıştır. 1940’lardan itibaren ihracat kontrolleri genişletilmiş, Soğuk Savaş döneminde SSCB’yi sınırlamak için ticaret politikaları ve yaptırımlar stratejik bir araç olarak kullanılmıştır. Carter ve Reagan yönetimleri, askeri harcamaları artırarak NATO’yu güçlendirmiş, ekonomik rekabeti ulusal güvenliğin ayrılmaz bir parçası olarak değerlendirmiştir. 1980’lerin sonunda terörizm ve devlet destekli tehditler de strateji belgelerine eklenmiştir. ABD, serbest ticaret ve yatırımlarla küresel istikrarı sağlamayı hedeflemiş, müttefikleriyle ekonomik ilişkilerini güçlendirmiştir. Tedarik zinciri kırılganlıkları, borç yükü ve korumacı politikalar güvenlik tehditleri olarak ele alınmıştır. ABD, ekonomik istikrarı ve teknolojik ilerlemeyi merkeze alarak uluslararası ticaret politikalarında serbest piyasa yaklaşımını benimsemiş, gerektiğinde yaptırımları da bir güç unsuru olarak kullanmıştır.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Uluslararası Güvenlik</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  ABD Ulusal Güvenlik Strateji Belgesi</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ekonomi Güvenliği</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ekonomik Yaptırımlar</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>International Security</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  US National Security Strategy Document</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Economic Security</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Economic Sanctions</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Aaron, F. (2000). In the Shadow of the Garrison State: America’s Anti-Statism and Its Cold War Grand Strategy. Princeton University Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7ssq0</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bauer, P. (2025, Mayıs 06). Britannica. Britannica Web Sitesi: https://www.britannica.com/topic/New-Look-United-States-history adresinden alındı</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bowie, R., &amp; Immerman, R. (1998). &#039;Introduction&#039;, Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy. New York: Oxford Academic. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062649.003.0001</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Brands, W. H. (1997). The Wages of Globalism: Lyndon Johnson and the Limits of American Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Britannica. (tarih yok). Flexible Response. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Flexible-Response adresinden alındı</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cable, V. (1995). What is International Economic Security? International Affairs, 71(2), s. 305-324.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Carter Jr., J. E. (1977, Ağustos 24). 24 Ağustos 1977 tarihli Başkanlık Direktifi/Ulusal Güvenlik Konseyi (Presidental Directive/National Security Council -PD/NSC-18) . CIA Web Sitesi: https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp97m00248r000400660001-4 adresinden alındı</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Carter Jr., J. E. (1981, Ocak 15). 15 Ocak 1981 tarihli PD/NSC-62 sayılı Başkanlık Direktifi. CIA Web Sitesi: https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83m00914r002400110026-0 adresinden alındı</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Chin, J., Skinner, K., &amp; Yoo, C. (2023, Eylül 1). Understanding National Security Strategies Through Time. Texas National Security Review, 6(4), s. 103-124. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.26153/tsw/48842</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Condray, P. (1999). The New Look of 1952–53. Alabama: Air University Press. http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep13803.9 adresinden alındı</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dockrill, S. (1996). Eisenhower’s New-Look National Security Policy, 1953–61. London: Palgrave Macmillan.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Document 163. (1953, Ekim 30). Office of the Historian. Office of the Historian Web Sitesi: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950-55Intel/d163 adresinden alındı</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eisenhower, D. D. (1953, Ekim 30). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri&#039;nin Dış İlişkileri, 1952–1954, Ulusal Güvenlik İşleri, Cilt II, Bölüm 1. Offive of the Historian: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v02p1/d101 adresinden alındı</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gaddis, J. L. (2005). Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy. New York: Oxford Academic.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Güdül, S. (2021). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin NSC-68 Çerçevesinde Uyguladığı Soğuk Savaş Stratejisi ve Türkiye’ye Yansımaları. Akademik Bakış, 15(29), s. 291-310.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hanhimäki, J. (2004). The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172218.001.0001</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hogan, M. (1987). The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511583728</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ianıoglo, A., &amp; Polajeva, T. (2016). Origin and Definition of the Category of Economic Security of Enterprise. International Scientific Conference Business and Management, s. 5.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ions, E. (1983). Power and principle: memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–81. International Affairs, 59(4), s. 783-784. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2619563</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kaplan, L. (1999). The long entanglement : NATO&#039;s first fifty years. Westport: Praeger.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karabulut, B., &amp; Oğuz, Ş. (2022, Aralık 29). Ekonomi Güvenliği ve Ticaret Savaşları Bağlamında ABD-Çin Rekabetinin Analizi. Uluslararası Kriz Ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, s. 323-357.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kennan, G. (1946, Şubat 22). NSA. NSA Web Sitesi: https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/coldwar/documents/episode-1/kennan.htm adresinden alındı</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Leighton, R. (2001). Strategy, Money, and the New Look, 1953–1956. Washington: Historical Office.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">May, E. R. (1993). American Cold War Strategy NSC 68. New York: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mayers, D. (1990). George Kennan And The Dilemmas Of US Foreign Policy. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195063189.001.0001</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Miscamble, W. D. (1992). George F. Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, 1947-1950. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nitze, P. (1950, Nisan 14). Atomic Heritage Foundation. Atomic Heritage Foundation Web Sitesi: https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/key-documents/national-security-council-paper-68-nsc-68/ adresinden alındı</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Reagan, R. (1982, Mayıs 20). Ulusal Güvenlik Kararı Direktifi 32. National Security Archive: https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/media/20310/ocr adresinden alındı</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Reagan, R. (1986, Eylül 2). Ulusal Güvenlik Kararı Direktifi 238. Natioanal Security Archive Web Sitesi: https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/20312-national-security-archive-doc-27-national adresinden alındı</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Reagan, R. (1987). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejisi. Washington: Beyaz Saray.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Reagan, R. (1988). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejisi. Washington: Beyaz Saray.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rüma, Ş. İ. (2019, Eylül). Ekonomik Güvenlik: Gündelik Sabit Tehdit. Güvenlik Yazıları Serisi(6). 12 10, 2020 tarihinde https://trguvenlikportali.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/EkonomikGuvenlik_InanRuma_v.1.pdf adresinden alındı</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Schweizer, P. (1994). Victory: The Reagan Administration&#039;s Secret Strategy that Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Truman, H. (1950, Nisan 14). The Office of the Historian. The Office of the Historian Web Sitesi: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v01/d85 adresinden alındı</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
