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A Comparative Analysis of Secondary Actors in the Libyan Intra-State Conflict in the Context of Conflict Mapping: Positions, Interests and Needs

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 355 - 390, 27.12.2023

Abstract

After the civil war in 2011, Libya was exposed to a second civil war between 2014-2020. In Second Civil War, secondary actors with a regional and international profile took part, intervening in the conflict as a side of a local actor. These actors have contributed to the escalation and prolongation of the conflict and undermined its resolution. Concordantly, the analysis of the secondary actors involved in the Libyan intra-state conflict is important in terms of understanding the impact of the actors on the conflict. In the study, the actors are analyzed within the framework of the Conflict Mapping method.

References

  • ALKANAT, A. (2020). Avrupa Birliği’nin Libya Politikası. SETA, (261) Ocak.
  • Arap League Condemns Turkish Intervention in Libya (2020). Libya Review, December 3, https://libyareview.com/8479/arab-league-condemns-turkish-intervention-in-libya/.
  • ARDEMAGNİ, E. (2020). Qatar Steps Up Political Efforts in Libya and Mali. NATO Defense College Foundation, 23 September, https://www.natofoundation.org/gulf/qatar-political-efforts-in-libya-and-mali-gulf-ardemagni/.
  • ASKEROĞLU, S. (2020). Libya: Efforts towards Building an Alliance against Turkey in the Mediterranean. İRAM, 24 Nisan, https://iramcenter.org/en/libya-efforts-towards-building-an-alliance-against-turkey-in-the-mediterranean/.
  • BAYAT, C. (2018). Rusya-Libya İlişkileri ve Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi’nde Libya’ya Yönelik Askeri Müdahale Tartışmaları Sırasında Rusya’nın Politik Tutumu. Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), Mayıs, 169-205
  • BECCARO, A. (2017). Russia: Looking for a Warm Sea. Karim Mezran-Arturo Varvelli, der, Foreign Actors in Libya’s Crisis, Atlantic Council, Milano-Italy, 73-89.
  • BECERRA, M. (2020). A Lost Decade: The Actors and Geopolitics behind the Libyan Civil War. Geopolitical Monitor, July 22, https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/a-lost-decade-the-actors-and-geopolitics-behind-the-libyan-civil-war/
  • CANER, C. ve Betül, Ş. (2018). Devrimler, Kaos ve İstikrar Arayışları İçinde Libya: Tarihsel ve Yapısal Bir Analiz, Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(6), 45-70
  • CeSI (2019). Information Warfare in Libya: The Online Advance of Khalifa Haftar. May, https://www.cesi-italia.org/contents/Analisi/Information
  • Dala, M. (2022). Libya Petrolü, ABD ile Rusya Arasındaki Enerji Mücadelesinde Nerede Duruyor? Anadolu Ajansı, 22 Mart, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/libya-petrolu-abd-ile-rusya-arasindaki-enerji-mucadelesinde-nerede-duruyor/2542127
  • DÜZSÖZ, E. (2021). Kaos İçerisinde Düzen Arayışı: Kaddafi Dönemi ve Sonrasında Libya. Barış Araştırmaları ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, 9(2), 295-330
  • EL-GAMATY, G. (2017). Qatar, the UAE and the Libya Connection. Aljazeera, 12 Jun, https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2017/6/12/qatar-the-uae-and-the-libya-connection.
  • European Powers Condemn Turkish Plans to Send Troops to Libya (2020). Reuters, January 7, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-eu-idUSKBN1Z618D.
  • FİSHER, S., MATOVIC, V., WALKER, B. A. & MATHEWS, D. (2020). Working with Conflict 2: Skills and Strategies for Action, Zed Books.
  • FOUNDATİON, J. (2017). Qatar's Role in the Libyan Conflict: Who's on the Lists of Terrorists and Why. Refworld, 14 July, https://www.refworld.org/docid/596c92b64.html.
  • FRAİHAT, I. (2016). Unfinished Revolutions Yemen, Libya and Tunisia After The Arab Spring. New Haven-London: Yale University Press.
  • GENUGTEN, S. V. (2017). The Gulf States: Channeling Regional Ambitions in Different Directions. Karim Mezran-Arturo Varvelli, der, Foreign Actors in Libya’s Crisis, Atlantic Council, Milano-Italy, 41-56.
  • GOLDEN, R. (2021). Libya and Qatar discuss Activating Suspended Agreements and Developing Economic Relations, The Libya Observer, October 08, https://libyaobserver.ly/news/libya-and-qatar-discuss-activating-suspended-agreements-and-developing-economic-relations.
  • GÖK, A. (2021). Suriye ve Libya’da Meydana Gelen Çatışmaların Vekâlet Savaşı Teorisi Kapsamında Karşılaştırılması. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), Mayıs, 121-150.
  • HERBERT, S. (2017). Conflict Analysis. GSDRC Applied Knowledge Services, UK: University of Birmingham.
  • HİLL, T. M. (2019). The Conflict in Libya, United States Institute of Peace, May 15.
  • International Crisis Group (2019). Addressing the Rise of Libya’s Madkhali-Salafis. Report No 200/Middle East & North Africa, 25 April, https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/libya/addressing-rise-libyas-madkhali-salafis.
  • Katar ve UMH, Libya Askeri Personelinin Eğitimi Konusunda Anlaşma İmzaladı (2020). Sputnik, 14 Ekim, https://sputniknews.com.tr/20201114/katar-ve-umh-libya- askeri-personelinin-egitimi-konusunda-anlasma-imzaladi-1043221208.html.
  • KARAKAYA, İ. ve ÇELİK, M. T. (2021). Ortadoğu’da Arap Baharı Süreci ve Libya İç Savaşı, Akademik İzdüşüm Dergisi, 6(1), 175-192.
  • KÖKÇÜ, A. A. (2020). Türk Donanması Libya Açıklarında Tatbikat Gerçekleştiriyor. 07 Temmuz, https://www.defenceturk.net/turk-donanmasi-libya-aciklarinda-egitim-tatbikati-gerceklestiriyor.
  • KÖSE, T. ve ÖZTÜRK, B. (2020). A Sea Change in the MENA Region: External Interventions in Libya, Insight Turkey, 22(4), Fall, https://www.insightturkey.com/articles/a-sea-change-in-the-mena-region-external-interventions-in-libya.
  • KURT, V. (2020). 27 Kasım Anlaşmasından Berlin Konferansı’na Libya’da Yeni Denklem. SETA, (306), Ocak.
  • KÜMEK, İ. (2020). Küçük Devlet Müdahaleceliği: Katar ve BAE’nin Libya Müdahalesi. Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), Aralık, 240-282.
  • LACHER, W. (2020). Libya’s Fragmentation: Structure and Process in Violent Conflict. London: I. B. TAURIS.
  • Libya Ulusal Mutabakat Hükümeti, Katar ile Yeni Bir Askeri Anlaşma İmzaladı (2020). Independent Türkçe, 14 Kasım, https://www.indyturk.com/node/272481/d%C3%BCnya/libya-ulusal-mutabakat-h%C3%BCk%C3%BCmeti-katar-ile-yeni-bir-askeri-anla%C5%9Fma-imzalad%C4%B1.
  • MALSİN, J. (2019). Saudi Arabia Promised Support to Libyan Warlord in Push to Seize Tripoli. The Wall Street Journal, April 12, https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi-arabia-promised-support-to-libyan-warlord-in-push-to-seize-tripoli-11555077600.
  • MANNOCCHİ, F. (2018). Saudi-influenced Salafis playing both sides Libya’s civil war. Middle East Eye, 11 December, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-influenced-salafis-playing-both-sides-libyas-civil-war.
  • MEGERİSİ, T. (2017). Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia. Neighboring States – Diverging Approaches. Karim Mezran-Arturo Varvelli, der, Foreign Actors in Libya’s Crisis, Atlantic Council, Milano-Italy, 23-39.
  • MEGERİSİ, T. (2019). Libya’s Global Civil War. European Council on Foreign Relations, Policy Brief, June.
  • MEZRAN, K. ve Arturo V. (2017). Libyan Crisis: International Actors at Play. Karim Mezran-Arturo Varvelli, der, Foreign Actors in Libya’s Crisis, Atlantic Council, Milano-Italy, 13-22.
  • ÖZTAŞ, T. (2020). Libya and the Salafi pawns In the game. Anadolu Ajansı, 09 Ocak, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/analysis-libya-and-the-salafi-pawns-in-the-game/1697641.
  • ÖZTOP, F. A. (2021). Pandora’s Box: Updatind the Libyan Conflict Map. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 8(16), 225-243.
  • POLAT, F. (2021). Ten years After the Arab Spring: Has the Libyan Conflict Come to an End?. Al Sharq Strategic Research, 14 Ocak, https://research.sharqforum.org/2021/01/14/ten-years-after-the-arab-spring/.
  • PUSZTAİ, W. (2019). Libya’s Conflict. EU Institute for Security Studies, Conflict Series, Brief/12, Nov.
  • Qatar-Libya Sign Security Cooperation Agreement (2020). Trends’n’africa, October 28, https://trendsnafrica.com/qatar-libya-sign-security-cooperation-agreement/
  • RAMANİ, S. (2020). Saudi Arabia step sup role in Libya. Al-Monitor, February 20, https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/02/saudi-arabia-role-liyba-gna-hifter.html.
  • SOLOMOU, J. (2022). Turkey-Libya Controversial Energy Accord Thereatens Stability in Eastern Mediterranean. ANI, Oct 10, https://www.aninews.in/news/world/others/turkey-libya-controversial-energy-accord-threatens-stability-in-eastern-mediterranean20221010070956/.
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Türkiye-Libya Siyasi İlişkileri, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-libya-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa.
  • TOALDO, M. (2017), Europe: Carving Out a New Role. Karim Mezran-Arturo Varvelli, der, Foreign Actors in Libya’s Crisis, Atlantic Council, Milano-Italy, 57-72.
  • UN Security Council (2021). Final report of the Panel of Experts on Libya Established Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), S/2021/229, 8 March.
  • UN Security Council (2011). Resolution 1973 (2011), S/RES/1973, 17 March.
  • Üçlü Askeri Koordinasyon! Türkiye ve Katar, Libya’da Deniz Üssünde Anlaştı (2020). Akşam, 19 Ağustos, https://www.aksam.com.tr/siyaset/uclu-askeri-koordinasyon-turkiye-ve-katar-libyadadeniz-ussunde-anlasti/haber-1102484.
  • WEHR, P. (1979). Conflict Regulation, Colorado: Westview Press.
  • WEHREY, F. ve BOUKHARS A. (2019). Salafism in the Maghreb: Politics, Piety, and Militancy. Oxford University Press.
  • WİNER, J. M. (2019). Origins of The Libyan Conflict and Options for Its Resolution. The Middle Institute, Policy Paper, Washington.

ÇATIŞMA HARİTALANDIRMASI BAĞLAMINDA LİBYA DEVLET-İÇİ ÇATIŞMASINDAKİ İKİNCİL AKTÖRLERİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ: POZİSYONLAR, ÇIKARLAR VE İHTİYAÇLAR

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 355 - 390, 27.12.2023

Abstract

Libya, 2011’deki iç savaştan sonra, 2014-2020 yılları arasında ikinci bir iç savaşa maruz kalmıştır. Bu İkinci İç Savaş’ta, yerel aktörlerden birine taraf olarak çatışmaya müdahil olan bölgesel ve uluslararası profile sahip ikincil aktörler yer almıştır. Bu aktörler, çatışmanın tırmanmasına, uzun sürmesine ve çözümün baltalanmasına etki etmişlerdir. Bu bağlamda, Libya devlet-içi çatışmasında yer alan ikincil aktörlerin analizi, aktörlerin çatışmaya olan etkisini anlama bakımından önemlidir. Çalışmada aktörler, Çatışma Haritalandırması yöntemi çerçevesinde analiz edilmektedir.

References

  • ALKANAT, A. (2020). Avrupa Birliği’nin Libya Politikası. SETA, (261) Ocak.
  • Arap League Condemns Turkish Intervention in Libya (2020). Libya Review, December 3, https://libyareview.com/8479/arab-league-condemns-turkish-intervention-in-libya/.
  • ARDEMAGNİ, E. (2020). Qatar Steps Up Political Efforts in Libya and Mali. NATO Defense College Foundation, 23 September, https://www.natofoundation.org/gulf/qatar-political-efforts-in-libya-and-mali-gulf-ardemagni/.
  • ASKEROĞLU, S. (2020). Libya: Efforts towards Building an Alliance against Turkey in the Mediterranean. İRAM, 24 Nisan, https://iramcenter.org/en/libya-efforts-towards-building-an-alliance-against-turkey-in-the-mediterranean/.
  • BAYAT, C. (2018). Rusya-Libya İlişkileri ve Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi’nde Libya’ya Yönelik Askeri Müdahale Tartışmaları Sırasında Rusya’nın Politik Tutumu. Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), Mayıs, 169-205
  • BECCARO, A. (2017). Russia: Looking for a Warm Sea. Karim Mezran-Arturo Varvelli, der, Foreign Actors in Libya’s Crisis, Atlantic Council, Milano-Italy, 73-89.
  • BECERRA, M. (2020). A Lost Decade: The Actors and Geopolitics behind the Libyan Civil War. Geopolitical Monitor, July 22, https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/a-lost-decade-the-actors-and-geopolitics-behind-the-libyan-civil-war/
  • CANER, C. ve Betül, Ş. (2018). Devrimler, Kaos ve İstikrar Arayışları İçinde Libya: Tarihsel ve Yapısal Bir Analiz, Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(6), 45-70
  • CeSI (2019). Information Warfare in Libya: The Online Advance of Khalifa Haftar. May, https://www.cesi-italia.org/contents/Analisi/Information
  • Dala, M. (2022). Libya Petrolü, ABD ile Rusya Arasındaki Enerji Mücadelesinde Nerede Duruyor? Anadolu Ajansı, 22 Mart, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/libya-petrolu-abd-ile-rusya-arasindaki-enerji-mucadelesinde-nerede-duruyor/2542127
  • DÜZSÖZ, E. (2021). Kaos İçerisinde Düzen Arayışı: Kaddafi Dönemi ve Sonrasında Libya. Barış Araştırmaları ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, 9(2), 295-330
  • EL-GAMATY, G. (2017). Qatar, the UAE and the Libya Connection. Aljazeera, 12 Jun, https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2017/6/12/qatar-the-uae-and-the-libya-connection.
  • European Powers Condemn Turkish Plans to Send Troops to Libya (2020). Reuters, January 7, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-eu-idUSKBN1Z618D.
  • FİSHER, S., MATOVIC, V., WALKER, B. A. & MATHEWS, D. (2020). Working with Conflict 2: Skills and Strategies for Action, Zed Books.
  • FOUNDATİON, J. (2017). Qatar's Role in the Libyan Conflict: Who's on the Lists of Terrorists and Why. Refworld, 14 July, https://www.refworld.org/docid/596c92b64.html.
  • FRAİHAT, I. (2016). Unfinished Revolutions Yemen, Libya and Tunisia After The Arab Spring. New Haven-London: Yale University Press.
  • GENUGTEN, S. V. (2017). The Gulf States: Channeling Regional Ambitions in Different Directions. Karim Mezran-Arturo Varvelli, der, Foreign Actors in Libya’s Crisis, Atlantic Council, Milano-Italy, 41-56.
  • GOLDEN, R. (2021). Libya and Qatar discuss Activating Suspended Agreements and Developing Economic Relations, The Libya Observer, October 08, https://libyaobserver.ly/news/libya-and-qatar-discuss-activating-suspended-agreements-and-developing-economic-relations.
  • GÖK, A. (2021). Suriye ve Libya’da Meydana Gelen Çatışmaların Vekâlet Savaşı Teorisi Kapsamında Karşılaştırılması. Güvenlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), Mayıs, 121-150.
  • HERBERT, S. (2017). Conflict Analysis. GSDRC Applied Knowledge Services, UK: University of Birmingham.
  • HİLL, T. M. (2019). The Conflict in Libya, United States Institute of Peace, May 15.
  • International Crisis Group (2019). Addressing the Rise of Libya’s Madkhali-Salafis. Report No 200/Middle East & North Africa, 25 April, https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/libya/addressing-rise-libyas-madkhali-salafis.
  • Katar ve UMH, Libya Askeri Personelinin Eğitimi Konusunda Anlaşma İmzaladı (2020). Sputnik, 14 Ekim, https://sputniknews.com.tr/20201114/katar-ve-umh-libya- askeri-personelinin-egitimi-konusunda-anlasma-imzaladi-1043221208.html.
  • KARAKAYA, İ. ve ÇELİK, M. T. (2021). Ortadoğu’da Arap Baharı Süreci ve Libya İç Savaşı, Akademik İzdüşüm Dergisi, 6(1), 175-192.
  • KÖKÇÜ, A. A. (2020). Türk Donanması Libya Açıklarında Tatbikat Gerçekleştiriyor. 07 Temmuz, https://www.defenceturk.net/turk-donanmasi-libya-aciklarinda-egitim-tatbikati-gerceklestiriyor.
  • KÖSE, T. ve ÖZTÜRK, B. (2020). A Sea Change in the MENA Region: External Interventions in Libya, Insight Turkey, 22(4), Fall, https://www.insightturkey.com/articles/a-sea-change-in-the-mena-region-external-interventions-in-libya.
  • KURT, V. (2020). 27 Kasım Anlaşmasından Berlin Konferansı’na Libya’da Yeni Denklem. SETA, (306), Ocak.
  • KÜMEK, İ. (2020). Küçük Devlet Müdahaleceliği: Katar ve BAE’nin Libya Müdahalesi. Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), Aralık, 240-282.
  • LACHER, W. (2020). Libya’s Fragmentation: Structure and Process in Violent Conflict. London: I. B. TAURIS.
  • Libya Ulusal Mutabakat Hükümeti, Katar ile Yeni Bir Askeri Anlaşma İmzaladı (2020). Independent Türkçe, 14 Kasım, https://www.indyturk.com/node/272481/d%C3%BCnya/libya-ulusal-mutabakat-h%C3%BCk%C3%BCmeti-katar-ile-yeni-bir-askeri-anla%C5%9Fma-imzalad%C4%B1.
  • MALSİN, J. (2019). Saudi Arabia Promised Support to Libyan Warlord in Push to Seize Tripoli. The Wall Street Journal, April 12, https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi-arabia-promised-support-to-libyan-warlord-in-push-to-seize-tripoli-11555077600.
  • MANNOCCHİ, F. (2018). Saudi-influenced Salafis playing both sides Libya’s civil war. Middle East Eye, 11 December, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-influenced-salafis-playing-both-sides-libyas-civil-war.
  • MEGERİSİ, T. (2017). Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia. Neighboring States – Diverging Approaches. Karim Mezran-Arturo Varvelli, der, Foreign Actors in Libya’s Crisis, Atlantic Council, Milano-Italy, 23-39.
  • MEGERİSİ, T. (2019). Libya’s Global Civil War. European Council on Foreign Relations, Policy Brief, June.
  • MEZRAN, K. ve Arturo V. (2017). Libyan Crisis: International Actors at Play. Karim Mezran-Arturo Varvelli, der, Foreign Actors in Libya’s Crisis, Atlantic Council, Milano-Italy, 13-22.
  • ÖZTAŞ, T. (2020). Libya and the Salafi pawns In the game. Anadolu Ajansı, 09 Ocak, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/analysis-libya-and-the-salafi-pawns-in-the-game/1697641.
  • ÖZTOP, F. A. (2021). Pandora’s Box: Updatind the Libyan Conflict Map. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 8(16), 225-243.
  • POLAT, F. (2021). Ten years After the Arab Spring: Has the Libyan Conflict Come to an End?. Al Sharq Strategic Research, 14 Ocak, https://research.sharqforum.org/2021/01/14/ten-years-after-the-arab-spring/.
  • PUSZTAİ, W. (2019). Libya’s Conflict. EU Institute for Security Studies, Conflict Series, Brief/12, Nov.
  • Qatar-Libya Sign Security Cooperation Agreement (2020). Trends’n’africa, October 28, https://trendsnafrica.com/qatar-libya-sign-security-cooperation-agreement/
  • RAMANİ, S. (2020). Saudi Arabia step sup role in Libya. Al-Monitor, February 20, https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/02/saudi-arabia-role-liyba-gna-hifter.html.
  • SOLOMOU, J. (2022). Turkey-Libya Controversial Energy Accord Thereatens Stability in Eastern Mediterranean. ANI, Oct 10, https://www.aninews.in/news/world/others/turkey-libya-controversial-energy-accord-threatens-stability-in-eastern-mediterranean20221010070956/.
  • T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı, Türkiye-Libya Siyasi İlişkileri, https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-libya-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa.
  • TOALDO, M. (2017), Europe: Carving Out a New Role. Karim Mezran-Arturo Varvelli, der, Foreign Actors in Libya’s Crisis, Atlantic Council, Milano-Italy, 57-72.
  • UN Security Council (2021). Final report of the Panel of Experts on Libya Established Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), S/2021/229, 8 March.
  • UN Security Council (2011). Resolution 1973 (2011), S/RES/1973, 17 March.
  • Üçlü Askeri Koordinasyon! Türkiye ve Katar, Libya’da Deniz Üssünde Anlaştı (2020). Akşam, 19 Ağustos, https://www.aksam.com.tr/siyaset/uclu-askeri-koordinasyon-turkiye-ve-katar-libyadadeniz-ussunde-anlasti/haber-1102484.
  • WEHR, P. (1979). Conflict Regulation, Colorado: Westview Press.
  • WEHREY, F. ve BOUKHARS A. (2019). Salafism in the Maghreb: Politics, Piety, and Militancy. Oxford University Press.
  • WİNER, J. M. (2019). Origins of The Libyan Conflict and Options for Its Resolution. The Middle Institute, Policy Paper, Washington.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science, African Studies, Regional Studies, Conflict Resolution in International Relations
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İsmail Akşam 0000-0002-4128-3380

Early Pub Date December 27, 2023
Publication Date December 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akşam, İ. (2023). ÇATIŞMA HARİTALANDIRMASI BAĞLAMINDA LİBYA DEVLET-İÇİ ÇATIŞMASINDAKİ İKİNCİL AKTÖRLERİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ: POZİSYONLAR, ÇIKARLAR VE İHTİYAÇLAR. Uluslararası Kriz Ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 355-390.