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Cold War Era Coup D’etats and the USA: The Cases of Turkey and Greece

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 76 - 92, 15.07.2018

Abstract

Turkey and Greece, despite taking part in the democratic Western block, have been
subjected to anti-democratic governments for a period of time after the coup d’états
that had taken place on May 27, 1960 in Turkey and April 21, 1967 in Greece. The
coup d’états in two the NATO countries that had advanced alliance relationship with
the block leader US in this period came naturally attracting to many researchers. In
this sense, there are various research questions that push researchers to work on this
subject. “Whether the US governments were aware of the coming coup d’états in
Turkey and Greece in advance” and “what are the factors that determine the
relationships US administrations established with the military rules after the coup
d’états had carried out” are at the beginning of these questions. This study seeks to
provide a more multidimensional explanation for the subject research questions
usually discussed from a single perspective in the literature comparatively.

References

  • “Editorial Note”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, s. 833.
  • “Editorial Note”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, ss. 842-844.
  • “Editorial Note”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, ss. 848-849.
  • “Editorial Note”, FRUS 1961-1963, vol. XVI, ss. 621-622.
  • “Field Information Report”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 7 March1966, ss. 474-476.
  • “Field Information Report”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 20 December 1966, ss. 519-520.
  • “Intelligence Information Cable”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 9 March 1967, ss. 552-553.
  • “Khrushchev Again Offers Economic Aid to Turkey”, Central Intelligence Bulletin, 6 July 1960, CIA-RDP79T00975A005200050001-8.
  • “Letter From President Eisenhower to President Gursel”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, 11 June 1960, s. 850.
  • “Letter From the Ambassador to Turkey (Warren) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs (Jones)”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, 11 August 1960, ss. 869-878.
  • “Memorandum for the Acting Director: Situation in Turkey”, CIARDP79R00904A000500020022- 3, 23 June 1960.
  • “Memorandum for the Acting Director: Situation in Turkey”, CIARDP79R00904A000500020022- 3, 23 June 1960.
  • “Memorandum From Secretary of State Rusk to President Johnson”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 21 July 1967, ss. 624-625.
  • “Military Takeover in Greece: Situation Report Number 1”, Intelligence Memorandum, CIARDP79T00826A001800010072- 7, 21 April 1967.
  • “Military Takeover in Greece: Situation Report Number 2”, Intelligence Memorandum, CIARDP79T00826A001800010072- 7, 21 April 1967.
  • “Military Takeover in Greece: Situation Report Number 2”, Intelligence Memorandum, CIARDP79T00826A001800010072- 7, 21 April 1967.
  • “NSC Briefing”, CIA-RDP79R00890a001200060012-5, 23 June 1960.
  • “Paper Prepared in the Department of State”, FRUS 1961-1963, vol. XVI, 15 July 1963, ss. 676- 679.
  • “Soviet Relations with the New Turkish Regime”, Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, 7 July 1960, CIA-RDP79-00927A002800040001-9.
  • “Telegram From the Department of State to Secretary of State Herter, at Istanbul”, FRUS 1958- 1960, vol. X, p. 2, 1 May 1960, ss. 834-835.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 18 June 1965, ss. 412-415.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 21 April 1967, ss. 583-585.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 28 April 1967, ss. 594-597.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 30 June 1965, ss. 418-420.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 5 May 1967, ss. 599-602.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, 19 April 1960, ss. 830-832.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, 10 May 1960, ss. 839-840.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, 20 May 1960, ss. 840-842.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, 6 May 1960, ss. 836-839.
  • “Turkish Internal Situation”, Central Intelligence Bulletin, 19 May 1960, CIARDP79T00975A005100160001- 7.
  • “Turkish Internal Situation”, Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, 19 Mayıs 1960, CIA-RDP79- 00927A002700080001-6.
  • “Turkish Military Seizes Government”, Central Intelligence Bulletin, 27 May 1960, CIARDP79T00975A005100230001- 9.
  • “USSR Urges Closer Relations with the New Turkish Regime”, Central Intelligence Bulletin, 8 June 1960, CIA-RDP79T00975A005100330001-8.
  • Ahmad, Feroz, Demokrasi Sürecinde Türkiye: 1945-1980, Ahmet Fethi (çev.), İstanbul, Hil Yayınları, 1996.
  • Aslan, Ömer, US Involvement in Military Coups in Turkey and Pakistan During the Cold War: Betweeen Conspiracy and Reality, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi, İktisat ve Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2016.
  • Bali, Rıfat N., American Diplomats in Turkey: Oral History Transcripts (1928-1997), Cilt 1, İstanbul, Libra Yayıncılık, 2011.
  • Chourchoulisa, Dionysios ve Lykorgos Kourkouvelas, “Greek Perception of NATO During the Cold War”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Cilt 12, No 4, 2012, ss. 497-514.
  • Close, David H., Greece Since 1945: Politics, Economy and Society, London, Pearson Education, 2002.
  • Couloumbis, Theodore A., Theodore Kariotis ve Fotini Bellou, Greece in the Twentieth Century, London, Frank Cass Publishing, 2003.
  • Çukolas, Konstantin, Yunanistan Dosyası, İstanbul, Ant Yayınları, 1970.
  • Doumanis, Nicholas, A History of Greece, London, Palgrave Macmillian, 2010.
  • Erhan, Çağrı, “Türkiye ile ABD Arasındaki İkili Anlaşmalar Kutusu”, Baskın Oran (ed.), Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, Cilt I, 14. Baskı, İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, 2009.
  • Gallant, Thomas W., Modern Greece, London, Arnold Publishing House, 2001.
  • Gunn, Christopher, “The 1960 Coup in Turkey: A U.S. Intelligence Failure or a Successful Intervention?”, Journal of Cold War Studies, Cilt 17, No 2, 2015, ss. 103-139.
  • Hale, William, Türk Dış Politikası: 1774-2000, İstanbul, Mozaik Yayınları, 2003.
  • Kabacalı, Alpay, Yakın Tarihimizden Büyük Dönemeçler, İstanbul, Çağdaş Yayınları, 1995.
  • Kassimeris, Christos, Greece and the American Embrace: Greek Foreign Policy Towards Turkey, the US and the Western Alliance, New York, Tauris Academic Studies, 2009.
  • Koliopoulos, John S. ve Thanos M. Veremis, Modern Greece: A History Since 1921, Sussex, Wiley- Blackwell, 2009.
  • Maragkou, Konstantin, “Favouritism in NATO’s Southeastern Flank: The Case of the Greek Colonels, 1967-1974”, Cold War History, Cilt 9, No 3, 2009, ss. 347-366.
  • Miller, James Edward, The United States and the Making of Modern Greece, Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
  • Özdemir, Hikmet, "Siyasal Tarih (1960-1980)", Sina Akşin (ed.), Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi 1908- 1980, İstanbul, Cem Yayınevi, 2008, ss. 227-292.
  • Papandreu, Andreas, Namlunun Ucundaki Demokrasi, 2. Baskı, Ankara, Bilgi Yayınevi.
  • Pedaliu, Effie G., “A Discordant Note: NATO and the Greek Junta, 1967-1974”, Diplomacy & Statecraft, Cilt 22, No 1, 2011, ss. 101-120.
  • Sander, Oral, Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri 1947-1964, Ankara, AÜ SBF Yayınları, 1979.
  • Stearns, Monteagle, Entangled Allies: US Policy Towards Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, New York, Council on Foreign Relations, 1992.
  • Tully, Andrew, CIA: The Inside Story, William Morow and Company, 1962.
  • Veremis, Thanos, Greek Security: Issues and Politics, London, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1992.
  • Woodhouse, C. M., Modern Greece: A Short History, 5. Baskı, London, Faber and Faber, 1991.
  • Xydis, Stephen G., “Coups and Counter Coups in Greece, 1967-1973”, Political Science Quarterly, Cilt 89, No 3, 1974, ss. 507-538.
  • Yetkin, Çetin, Türkiye’de Askeri Darbeler ve Amerika, 5. Baskı, Ankara, Kilit Yayınları, 2011.
  • Yılmaz, Sait, Türkiye’deki Amerika: İlişkiler ve ABD’nin Örtülü Operasyonları, İstanbul, Kaynak Yayınları, 2014.

Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Askeri Darbeleri ve ABD: Türkiye ve Yunanistan Örnekleri

Year 2018, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 76 - 92, 15.07.2018

Abstract

Türkiye ve Yunanistan Soğuk Savaş döneminde ABD’nin başını çektiği demokratik
Batı bloğu içerisinde yer almalarına rağmen sırasıyla 27 Mayıs 1960 ve 21 Nisan 1967
tarihlerinde gerçekleşen darbelerin ardından bir süre anti-demokratik yöntemlerle
yönetilmişlerdir. Bu dönemde blok lideri ABD ile ileri düzeyde müttefiklik ilişkisi
bulunan iki NATO ülkesinde meydana gelen darbeler doğal olarak pek çok
araştırmacının da ilgisini çekmiştir. Bu anlamda, araştırmacıları bu konu üzerinde
çalışmaya iten çeşitli araştırma soruları bulunmaktadır. Bu soruların başında ise ABD
yönetimlerinin Türkiye ve Yunanistan’da meydana gelen darbelerden daha önceden
haberdar olup olmadıkları ile ABD hükümetlerinin darbe sonrasında askeri
yönetimlerle kurdukları ilişkileri belirleyen faktörlerin neler olduğu gelmektedir. Bu
çalışma, söz konusu araştırma sorularına karşılaştırmalı olarak yanıt aramaya
çalışarak, literatürde genellikle tek pencereden ele alınan olaylara çok yönlü
açıklamalar getirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • “Editorial Note”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, s. 833.
  • “Editorial Note”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, ss. 842-844.
  • “Editorial Note”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, ss. 848-849.
  • “Editorial Note”, FRUS 1961-1963, vol. XVI, ss. 621-622.
  • “Field Information Report”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 7 March1966, ss. 474-476.
  • “Field Information Report”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 20 December 1966, ss. 519-520.
  • “Intelligence Information Cable”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 9 March 1967, ss. 552-553.
  • “Khrushchev Again Offers Economic Aid to Turkey”, Central Intelligence Bulletin, 6 July 1960, CIA-RDP79T00975A005200050001-8.
  • “Letter From President Eisenhower to President Gursel”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, 11 June 1960, s. 850.
  • “Letter From the Ambassador to Turkey (Warren) to the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs (Jones)”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, 11 August 1960, ss. 869-878.
  • “Memorandum for the Acting Director: Situation in Turkey”, CIARDP79R00904A000500020022- 3, 23 June 1960.
  • “Memorandum for the Acting Director: Situation in Turkey”, CIARDP79R00904A000500020022- 3, 23 June 1960.
  • “Memorandum From Secretary of State Rusk to President Johnson”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 21 July 1967, ss. 624-625.
  • “Military Takeover in Greece: Situation Report Number 1”, Intelligence Memorandum, CIARDP79T00826A001800010072- 7, 21 April 1967.
  • “Military Takeover in Greece: Situation Report Number 2”, Intelligence Memorandum, CIARDP79T00826A001800010072- 7, 21 April 1967.
  • “Military Takeover in Greece: Situation Report Number 2”, Intelligence Memorandum, CIARDP79T00826A001800010072- 7, 21 April 1967.
  • “NSC Briefing”, CIA-RDP79R00890a001200060012-5, 23 June 1960.
  • “Paper Prepared in the Department of State”, FRUS 1961-1963, vol. XVI, 15 July 1963, ss. 676- 679.
  • “Soviet Relations with the New Turkish Regime”, Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, 7 July 1960, CIA-RDP79-00927A002800040001-9.
  • “Telegram From the Department of State to Secretary of State Herter, at Istanbul”, FRUS 1958- 1960, vol. X, p. 2, 1 May 1960, ss. 834-835.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 18 June 1965, ss. 412-415.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 21 April 1967, ss. 583-585.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 28 April 1967, ss. 594-597.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 30 June 1965, ss. 418-420.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State”, FRUS 1964-1968, vol. XVI, 5 May 1967, ss. 599-602.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, 19 April 1960, ss. 830-832.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, 10 May 1960, ss. 839-840.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, 20 May 1960, ss. 840-842.
  • “Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State”, FRUS 1958-1960, vol. X, p. 2, 6 May 1960, ss. 836-839.
  • “Turkish Internal Situation”, Central Intelligence Bulletin, 19 May 1960, CIARDP79T00975A005100160001- 7.
  • “Turkish Internal Situation”, Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, 19 Mayıs 1960, CIA-RDP79- 00927A002700080001-6.
  • “Turkish Military Seizes Government”, Central Intelligence Bulletin, 27 May 1960, CIARDP79T00975A005100230001- 9.
  • “USSR Urges Closer Relations with the New Turkish Regime”, Central Intelligence Bulletin, 8 June 1960, CIA-RDP79T00975A005100330001-8.
  • Ahmad, Feroz, Demokrasi Sürecinde Türkiye: 1945-1980, Ahmet Fethi (çev.), İstanbul, Hil Yayınları, 1996.
  • Aslan, Ömer, US Involvement in Military Coups in Turkey and Pakistan During the Cold War: Betweeen Conspiracy and Reality, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi, İktisat ve Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2016.
  • Bali, Rıfat N., American Diplomats in Turkey: Oral History Transcripts (1928-1997), Cilt 1, İstanbul, Libra Yayıncılık, 2011.
  • Chourchoulisa, Dionysios ve Lykorgos Kourkouvelas, “Greek Perception of NATO During the Cold War”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Cilt 12, No 4, 2012, ss. 497-514.
  • Close, David H., Greece Since 1945: Politics, Economy and Society, London, Pearson Education, 2002.
  • Couloumbis, Theodore A., Theodore Kariotis ve Fotini Bellou, Greece in the Twentieth Century, London, Frank Cass Publishing, 2003.
  • Çukolas, Konstantin, Yunanistan Dosyası, İstanbul, Ant Yayınları, 1970.
  • Doumanis, Nicholas, A History of Greece, London, Palgrave Macmillian, 2010.
  • Erhan, Çağrı, “Türkiye ile ABD Arasındaki İkili Anlaşmalar Kutusu”, Baskın Oran (ed.), Türk Dış Politikası, Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar, Cilt I, 14. Baskı, İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, 2009.
  • Gallant, Thomas W., Modern Greece, London, Arnold Publishing House, 2001.
  • Gunn, Christopher, “The 1960 Coup in Turkey: A U.S. Intelligence Failure or a Successful Intervention?”, Journal of Cold War Studies, Cilt 17, No 2, 2015, ss. 103-139.
  • Hale, William, Türk Dış Politikası: 1774-2000, İstanbul, Mozaik Yayınları, 2003.
  • Kabacalı, Alpay, Yakın Tarihimizden Büyük Dönemeçler, İstanbul, Çağdaş Yayınları, 1995.
  • Kassimeris, Christos, Greece and the American Embrace: Greek Foreign Policy Towards Turkey, the US and the Western Alliance, New York, Tauris Academic Studies, 2009.
  • Koliopoulos, John S. ve Thanos M. Veremis, Modern Greece: A History Since 1921, Sussex, Wiley- Blackwell, 2009.
  • Maragkou, Konstantin, “Favouritism in NATO’s Southeastern Flank: The Case of the Greek Colonels, 1967-1974”, Cold War History, Cilt 9, No 3, 2009, ss. 347-366.
  • Miller, James Edward, The United States and the Making of Modern Greece, Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
  • Özdemir, Hikmet, "Siyasal Tarih (1960-1980)", Sina Akşin (ed.), Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi 1908- 1980, İstanbul, Cem Yayınevi, 2008, ss. 227-292.
  • Papandreu, Andreas, Namlunun Ucundaki Demokrasi, 2. Baskı, Ankara, Bilgi Yayınevi.
  • Pedaliu, Effie G., “A Discordant Note: NATO and the Greek Junta, 1967-1974”, Diplomacy & Statecraft, Cilt 22, No 1, 2011, ss. 101-120.
  • Sander, Oral, Türk-Amerikan İlişkileri 1947-1964, Ankara, AÜ SBF Yayınları, 1979.
  • Stearns, Monteagle, Entangled Allies: US Policy Towards Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, New York, Council on Foreign Relations, 1992.
  • Tully, Andrew, CIA: The Inside Story, William Morow and Company, 1962.
  • Veremis, Thanos, Greek Security: Issues and Politics, London, International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1992.
  • Woodhouse, C. M., Modern Greece: A Short History, 5. Baskı, London, Faber and Faber, 1991.
  • Xydis, Stephen G., “Coups and Counter Coups in Greece, 1967-1973”, Political Science Quarterly, Cilt 89, No 3, 1974, ss. 507-538.
  • Yetkin, Çetin, Türkiye’de Askeri Darbeler ve Amerika, 5. Baskı, Ankara, Kilit Yayınları, 2011.
  • Yılmaz, Sait, Türkiye’deki Amerika: İlişkiler ve ABD’nin Örtülü Operasyonları, İstanbul, Kaynak Yayınları, 2014.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Emre Feyzi Çolakoğlu

Publication Date July 15, 2018
Submission Date January 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çolakoğlu, E. F. (2018). Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Askeri Darbeleri ve ABD: Türkiye ve Yunanistan Örnekleri. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2(1), 76-92.
AMA Çolakoğlu EF. Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Askeri Darbeleri ve ABD: Türkiye ve Yunanistan Örnekleri. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. July 2018;2(1):76-92.
Chicago Çolakoğlu, Emre Feyzi. “Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Askeri Darbeleri Ve ABD: Türkiye Ve Yunanistan Örnekleri”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 2, no. 1 (July 2018): 76-92.
EndNote Çolakoğlu EF (July 1, 2018) Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Askeri Darbeleri ve ABD: Türkiye ve Yunanistan Örnekleri. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 2 1 76–92.
IEEE E. F. Çolakoğlu, “Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Askeri Darbeleri ve ABD: Türkiye ve Yunanistan Örnekleri”, Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 76–92, 2018.
ISNAD Çolakoğlu, Emre Feyzi. “Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Askeri Darbeleri Ve ABD: Türkiye Ve Yunanistan Örnekleri”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 2/1 (July 2018), 76-92.
JAMA Çolakoğlu EF. Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Askeri Darbeleri ve ABD: Türkiye ve Yunanistan Örnekleri. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. 2018;2:76–92.
MLA Çolakoğlu, Emre Feyzi. “Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Askeri Darbeleri Ve ABD: Türkiye Ve Yunanistan Örnekleri”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, vol. 2, no. 1, 2018, pp. 76-92.
Vancouver Çolakoğlu EF. Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Askeri Darbeleri ve ABD: Türkiye ve Yunanistan Örnekleri. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. 2018;2(1):76-92.
Ulisa: Journal of International Studies is published by the ULİSA Institute.